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66-555: Lombardic is a Trümmersprache (literally, 'rubble-language'), that is, a language preserved only in fragmentary form: there are no texts in Lombardic, only individual words and personal names cited in Latin law codes , histories and charters . As a result, there are many aspects of the language about which nothing is known. Some scholars have proposed that the modern Cimbrian and Mòcheno languages are descended from Lombardic, but this

132-587: A necropolis was discovered in August 2004 with over two hundred tombs dated to the sixth century AD. Eighty-five percent of the discovered tombs were robbed in the same period. The remaining artifacts are ceramics, bronze articles and an armory. Also in Romania, at Miercurea Sibiului , there is another necropolis with rich artifacts. Other necropolises in Romania are: Gepid treasures were also found at Someșeni and Șimleu Silvaniei . A study done in 2022 found that from

198-729: A Lombard personal name was appended to the Latin word for a natural feature. Thus Latin collis ("hill") appears coupled with, for example, lgb. Alibert in Colle-Alberti ( Florence , Pisa ), lgb. Gunzo in Collegonzi ( Florence ), and Raginwald in Collerinaldo ( Aquila ). Finally, there are over 30 Lombardic common nouns which have formed the basis for Italian place names, including: A number of Lombardic personal names survive in modern Italy (for example, Aldo ), but where they have it

264-479: A charter uses the Lombardic term scarnafol ("filthy fellow") as an insult. At least 280 Italian words have been identified as Lombardic loans , though there is wide local variation and some are found only in areas settled by the Lombards. One problem in detecting Lombardic loans is that they are not always readily distinguishable from Gothic , the language of the previous Germanic rulers of Italy. In many cases, it

330-592: A civil war, enabling the subject peoples to rise up in rebellion. According to Jordanes, the Gepid king, Ardaric, who "became enraged because so many nations were being treated like slaves of the basest condition", was the first to take up arms against the Huns. The decisive battle was fought at the (unidentified) Nedao River in Pannonia in 454 or 455. In the battle, the united army of Gepids, Rugii , Sarmatians and Suebi routed

396-520: A few words. You surely remember that in the beginning I said the Goths went forth from the bosom of the island of Scandza with Berig, their king, sailing in only three ships toward the hither shore of Ocean, namely to Gothiscandza . One of these three ships proved to be slower than the others, as is usually the case, and thus is said to have given the tribe their name, for in their language gepanta means slow. Hence it came to pass that gradually and by corruption

462-529: A large part of the former Roman province of Dacia , north of the Danube, and compared to other Middle Danubian kingdoms it remained relatively uninvolved with Rome. The Gepids were defeated by the Lombards and Avars a century later in 567, when Constantinople gave no support to them. Some Gepids joined the Lombards in their subsequent conquest of Italy, some moved into Roman territory, and other Gepids still lived in

528-687: A scholarly theory, the westward migration of the Huns forced the tribes to flee from the Carpathian Basin and seek refuge in the Roman Empire. Whatever the exact sequence of events, the Middle Danube region was subsequently dominated by peoples from the east, associated with Goths and Huns. Jordanes reported that Thorismund , King of the Ostrogoths , who was subjected to the Huns, "won a great victory over"

594-569: A short time, the city of Sirmium (present-day Sremska Mitrovica ) was the center of the Gepid State and the king Cunimund minted golden coins in it. Justinian I , angered by their expansion, made an alliance with the Lombards , who, under King Alboin , dealt a disastrous defeat on the Gepids in 552. After the Battle of Asfeld , Alboin had a drinking cup made from the skull of Cunimund. In 539, most of

660-619: A small number of inscriptions, a handful of which use the Runic alphabet . Additional information about the vocabulary of Lombardic comes from later-attested loan words into Italian and its dialects, as well as a large number of Italian place names of Lombardic origin (see below ). The documentary sources fall into three categories: Establishing sound values for Lombardic is problematic for two reasons. Where words are attested in contemporary Lombardic documents, scribes trained in Latin could not be expected to record accurately, or even consistently,

