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98-539: The Last Legionary series is a series of five books written by Canadian author Douglas Hill . The books are Young Legionary , Galactic Warlord , Deathwing Over Veynaa , Day of the Starwind and Planet of the Warlord . The series has been described as a simplified version of E. E. Smith 's Lensman series . The books tell of the adventures of Keill Randor, the last survivor of his planet, whose inhabitants are annihilated at

196-501: A hive mind with vastly increased intelligence. The Warlord is the Arachnis creators all linked together by the "touch of Arachnis". Keill tries to fight Arachnis, but is enslaved by one of the tendrils and falls under the mental control of the Warlord. The One notes that as Keill was responsible for the dissolution of the Warlords earlier fighting force (The legions of Rilyn, from Day of

294-633: A myth in psychological literature. Psychologists Stephen Hupp and Jeremy Jewell have noted that all experiments on the subject have failed to provide any scientific evidence for telepathy between twins . According to Hupp and Jewell there are various behavioral and genetic factors that contribute to the twin telepathy myth "identical twins typically spend a lot of time together and are usually exposed to very similar environments. Thus, it's not at all surprising that they act in similar ways and are adept at anticipating and forecasting each other's reactions to events." A 1993 study by Susan Blackmore investigated

392-418: A blaster, and he shoots Altern directly through the chest. Keill rescues Tam, and disables the tower's forcefield making his way to the top of the tower where Glr will pick him up, despite the ever-increasing strength of the Starwind. At the top of the tower he encounters Altern again, who is not permanently bonded to the golden armour as a cyborg, but merely as an exoskeleton. Altern escapes and Keill himself

490-435: A chance expectation of 2308 and Gloria scored 9410 compared with a chance level of 7420. It was later discovered the results had been tampered with. Gretl Albert who was present during many of the experiments said she had witnessed Soal altering the records during the sessions. Betty Marwick discovered Soal had not used the method of random selection of numbers as he had claimed. Marwick showed that there had been manipulation of

588-460: A controlled environment where they are deprived of sensory input , and another person is designated as the sender and is placed in a separate location. The receiver is then required to receive information from the sender. The nature of the information may vary between experiments. The Ganzfeld experiment studies that were examined by Ray Hyman and Charles Honorton had methodological problems that were well documented. Honorton reported only 36% of

686-451: A controlled scientific laboratory environment. Science writer Martin Gardner suggested that the possibility of sensory leakage during the experiment had not been ruled out: In the first place, an intuitive wife, who knows her husband intimately, may be able to guess with a fair degree of accuracy what he is likely to draw—particularly if the picture is related to some freshly recalled event

784-434: A distress signal from their home planet Moros, stating that they are under attack from unknown forces. Keill's ship has suffered damage, and he is unable to immediately return. When he arrives, the entire planet is covered with an unknown type of radiation . He is met by Oni's ship, and she tells him to flee the planet; a deadly radiation is killing everyone who comes close to the surface. It is an automated message: Oni herself

882-471: A feat bettered by only one other legionary in the history of the contest. The people of Moros acted effectively as mercenaries ; however, they also have a strict moral code, and only offer their services to clients fighting in self-defence. After they are all killed by a mysterious villain known only as the Warlord, Randor vows to avenge them. A prequel written after the other books in the series, Young Legionary follows Keill Randor through his childhood, from

980-468: A freelance writer and editor for Aldus Books. In 1967–1968 he served as assistant editor of the controversial New Worlds science fiction magazine under Michael Moorcock . A lifetime leftist, he served from 1971 to 1984 as the Literary Editor of the socialist weekly Tribune (a position once held by George Orwell ), where he regularly reviewed science fiction despite the continued refusal of

1078-489: A god. Again the series examines the concept of an individual's ideals of personal integrity and community responsibility and at what point does altruism become destructive rather than constructive, and also the issues of spin and media manipulation as initially, he enjoys being in his own 'Conan the Barbarian' movie and plays on the perks of being mistaken for Red Corodel returned to save the day. A sequel "The Leafless Forest"

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1176-426: A great deal of background waffle. Whilst still at school and having become a volunteer 'pupil librarian', one writer and tutor was tasked with encouraging her teenage male peers to borrow more books from the school library and take up reading as a recreational activity and recommending books that would facilitate this from potential new stock; she found through peer reviews, questionnaires and a mini-poll that, 'alongside

1274-450: A highly effective broad-spectrum antibiotic "Ossidin", and the colonists are attempting to secede from the home planet Veynaa. The Overseers are also concerned that the medicine may come under the control of the Warlord. Glr stays with his ship while Keill lands on the planet posing as an out of work mercenary. He befriends council members Shalet and Quern, freighter pilot Joss, and makes an enemy of an enforcer Groll. It transpires that Quern