726-650: A strategically important town on the road between Italy and Constantinople. In 489, Thraustila  [ fr ; it ] , King of the Gepids, tried to hinder the Ostrogoths from crossing the river Vuka during Theodoric the Great 's campaign against Italy, but the Ostrogoths routed Thraustila's army. The Gepids also lost Sirmium to the Ostrogoths, according to Walter Pohl . In short, according to Walter Goffart , Thraustila's son, Thrasaric, "regained control of Sirmium but possibly under Ostrogothic underlordship". Theodoric

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792-524: Is a distinct Romance language spoken in Northern Italy and Switzerland . It, too, has loans from Lombardic. The following examples come from Bergamasque , an Eastern Lombard dialect . When the Lombards settled in Italy they had no previous acquaintance with Latin, with the result that the earliest Lombard settlements received Lombardic names. There are a number of distinct types of name. Each Lombard duke

858-509: Is disputed by historians. There is little direct evidence for the original language of the Gepids, but they were clearly Gothic in culture during the period when the Romans reported upon them. Most likely, the Gepids used the same language as the Goths, but in a different dialect. They had strained political relations with related peoples: Goths and Vandals . The Byzantine chronicler of the 6th century, Procopius, in his "Wars of Justinian", placed

924-493: Is mostly in the form of a surname: Ansaldo , Grimaldi , Garibaldi , Landolfi , Pandolfi , Siccardi are all of Lombardic origin. There are a number of Latin texts that include Lombardic names, and Lombardic legal texts contain terms taken from the legal vocabulary of the vernacular, including: In 2006, Emilia Denčeva argued that the inscription of the Pernik sword may be Lombardic. There are two short inscriptions in

990-644: Is only evidence of the Second Sound Shift, which did not affect Gothic, that guarantees a Lombardic source for a loanword. However, the Sound Shift is equally present in Alemannic and Bavarian, which are also potential sources of loans into Northern Italian varieties at this period. The main areas of the Lombardic vocabulary surviving in Italian are: warfare and weapons, the law, government and society, housebuilding and

1056-469: Is rejected by a majority of scholars. Lombardic is classified as part of the Upper German group of West Germanic languages, descended from Elbe Germanic , and most closely related to its geographical neighbours Alemannic and Bavarian . This is consistent with the accounts of classical historians, and indeed with the archaeological evidence of Langobardic settlement along the river Elbe . In view of

1122-516: Is simply lifting the phrase from an older source. Numerous archaeological sites have been attributed to the Gepids. The first scientific excavations of such an attributed Gepid site were done by István Kovács at Band in 1906 and 1907. However, attributing a precise ethnicity to archaeological findings from this period is a difficult and disputable method. The analysis of the burial sites show that high-status burials with valuable goods are initially clustered in northwestern Transylvania (dated to

1188-626: The Avars and attacked a Gepid feast, capturing 30,000 Gepids (they met no Avars). Recent excavation by the Tisza River at Szolnok brought up a Gepid nobleman from an Avar period grave who was also wearing Turkic-Avar pieces next to the traditional Germanic clothes in which he was buried. In the eighth century, Paul the Deacon lists Gepid, Bulgarian, Sarmatian, Pannonian, Suabian and Norican villages in Italy but we do not know if Paul means in his own day or

1254-600: The Byzantine army was in Persia , so the Gepids and Heruls plundered Moesia , killing magister militum Calluc , while the Frankish king Theudebert I raided Northern Italy . According to Jordanes , the clashes were the bloodiest since Attila , and the Romans were obliged to pay heavy taxes and recognize new Gepid occupation zones. Thurisind , new king of Gepidia attempted to expel

1320-581: The Elder Futhark which are regarded as Lombardic. The Schretzheim bronze capsule, from 540–590: The two fibulae from Bezenye , Hungary , from 510–590. There is debate as to whether the inscription on the fifth-century Szabadbattyán belt buckle is Lombardic or Gothic , and the reading is uncertain. The futhark on the Breza half-column is regarded as either Lombardic or Alemannic . Corpus language Too Many Requests If you report this error to

1386-532: The Heruls to take refuge in Gepidia from the neighborhood of the aggressive Langobards . Wacho married Elemund's daughter in return. In an attempt to take advantage of the death of Theodoric the Great in 526, the Gepids invaded the region of Sirmium in 528 or 530, but Vitiges defeated them. The Gepids reached the zenith of their power after 537, settling in the rich area around Singidunum (today's Belgrade ). For

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1452-575: The Lombards from Pannonia , and both peoples asked for help from the Byzantines. Justinian I sent his army against the Gepids, however it was routed on the way by the Herulians and the sides signed a two-year truce. Revenging what he felt as a betrayal, Thurisind made an alliance with the Kutrigurs who devastated Moesia before end of the armistice. The Langobard and Roman army joined together and defeated

1518-771: The "rugged mountains" of the Gepids' land, historians locate it near the Carpathians, along the upper courses of either the Tisza or the Dniester rivers, in the late 3rd century . The exact date of the Gepids' settlement in the Carpathian Basin cannot exactly be determined. Archaeologist István Bóna says they were present in the northeastern region already in the 260s. According to Coriolan H. Opreanu, they seem to have arrived around 300. Archaeologists Eszter Istvánovits and Valéria Kulcsár write that no archaeological evidence substantiates

1584-479: The Carpathian Basin. According to Jordanes, the Gepids "by their own might won for themselves the territory of the Huns and ruled as victors over the extent of all Dacia, demanding of the Roman Empire nothing more than peace and an annual gift" after their victory. Emperor Marcian confirmed their status as the allies of the empire and granted them an annual subsidy of 100 pounds of gold. The late-5th-century treasures excavated at Apahida and Someșeni show that

1650-588: The Gepid rulers accumulated great wealth in the second half of the century. The Gepids joined a coalition formed by the Suebi, Sciri , Sarmatians and other peoples formed against the Ostrogoths who had settled in Pannonia. However, the Ostrogoths routed the united forces of their enemies in the Battle of Bolia in 469. After the Ostrogoths left Pannonia in 473, the Gepids captured Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia ),

1716-542: The Gepids among the "Gothic peoples" along with the Vandals, Visigoths and Goths proper, "having the same language, white bodies, blond hair and Arian form of Christianity". All information of the Gepids' origins came from "malicious and convoluted Gothic legends", recorded in Jordanes' Getica after 550. According to Jordanes's narration the northern island of " Scandza ", which is associated with Sweden by modern scholars,

1782-410: The Gepids had lagged behind their Gothic kin when they migrated more than a thousand years earlier. In contrast, Isidore of Seville in his etymologies, interpreted the second part of the Gepid name as "feet" (Latin pedes ) and explained that the Gepids were known for going into battle on foot ( pedestri ), rather than mounted. The much later (12th century) Byzantine Etymologicum Magnum interprets

1848-456: The Gepids in 551. In the battle, Audoin's son, Alboin killed Thurisind's son, Turismod . The Gepids were finally overrun by the Avars in the 567 Lombard-Gepid war . Many Gepids followed Alboin to Italy in 568 according to Paulus Diaconus , but many remained in the area of their old kingdom. In 630, Theophylact Simocatta reported that the Byzantine Army entered the territory of

1914-520: The Gepids may have been more important than the Ostrogoths under Attila. The Gepids' participation in the Huns' campaigns against the Roman Empire brought them much booty, contributing to the development of a rich Gepid aristocracy. Especially, the isolated graves of fifth-century aristocratic women evidence the Gepid leaders' wealth: they wore heavy silver fibulas on their shoulders, bead necklaces, silver bracelets, large gold earrings, and silver clasps on their clothes and belts. A "countless host" under

1980-404: The Gepids' presence before around 350. Graves from the 4th century which yielded swords, lances and shields with iron boss were unearthed in cemeteries between the rivers Tisza and Körös (in present-day north-eastern Hungary and north-western Romania). Many scholars (including Kurdt Horedt, István Bóna and Coriolan H. Opreanu) attribute those graves to Gepid warriors. Graves of women from

2046-447: The Gepids, but fell in the battle. Jordanes' report suggests that the Gepids were forced to accept the overlordship of the Ostrogoths, within the emerging Hunnic Empire. A treasure of gold jewels, which was found at Șimleu Silvaniei , was hidden in the first decades of the 5th century , most probably in connection with the struggles ending with the Gepids' subjection to the Huns, according to István Bóna. The Gepid warriors fought on