1372-403: A mental image or "thought impression" of the events or thoughts they had experienced in the day and then to record those images and thoughts on paper in a diary. The results at the end when comparing Sherman's and Wilkins' diaries were claimed to be more than 60 percent. The full results of the experiments were published in 1942 in a book by Sherman and Wilkins titled Thoughts Through Space . In

1470-660: A plain lucky guess". A review of their book in the American Journal of Orthopsychiatry cast doubt on their experiment, noting "the study was published five years after it was conducted, arouses suspicion on the validity of the conclusions. In 1948, on the BBC radio Maurice Fogel made the claim that he could demonstrate telepathy. This intrigued the journalist Arthur Helliwell who wanted to discover his methods. He found that Fogel's mind reading acts were all based on trickery as he relied on information about members of his audience before

1568-651: A sceptical Keill moves to meet with the Legionaries he found evidence of. He quickly finds that they are in fact agents of a shadowy force known as the Deathwing, and that everything the Overseers told him was true. With the help of Glr, and his prodigious abilities, Keill manages to defeat them; in doing so he takes on their leader from the Altered Worlds, (Planets where radiation and the environment have created mutations amongst

1666-400: A strange group known only as The Overseers. This group has a network of satellites that give an overview of all events throughout the galaxy. The Overseers' leader, Talis, explain to Keill that his home planet was destroyed by a malevolent entity known as 'The Warlord' whose sole aim is to spread war through the galaxy, enabling him to rule over the remains that survive. The Warlord moved against

1764-418: A strong argument against the validity of telepathy. Research in anomalistic psychology has discovered that in some cases telepathy can be explained by a covariation bias . In an experiment (Schienle et al . 1996) 22 believers and 20 skeptics were asked to judge the covariation between transmitted symbols and the corresponding feedback given by a receiver. According to the results the believers overestimated

1862-439: A tall tower, many storeys high protected by an energy field which nullifies all energy sources - including weapons and vehicle power sources. He also comes into contact with a poorly trained group of Jitrellian militia, also sent to investigate the planet. Obliged by his moral code he assists them, however they are all killed - except for their leader Tam - by a group of the combatants Keill has been searching for. Keill recognises

1960-629: A theory they were wishful to establish. Between 1916 and 1924, Gilbert Murray conducted 236 experiments into telepathy and reported 36% as successful. However, it was suggested that the results could be explained by hyperaesthesia as he could hear what was being said by the sender. Psychologist Leonard T. Troland had carried out experiments in telepathy at Harvard University which were reported in 1917. The subjects produced below chance expectations. Arthur Conan Doyle and W. T. Stead were duped into believing Julius and Agnes Zancig had genuine psychic powers. Both Doyle and Stead wrote that

2058-461: A whole set of new characters each time.' Another advantage to sustain the increased reading interest of boys was that Hill produced his novels fairly quickly—he had five books published between 1980 and 1982, which meant the engaged interest of young readers was kept as there was another title ready when they finished a previous one. In the early 1990s he decided to develop a fantasy trilogy for adult readers; published in 1994 The Lightless Dome has

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2156-432: Is a struggling discipline that has not received much attention so further research on the subject is necessary. Rouder et al . 2013 wrote that critical evaluation of Storm et al .'s meta-analysis reveals no evidence for telepathy, no plausible mechanism and omitted replication failures. A 2016 paper examined questionable research practices in the ganzfeld experiments. Twin telepathy is a belief that has been described as

2254-485: Is a trap to lure him out of the city, and in a fight she removes the fragment of Arachnis tendril controlling Keill, returning his free will. Glr tells him that the Warlord has established a new base on the Overseers asteroid, and the two head back to confront the Warlord, The One, and the Deathwing team trained by Keill. Once at the asteroid base, Keill and Glr make their way through the corridors wiping out Deathwing agents as they go. Eventually Keill confronts The One who

2352-500: Is at its best; the pages go by in a blur. The pace slows down only when the author attempts to deal with a complex relationship; he has no feelings for emotional subtleties; sentence fragments grate. Discerning readers may be disappointed by the comic book plot and hackneyed prose". Jerry Spiegler in the School Library Journal describes Keill Randor as the cybernetic Bruce Lee of the future. He says that "readers will enjoy

2450-408: Is dead, having been exposed on Moros. In grief Keill leaves the planet's orbit. He soon realizes that even at the extreme range he has been exposed to the radiation and is slowly dying . Keill begins to search for any fellow Legionnaires who may have survived, relying on his extreme physical conditioning and iron will to fight the course of the disease. His search is fruitless, and it appears he truly

2548-448: Is from the Altered Worlds, and highly telepathic , though Glr is able to shield Keill's mind from Quern's probing. Keill suspects that Quern and Groll are Deathwing agents, which is confirmed when Quern announces possession of a doomsday device that will destroy Veynaa. A test-firing of the weapon on a nearby moon shows it to be the same weapon that wiped out the Legionaries on Moros. As tensions escalate Shalet becomes disillusioned with

2646-759: Is generally explained as the result of fraud, self-delusion and/or self-deception and not as a paranormal power. Psychological research has also revealed other explanations such as confirmation bias , expectancy bias , sensory leakage , subjective validation , and wishful thinking . Virtually all of the instances of more popular psychic phenomena, such as mediumship , can be attributed to non-paranormal techniques such as cold reading . Magicians such as Ian Rowland and Derren Brown have demonstrated techniques and results similar to those of popular psychics, albeit without claiming paranormal skills. They have identified, described, and developed psychological techniques of cold reading and hot reading . The notion of telepathy

2744-431: Is guarding the 24 scientists who make up the mind-linked Warlord. The One's new golden body is stronger than his old one, and Keill through as much luck as skill uses the Warlord's own energy field to destroy The One. He disengages the tendrils from the scientists driving them insane, and breaking the Warlord's hive mind control. With the Warlord defeated Keill finds himself without purpose, until Glr suggests they explore

2842-434: Is highly probable that they will sometimes think the same thought at the same time." Graham Reed , a specialist in anomalistic psychology , noted that experiments into telepathy often involve the subject relaxing and reporting the 'messages' to consist of colored geometric shapes. Reed wrote that these are a common type of hypnagogic image and not evidence for telepathic communication. Outside of parapsychology, telepathy

2940-399: Is inconsistent with physics". Physicist John Taylor has written that the experiments that have been claimed by parapsychologists to support evidence for the existence of telepathy are based on the use of shaky statistical analysis and poor design, and attempts to duplicate such experiments by the scientific community have failed. Taylor also wrote the arguments used by parapsychologists for

3038-413: Is mistaken after finding that his mind is still shielded from Querns telepathic probing. Glr's alien mind deceived Quern, and after telepathically shocking him, he is killed by Keill. Keill makes it to the freighter and explains to Joss the nature of the weapon, but is trapped by a mining robot controlled by her - she is the second Deathwing agent, and intends to destroy both planet and Keill, claiming all

Last Legionary - Misplaced Pages Continue

3136-548: Is nearly killed by the Starwind as the tower collapses, but Glr arrives in his own craft just in time. Keill and Tam return to Jitrell as heroes. During his capture Tam had theorised that the New Legion were a group of space pirates setting up base on Rilyn, and Keill sees no reason to change this story. After the Starwind has passed no trace of the tower remains, and only a few clones are discovered to have survived, but they are killed while trying to escape. Keill decides to leave

3234-403: Is no credible scientific evidence that psychic powers exist, either in the general population or among twins specifically. The idea that two people who shared their mother's womb—or even who share the same DNA—have a mysterious mental connection is an intriguing one not borne out in science." A variety of tests have been performed to demonstrate telepathy, but there is no scientific evidence that

3332-832: Is not dissimilar to three clinical concepts: delusions of thought insertion / removal and thought broadcasting . This similarity might explain how an individual might come to the conclusion that he or she were experiencing telepathy. Thought insertion/removal is a symptom of psychosis , particularly of schizophrenia , schizoaffective disorder or substance-induced psychosis . Psychiatric patients who experience this symptom falsely believe that some of their thoughts are not their own and that others (e.g., other people, aliens, demons or fallen angels, or conspiring intelligence agencies, or artificial intelligences) are putting thoughts into their minds (thought insertion). Some patients feel as if thoughts are being taken out of their minds or deleted (thought removal). Schizophrenic patients suffering from

3430-518: Is the last Legionary. As Keill begins to lose hope, he is contacted by an unknown agency seeking a meeting, but he ignores the contact to pursue some rumours of apparent survivors on a nearby moon. Shortly afterwards, he is gassed inside his ship and rendered unconscious. Keill wakes as an apparent prisoner, immobilized within what appears to be a medical facility. His extreme physical conditioning allows him to recover quickly, and he discovers that he has been completely healed of his radiation sickness by

3528-453: Is transferred through a hypothetical psychic mechanism they call " psi ". Parapsychologists have reported experiments they use to test for telepathic abilities. Among the most well known are the use of Zener cards and the Ganzfeld experiment . Several forms of telepathy have been suggested: Zener cards are marked with five distinctive symbols. When using them, one individual is designated