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2112-651: The Germanic verb "to give", as still found in English (German geben , Dutch geven ), apparently indicating that they named themselves gifted or rewarded or generous. The modern idea that the recorded name of the Gepids was an insult comes from Jordanes in the sixth century, who reported in his Gothic origins story the Getica , that the name of the Gepids came from gepanta , an insult in Gothic meaning "sluggish, stolid" ( pigra ), because

2178-585: The Goths had already moved, and defeated the Burgundians and other races, provoking the Goths in the process. Fastida demanded land from Ostrogotha , King of the Visigoths, because the Gepids' territory was "hemmed in by rugged mountains and dense forests". Ostrogotha refused Fastida's demand and the Gepids joined battle with the Goths "at the town of Galtis, near which the river Auha flows". They fought until darkness fell, when Fastida and his Gepids withdrew from

2244-406: The Great dispatched one comes Pitzia to launch a campaign against the Gepids who either tried to capture Sirmium or wanted to get rid of Theodoric's suzerainty in 504. Comes Pitzia expelled the Gepid troops from Sirmium without much resistance. For some time the Gepids relinquished from the city and built good relationship with the Ostrogoths under King Elemund . This safety attracted part of

2310-520: The Huns and their allies, including the Ostrogoths. It was the Gepids who took the lead among the old allies of Attila, and establishing one of the largest and most independent new kingdoms, thus acquiring the "capital of esteem that sustained their kingdom for more than a century". After the Battle of Nedao, the Hunnic Empire disintegrated and the Gepids became the dominant power in the eastern regions of

2376-673: The Roman Empire in the Balkans. In the 11th panegyric to emperor Maximian given in Trier in 291, which is also the first time the Tervingi and Taifali were mentioned, the passage described a battle outside the empire where the Gepids were on the side of the Vandals , attacked by Taifali and a "part" of the Goths. The other part of the Goths had defeated the Burgundians who were supported by Tervingi and Alemanni . They were however "remote enough from

2442-485: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 826064502 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 08:34:36 GMT Gepids The Gepids ( Latin : Gepidae, Gipedae ; Ancient Greek : Γήπαιδες , romanized :  Gḗpaides ) were an East Germanic tribe who lived in

2508-507: The area of modern Romania , Hungary , and Serbia , roughly between the Tisza , Sava , and Carpathian Mountains . They were said to share the religion and language of the Goths and Vandals . They are first mentioned by Roman sources in the third century. In the fourth century, they were among the peoples incorporated into the Hunnic Empire , within which they formed an important part. After

2574-506: The area of the old kingdom after it was conquered by the Avars. Few archaeological sites remain that can be attributed to them with certainty. After their settlement of the Carpathian Basin , their population was mostly centred on the Someș and Körös rivers, but they did not intermingle with other nations. The most common Latin spellings of the Gepid name in plural used a "p", but varied concerning

2640-429: The areas of Italy settled by the Lombards, "there followed a rapid mixing of Roman and barbarian, especially among the population settled on the land." The Lombard conversion from Arianism to Roman Catholicism in the 7th century would have removed a major barrier to the integration of the two populations. By the 8th century speakers of Lombardic were bilingual, adopting the local Gallo-Italic language. Even as use of

2706-486: The battle mentioned by Jordanes, involving Fastida. Archaeologist Kurdt Horedt however also equates it to the battle involving Fastida and proposed that the battle took place east of the Carpathian Mountains after 248 and before the withdrawal of the Romans from the province of Dacia in the early 270s. Walter Pohl only says that the battle must have happened between 248 and 291, and could have been inside or outside

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2772-493: The battlefield and returned to their land. Whether they still lived around the Vistula or had already conquered Galicia is debated by historians. The Gepids were the "most shadowy of all the major Germanic peoples of the migration period", according to historian Malcolm Todd. Neither Tacitus nor Ptolemy mentioned them in their detailed lists of the "barbarians" in the first and second centuries AD. They first appear only in