3626-430: Is vulnerable to sensory leakage and card counting . J. B. Rhine 's experiments with Zener cards were discredited due to the discovery that sensory leakage or cheating could account for all his results such as the subject being able to read the symbols from the back of the cards and being able to see and hear the experimenter to note subtle clues. Once Rhine took precautions in response to criticisms of his methods, he

3724-466: The School Library Journal said that Galactic Warlord was "pure space opera, pitting heroes against evil doers with lots of action but no real insight. The story is fast-paced, readable though not easy, and will have wide appeal among those teens who have enjoyed recent movie and television science fiction". She said of a sequel that "the constant action does not advance readers' knowledge about

3822-623: The industrial military complex , and how disparate individuals can work together and find common ground for the greater good. Hill also explored these ideas in writing fantasy as well as science-fiction series, first in Poisoner and then Demon Stalkers . His books were popular in schools as their straightforward action and sci-fi or sword-and-sorcery themes appealed to impatient or inattentive readers, particularly boys, who were increasingly difficult to engage in 'reading for pleasure and leisure' and above all they were relatively short-length books without

3920-411: The "sender" and another the "receiver". The sender selects a random card and visualizes the symbol on it, while the receiver attempts to determine that symbol telepathically. Statistically, the receiver has a 20% chance of randomly guessing the correct symbol, so to demonstrate telepathy, they must repeatedly score a success rate that is significantly higher than 20%. If not conducted properly, this method

4018-440: The 1,498 trials, 483 produced hits, corresponding to a hit rate of 32.2%. This hit rate is statistically significant with p < .001. Participants selected for personality traits and personal characteristics thought to be psi-conducive were found to perform significantly better than unselected participants in the ganzfeld condition. Hyman (2010) published a rebuttal to Storm et al . According to Hyman "reliance on meta-analysis as

Last Legionary - Misplaced Pages Continue

4116-461: The Cluster with both sides claiming victory, but the Cluster gaining much better trade agreements from Veynaa, and a measure of independence after all. Keill and Glr are sent by the Overseers to investigate the planet Jitrell, which has been plagued by a series of violent crimes, carried out by highly trained combatants. His investigations take him to a nearby planet Rilyn which is periodically orbited by

4214-481: The Legions since he perceived them as the greatest threat to his plan. The Overseers also explain that since the radiation sickness had settled into his bones, they were forced to replace his entire skeleton using a new alloy —effectively rendering Keill's bones unbreakable. They also reveal how they captured Keill so easily—a telepathic avian life form from another galaxy known only as Glr. With Glr as his companion,

4312-519: The Society for Psychical Research but Blackburn confessed to fraud: For nearly thirty years the telepathic experiments conducted by Mr. G. A. Smith and myself have been accepted and cited as the basic evidence of the truth of thought transference... ...the whole of those alleged experiments were bogus, and originated in the honest desire of two youths to show how easily men of scientific mind and training could be deceived when seeking for evidence in support of

4410-520: The Starwind ) it is fitting that he trains a replacement team. Over a period of months Keill trains a group of mutants from the Altered Worlds, each with distinct fighting styles benefitting their mutations. Glr has tracked Keill to Golvic, and is observing him, enacting a guerrilla war against the Golvician military. After destroying a power station in Golvic city, Keill is ordered to find and kill Glr, but it

4508-496: The Warlord, suggesting that several more books are planned before Keill finally catches up with his enemy. Like its predecessor, this is a successful imitation of the currently popular space movies. It is not as interesting, however, since most of the development of the characters and settings takes place in the first book". In 2020, it was announced Plenitude Productions are developing a feature film adaptation. Douglas Hill Douglas Arthur Hill (6 April 1935 – 21 June 2007)

4606-513: The Zancigs performed telepathy. In 1924, Julius and Agnes Zancig confessed that their mind reading act was a trick and published the secret code and all the details of the trick method they had used under the title of Our Secrets!! in a London newspaper. In 1924, Robert H. Gault of Northwestern University with Gardner Murphy conducted the first American radio test for telepathy. The results were entirely negative. One of their experiments involved

4704-413: The age of 12 to 18 (within four distinct stories), as he struggles to meet the requirements of becoming a Legionary. The novel also introduces his close friend, Oni Wolda. Each story reinforces the concept that Keill is a highly competent Legionary, and his only shortcoming is his lack of experience. As the book begins, Keill is the leader of an off-world Strike Team. Far from home his task force receives

4802-761: The attempted thought transmission of a chosen number between one and one-thousand. Out of 2,010 replies, none was correct. This is below the theoretical chance figure of two correct replies in such a situation. In February 1927, with the co-operation of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), V. J. Woolley, who was at the time the Research Officer for the SPR, arranged a telepathy experiment in which radio listeners were asked to take part. The experiment involved 'agents' thinking about five selected objects in an office at Tavistock Square , whilst listeners on

4900-424: The beginning of the book Galactic Warlord . Randor's people were hardened over generations by their inhospitable planet, which (combined with rigorous combat and martial arts training) resulted in them exhibiting speed, reflexes, strength, and fighting abilities all at the very upper limit of human ability and Randor himself is one of the most skilled amongst them, twice winner of the planetwide martial arts contest,

4998-404: The best available evidence simply does not support the contention that these phenomena exist." The scientific community considers parapsychology a pseudoscience. There is no known mechanism for telepathy. Philosopher and physicist Mario Bunge has written that telepathy would contradict laws of science and the claim that "signals can be transmitted across space without fading with distance

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5096-456: The book, both Sherman and Wilkins had written they believed they had demonstrated that it was possible to send and receive thought impressions from the mind of one person to another. The magician John Booth wrote that the experiment was not an example of telepathy as a high percentage of misses had occurred. Booth wrote it was more likely that the "hits" were the result of "coincidence, law of averages, subconscious expectancy, logical inference or

5194-528: The claims of twin telepathy. In an experiment with six sets of twins one subject would act as the sender and the other the receiver. The sender was given selected objects, photographs or numbers and would attempt to psychically send the information to the receiver. The results from the experiment were negative, no evidence of telepathy was observed. The skeptical investigator Benjamin Radford has noted that "Despite decades of research trying to prove telepathy, there

5292-424: The contemporary, competitive sports-based stories of authors such as Michael Hardcastle and the humorous stories of such as Dick King-Smith, the other of the 'big three' for boys was Douglas Hill. They liked the fast pace, the paring away of extraneous words and the compact length of the books, as well as that although each novel was a complete story, it existed within a 'universe' that enabled them to not have to learn

5390-504: The credit to "The One" - the leader of the Deathwing. Using his unbreakable bones to advantage Keill damages the robot (which then attacks Joss in error,) and escapes from it and the ship, programming it for overlight before he leaves. Glr reminds him that when it exits overlight the radiation bomb will still be a hazard to any nearby planets, but Keill replies that he did not program the ship to leave overlight. Reading news reports later, Keill notes that peace has returned to both Veynaa and

5488-602: The dead were impossible and that the minds of people cannot be read through telepathy, but only by muscle reading . In the late 19th century the Creery Sisters (Mary, Alice, Maud, Kathleen, and Emily) were tested by the Society for Psychical Research and believed to have genuine psychic ability. However, during a later experiment they were caught utilizing signal codes and they confessed to fraud . George Albert Smith and Douglas Blackburn were claimed to be genuine psychics by

5586-424: The experiment Turner would think of a symbol and write it down whilst Ownbey would write her guesses. The scores were highly successful and both records were supposed to be sent to J. B. Rhine ; however, Ownbey sent them to Turner. Critics pointed out this invalidated the results as she could have simply written her own record to agree with the other. When the experiment was repeated and the records were sent to Rhine

5684-430: The experiments in the way in which the agent became aware of their target picture. Only the agent should have known the target and no other person until the judging of targets had been completed, however, an experimenter was with the agent when the target envelope was opened. Hansel also wrote there had been poor controls in the experiment as the main experimenter could communicate with the subject. An attempt to replicate

5782-410: The experiments that used picture targets was carried out by Edward Belvedere and David Foulkes. The finding was that neither the subject nor the judges matched the targets with dreams above chance level. Results from other experiments by Belvedere and Foulkes were also negative. When using the Ganzfeld experiment to test for telepathy, one individual is designated as the receiver and is placed inside

5880-426: The faces of several soldiers and as there are duplicate faces comes to the conclusion that they are clones of long-dead legionaries. The strike team are eager to try their skills against a real Legionary, but when given the chance, Keill defeats them and makes his way into the tower. He meets their leader, a golden cyborg calling himself Altern, who explains that the cloning process has been going on for many years, that

5978-399: The fast-paced action as long as they don't mind the many violent confrontations. Not great literature but a lot of fun and excitement". Mary I. Purucker in the School Library Journal said that Day of the Starwind was "full of action, cave-dwelling monsters and violence, this moves along at a good clip and leaves readers breathlessly waiting for the next in the series". Carolyn Caywood in