2838-551: The command of Ardaric formed the right wing of the army of Attila the Hun in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451. On the eve of the main encounter between allied hordes, the Gepids and Franks met each other, the latter fighting for the Romans and the former for the Huns, and seem to have fought one another to a standstill with 15,000 dead. Attila the Hun died unexpectedly in 453. Conflicts among his sons developed into

2904-506: The curve of the Carpathians, though he feels it is obvious that it must in the region of the formerly Roman province of Dacia in Transylvania . The Gepids' history in the 4th century is unknown, because no written source mentioned them during this period. The silence of the Roman sources suggests that their homeland did not border on the Roman Empire. On the basis of Jordanes' reference to

2970-588: The death of Attila , the Gepids under their leader Ardaric , led an alliance of other peoples who had been in the empire, and defeated the sons of Attila and their remaining allies at the Battle of Nedao in 454. The Gepids and their allies subsequently founded kingdoms on the Middle Danube , bordering on the Roman Empire . The Gepid Kingdom was one of the most important and long-lasting of these, centered on Sirmium , and sometimes referred to as Gepidia. It covered

3036-571: The earliest evidence for the High German consonant shift . The Historia Langobardorum of Paulus Diaconus mentions a duke Zaban of 574, showing /t/ shifted to /ts/ . The term stolesazo (ablative) (the second element is cognate with English seat ) in the Edictum Rothari shows the same shift. Many names in the Lombard royal families show shifted consonants, particularly /b/ > /p/ in

3102-469: The following name components: This sound change left two different sets of nouns in the Italian language : palco (< Lombardic palk , "beam") vs. balcone (< Lombardic balk , "wood platform"); panca (< Lombardic panka ) vs. banca (Lombardic banka , "bench"). It is not possible to say with certainty when the Lombardic language died out and there are divergent views on

3168-510: The household, objects and activities from daily life. Of these, however, Lombardic government and legal terms were to a great extent superseded by the Gallo-Roman vocabulary of the Frankish conquest . The predominance of loans relating to daily life "would appear to be a sign that the Longobards fitted in and integrated with the locals at a grass-roots level." Examples : The Lombard language

3234-503: The identification seem to me to have been set out", linguists interpret the "p" in Latin and Greek as an insulting Gothic nickname for the Gepids. In addition to the Old English words, placename evidence in Italy, and a single medieval Latin genitive plural form "Gebodorum" are taken to indicate that the "p" was really a fricative sound similar to a "b". Many linguists therefore reconstruct the original Germanic form as * Gíbidoz , based on

3300-469: The imperial frontier for them not to appear in the Verona list or in the histories of Ammianus or Orosius ". Modern historians who write of the Gepids' early history sometimes apply a "mixed argumentation", combining Jordanes' narration with results of archaeological research. Historian István Bóna says that the battle mentioned in the panegyric was about 290 in the former province of Dacia , equating it to

3366-505: The issue. It seems certain that it was in decline even before the end of the Lombardic kingdom in 774, though it may have survived longer in Northern areas, with their denser Lombardic settlement. In any case, the Lombard host which had invaded Italy was not monolingual: in addition to a sizeable body of Saxons , there were also " Gepids , Bulgars , Sarmatians , Pannonians , Suevi , Noricans and so on" ( Historia Langobardorum , II, 26). In

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3432-647: The lack of Lombardic texts and the narrow scope of the attested Lombardic vocabulary — almost entirely nouns in the nominative case and proper names — the classification rests entirely on phonology . Here the clear evidence of the Second Sound Shift shows that the language must be High German , rather than North Sea Germanic or East Germanic , as some earlier scholars proposed. The main evidence for Lombardic comes from contemporary documents written in Latin, where (a) individual Lombardic terms are cited and (b) people with Lombardic names are mentioned. There are also

3498-437: The language declined, Lombardic personal names remained popular, though they gradually lost their connection to the source language, adopting Latin endings. The 8th century also saw the development of hybrid names with both Lombardic and Latin elements (e.g. Alipertulus = Lgb Alipert + Lat. -ulus ). By this time occurrence of both Lombardic and Latin names within a single family "is so widespread that such cases make up