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6076-476: The feasibility of such phenomena are based on distortions of theoretical physics as well as "complete ignorance" of relevant areas of physics. Psychologist Stuart Sutherland wrote that cases of telepathy can be explained by people underestimating the probability of coincidences . According to Sutherland, "most stories about this phenomenon concern people who are close to one another—husband and wife or brother and sister. Since such people have much in common, it

6174-482: The forcefield will easily withstand the Starwind, and even offers Keill a place in "The legions of Rilyn" - as Keill has now killed the previous Strike Team Leader. Refusing the offer, Altern fights Keill revealing that he is also "The One", the most dangerous Deathwing agent, and also its leader, his golden body overwhelming Keill with brute strength, and only Keill's unbreakable bones and training allow him to survive. An oversight on Altern's part allows Keill to pick up

6272-504: The form of alleged telepathy known as thought broadcasting believe that their private thoughts are being broadcast to other people against their informed consent. Along with other symptoms of psychosis, delusions of thought insertion may be reduced by antipsychotic medication. Psychiatrists and clinical psychologists believe and empirical findings support the idea that people with schizotypy and schizotypal personality disorder are particularly likely to believe in telepathy. Telepathy

6370-402: The galaxy. Keill believes this to be impossible as prolonged exposure to overlight causes insanity. Glr suggests that they contact her species to provide them with a more powerful overlight ship that can traverse the galaxy in weeks, and he agrees. Anne Osborn in the School Library Journal did not have much good to say about Young Legionary . She says that "Hill's trademark, non-stop action

6468-544: The galaxy. This leads to the Warlord sending an assassin to try to kill him, and while Keill pursues the gunman he is captured, rendered unconscious and taken to the far side of the Galaxy. There, on the technologically advanced planet Golvic, he meets Altern - "The One" - and is introduced to the Warlord: The Golvicians had created a semi-organic device called Arachnis which links the minds of those attached and creates

6566-417: The helper. The scientists concluded that Bishop was not a genuine telepath but was instead using a highly trained skill to detect ideomotor movements . Another famous thought reader was the magician Stuart Cumberland . He was famous for performing blindfolded feats such as identifying a hidden object in a room that a person had picked out or asking someone to imagine a murder scene and then attempt to read

6664-613: The hope that this would help to understand paranormal phenomena. The modern concept of telepathy emerged in this context. Psychical researcher Eric Dingwall criticized SPR founding members Frederic W. H. Myers and William F. Barrett for trying to "prove" telepathy rather than objectively analyze whether or not it existed. In the late 19th century, the magician and mentalist Washington Irving Bishop would perform "thought reading" demonstrations. Bishop claimed no supernatural powers and ascribed his powers to muscular sensitivity (reading thoughts from unconscious bodily cues). Bishop

6762-417: The inhabitants,) Thr'un, a giant of a man who can grow plates of leathery armour from within his body. After eventually killing him, a wounded Keill then agrees to collaborate with his new friends to find and destroy the Warlord. Keill is sent to a planetoid by the Overseers, to determine if their recent turn to aggression has its roots in the Warlord's influence. Known as "The Cluster" it is the only source of

6860-554: The literary world to take it seriously. Before starting to write fiction in 1978, he wrote many books on history, science and folklore. Using the pseudonym Martin Hillman , he also worked as an editor of several anthologies, among them Window on the Future (1966), The Shape of Sex to Come (1978), Out of Time (1984), and Hidden Turnings (1988). He is probably best known for his The Last Legionary quintet of novels, supposedly produced as

6958-482: The main protagonist of Jared 'Red' Cordell, who finds himself transported from contemporary 1990s Earth to a planet where sorcery and Mediaeval style knights and kingdoms exist – he finds that he is apparently descended from or possibly the genetic Doppelganger of a legendary warrior, Red Corodel, who mysteriously disappeared centuries before and who is viewed as the only hope of thwarting a power-crazed sorcerer intent on achieving global tyranny through Apotheosis – becoming

7056-432: The moon Qualthorn, also known as "The Intruder", and the close proximity of the moon causes planet-wide storms, called the Starwind, strong enough to destroy and flatten anything on the surface - all native life is subterranean. Glr is uncomfortable on the planet - the starwind when it arrives will kill her, but she is unable to stay under cover as being an avian species she has a fear of being underground. Together they find

7154-458: The number of successful transmissions whilst the skeptics made accurate hit judgments. The results from another telepathy experiment involving 48 undergraduate college students (Rudski, 2002) were explained by hindsight and confirmation biases. Within parapsychology , telepathy, often along with precognition and clairvoyance , is described as an aspect of extrasensory perception (ESP) or "anomalous cognition" that parapsychologists believe

7252-520: The other three decoy clips that are presented to the subject for judging. Surprisingly, the parapsychological community has not taken this finding seriously. They still include the autoganzfeld series in their meta-analyses and treat it as convincing evidence for the reality of psi. Hyman wrote the autoganzfeld experiments were flawed because they did not preclude the possibility of sensory leakage. In 2010, Lance Storm, Patrizio Tressoldi, and Lorenzo Di Risio analyzed 29 ganzfeld studies from 1997 to 2008. Of

7350-485: The planet and surmises that it is time he began his hunt for The One again. Keill has been unable to track any more Deathwing agents, so decides to offer himself as a target to them instead. He has entered the Battle Rites of Banthei, the most famous fighting contest in the galaxy. He is the first person in 80 years to enter it unarmed, and his progress through the early rounds of the contest has made him famous throughout

7448-529: The possibility that in many tests, made across the width of a room, Mrs. Sinclair may have seen the wiggling of the top of a pencil, or arm movements, which would convey to her unconscious a rough notion of the drawing. The Turner-Ownbey long distance telepathy experiment was discovered to contain flaws. May Frances Turner positioned herself in the Duke Parapsychology Laboratory whilst Sara Ownbey claimed to receive transmissions 250 miles away. For

7546-480: The power exists. A panel commissioned by the United States National Research Council to study paranormal claims concluded that "despite a 130-year record of scientific research on such matters, our committee could find no scientific justification for the existence of phenomena such as extrasensory perception, mental telepathy or 'mind over matter' exercises... Evaluation of a large body of

7644-404: The quartet (the fifth book was a prequel anthology) told the story of Keill Randor, last survivor of a murdered world, seeking revenge for the genocide, aided by a secretive group of advisers known as The Overseers and a winged, telepathic alien named Glr. The series contained the tropes of 'well-intentioned' Science perverted by ego and over-confidence into evil, and the 'good' science being used as

7742-650: The radio were asked to identify the objects from the BBC studio at Savoy Hill . 24,659 answers were received. The results revealed no evidence of telepathy. A famous experiment in telepathy was recorded by the American author Upton Sinclair in his book Mental Radio which documents Sinclair's test of psychic abilities of Mary Craig Sinclair , his second wife. She attempted to duplicate 290 pictures which were drawn by her husband. Sinclair claimed Mary successfully duplicated 65 of them, with 155 "partial successes" and 70 failures. However, these experiments were not conducted in

7840-441: The rebellion, and suspicious of Quern. When Quern imprisons Keill and orders the radiation bomb launched she turns against him and releases Keill, who fights his way to the freighter intending to either prevent liftoff or destroy it. On the way he encounters Groll and Quern, killing Groll, but surrendering his weapon when Quern threatens Glr. Quern takes Keill prisoner, and gloats that he has already killed Glr, but Keill realises he

7938-674: The result of a challenge by a publisher to Hill's complaints about the lack of good science fiction for younger readers. Hill and his wife had one child, a son. They were divorced in 1978. He lived in Wood Green , London, and died in London after being struck by a bus at a zebra crossing . His death occurred one day after he completed his last trilogy, the Demon Stalkers . His most well-known series for younger children appears to have been The Last Legionary quintet. Starting with Galactic Warlord

8036-403: The results have not been independently replicated. The psychologist James Alcock has written the dream telepathy experiments at Maimonides have failed to provide evidence for telepathy and "lack of replication is rampant." The picture target experiments that were conducted by Krippner and Ullman were criticized by C. E. M. Hansel . According to Hansel there were weaknesses in the design of

8134-502: The score sheets and all experiments reported by Soal had thereby become discredited. In 1979 the physicists John G. Taylor and Eduardo Balanovski wrote the only scientifically feasible explanation for telepathy could be electromagnetism (EM) involving EM fields . In a series of experiments the EM levels were many orders of magnitude lower than calculated and no paranormal effects were observed. Both Taylor and Balanovski wrote their results were

8232-572: The scores dropped to average. Another example is the experiment carried out by the author Harold Sherman with the explorer Hubert Wilkins who carried out their own experiment in telepathy for five and a half months starting in October 1937. This took place when Sherman was in New York and Wilkins was in the Arctic . The experiment consisted of Sherman and Wilkins at the end of each day to relax and visualise

8330-424: The sender's fingerprints to be visible on the target object for the receiver to see. Hyman also reviewed the autoganzfeld experiments and discovered a pattern in the data that implied a visual cue may have taken place: The most suspicious pattern was that the hit rate for a given target increased with the frequency of occurrence of that target in the experiment. The hit rate for the targets that occurred only once

8428-419: The servant not master of humanity. The series also had the trope that elderly people are not irrelevant and worthless, but the smartest, wisest people around and the ones who really know what is going on. Both The Huntsman and Colsec trilogies continued the tropes and themes of youth alienation caused by being disenfranchised, not lumping all aliens [foreigners] together, mismanagement of natural resources by

8526-570: The show started. Helliwell exposed Fogel's methods in a newspaper article. Although Fogel managed to fool some people into believing he could perform genuine telepathy, the majority of his audience knew he was a showman. In a series of experiments Samuel Soal and his assistant K. M. Goldney examined 160 subjects over 128,000 trials and obtained no evidence for the existence of telepathy. Soal tested Basil Shackleton and Gloria Stewart between 1941 and 1943 in over five hundred sittings and over twenty thousand guesses. Shackleton scored 2890 compared with

8624-466: The sole basis for justifying the claim that an anomaly exists and that the evidence for it is consistent and replicable is fallacious. It distorts what scientists mean by confirmatory evidence." Hyman wrote the ganzfeld studies have not been independently replicated and have failed to produce evidence for telepathy. Storm et al . published a response to Hyman claiming the ganzfeld experimental design has proved to be consistent and reliable but parapsychology

8722-477: The studies failed to safeguard against sensory leakage and all of the studies contained at least one of the 12 flaws. Because of the flaws, Honorton agreed with Hyman the 42 Ganzfeld studies could not support the claim for the existence of psi. Possibilities of sensory leakage in the Ganzfeld experiments included the receivers hearing what was going on in the sender's room next door as the rooms were not soundproof and

8820-416: The studies used duplicate target sets of pictures to avoid handling cues. Hyman discovered flaws in all of the 42 Ganzfeld experiments and to access each experiment, he devised a set of 12 categories of flaws. Six of these concerned statistical defects, the other six covered procedural flaws such as inadequate documentation , randomization and security as well as possibilities of sensory leakage. Over half of

8918-472: The subject's thoughts and identify the victim and reenact the crime. Cumberland claimed to possess no genuine psychic ability and his thought-reading performances could only be demonstrated by holding the hand of his subject to read their muscular movements. He came into dispute with psychical researchers associated with the Society for Psychical Research who were searching for genuine cases of telepathy. Cumberland argued that both telepathy and communication with

9016-566: The topic is generally considered by the scientific community to be pseudoscience . Telepathy is a common theme in science fiction . According to historians such as Roger Luckhurst and Janet Oppenheim the origin of the concept of telepathy in Western civilization can be traced to the late 19th century and the formation of the Society for Psychical Research . As the physical sciences made significant advances, scientific concepts were applied to mental phenomena (e.g., animal magnetism ), with

9114-427: The two experienced in common. At first, simple pictures like chairs and tables would likely predominate, but as these are exhausted, the field of choice narrows and pictures are more likely to be suggested by recent experiences. It is also possible that Sinclair may have given conversational hints during some of the tests—hints which in his strong will to believe, he would promptly forget about. Also, one must not rule out

9212-637: Was a Canadian science fiction author, editor and reviewer. He was born in Brandon, Manitoba , the son of a railroad engineer, and was raised in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan . An avid science fiction reader from an early age, he studied English at the University of Saskatchewan (where he earned an Honours B.A. in 1957) and at the University of Toronto . He married fellow writer and U. of S. alumna Gail Robinson in 1958; they moved to Britain in 1959, where he worked as

9310-469: Was investigated by a group of scientists including the editor of the British Medical Journal and the psychologist Francis Galton . Bishop performed several feats successfully, such as correctly identifying a selected spot on a table and locating a hidden object. During the experiment, Bishop required physical contact with a subject who knew the correct answer. He would hold the hand or wrist of

9408-421: Was published in 1994; however, the last part to the trilogy "The Limitless Bridge" was not released and remains unavailable. Young Legionary is chronologically the first in the series. Prey is chronologically the first in the series. Telepathy Telepathy experiments have historically been criticized for a lack of proper controls and repeatability. There is no good evidence that telepathy exists, and

9506-419: Was right at the chance expectation of 25%. For targets that appeared twice the hit rate crept up to 28%. For those that occurred three times it was 38%, and for those targets that occurred six or more times, the hit rate was 52%. Each time a videotape is played its quality can degrade. It is plausible then, that when a frequently used clip is the target for a given session, it may be physically distinguishable from

9604-530: Was unable to find any high-scoring subjects. Due to the methodological problems, parapsychologists no longer utilize card-guessing studies. Parapsychological studies into dream telepathy were carried out at the Maimonides Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York led by Stanley Krippner and Montague Ullman . They concluded the results from some of their experiments supported dream telepathy. However,

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