3564-759: The late 3rd century AD , and by this time they are already living in or near the area where they remained for the rest of their known history. According to a common interpretation of the unreliable Augustan History of Emperor Claudius Gothicus (VI.2), Gepids were among the " Scythian " peoples conquered by the emperor when he earned his title "Gothicus": " peuci trutungi austorgoti uirtingi sigy pedes celtae etiam eruli ". These words are traditionally edited by modern editors to include well-known peoples " Peuci , Grutungi , Austrogoti , Tervingi , Visi , Gipedes, Celtae etiam et Eruli ". The same source also says that Emperor Probus , who ruled between 276 and 282, settled Gepid, Vandals, and Greuthungi prisoners of war in

3630-580: The majority throughout Lombard Italy". Explicit evidence of the death of Lombardic comes in the late 10th century: the Salerno Chronicle mentions the "German language which the Lombards previously spoke" ( lingua todesca, quod olim Langobardi loquebantur , cap. 38). But some knowledge of Lombardic remained: the Salerno chronicler nonetheless knows that the Lombardic term stoleseyz includes an element which means "sitting" ( sedendo ). As late as 1003,

3696-512: The mid- and late fifth century), then in the sixth-century cemeteries primarily appear in the Hungarian Plain. The upper class of the Gepid society had access to Thuringian brooches, amber beads, or Scandinavian belt buckles, in particular visible in the female burials, pointing at close relations with Scandinavia , Thuringia , Crimea , and the Baltic coast . In Vlaha , Cluj County , Romania,

3762-458: The middle of the 4th century . A large group of diverse peoples from the region of the Middle Danube crossed the river Rhine and invaded the Roman Empire in 405 or 406. Although most contemporaneous sources only listed the Vandals, Alans and Sueves among the invaders, according to St. Jerome , who lived in Bethlehem around that time, Gepids also participated in the invasion. According to

3828-441: The mouth of the Vistula river, called "Gepedoius", or the Gepids' fruitful meadows, by Jordanes. Modern historians debate whether the part of Jordanes's work which described the migration from Scandza was written at least partially on the basis of Gothic oral history or whether it was an "ahistorical fabrication." Jordanes's passage in his Getica reads: Should you ask how the [Goths] and Gepidae are kinsmen, I can tell you in

3894-419: The name Gepidae was coined for them by way of reproach. For undoubtedly they too trace their origin from the stock of the Goths, but because, as I have said, gepanta means something slow and stolid, the word Gepidae arose as a gratuitous name of reproach. According to Jordanes, the Gepids decided to leave "Gepedoius" during the reign of a king named Fastida . He claims the Gepids moved to the south long after

3960-507: The name using the Greek word for children, making the Gepids Gētípaides (Γητίπαιδες) meaning "children of the Goths (equated to Getae )". All three of these texts follow a tradition of seeing the Gepids as "offshoots or close relatives of the Goths". Tabula Peutingeriana , a 4th century map shows the "Piti" people living next of Porolissum . Whether or not this is a distortion of Gepid

4026-415: The same cemeteries produced artefacts—including bronze and silver clasps, bone combs, and fibulae—which are similar to objects found in the cemeteries of the nearby " Sântana de Mureș-Chernyakhov culture ". István Bóna writes that the spread of these cemeteries shows that the Gepids subjugated the Germanic Victohali , who had previously inhabited the same region, before expanding towards the Mureș River in

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4092-420: The side of the Huns during the next decades. According to Jordanes, Attila the Hun prized Ardaric , King of the Gepids, and Valamir , King of the Ostrogoths, "above all the other chieftains", who were subjected to the Huns, in the 440s, according to Jordanes. Goffart, sceptical of Jordanes, has suggested that "scattered evidence", including descriptions of Attila himself as a Gepid, suggests that Ardaric and

4158-553: The sounds of Lombardic. In the case of loanwords, these are often attested much later, by which time their form will have been affected not only by the adaptation to the phonology of the various Gallo-Italic languages but also by subsequent sound changes in the development of Italian . The vowel system of Lombardic is very conservative and largely preserves the Proto-Germanic system. The three main vowel developments characteristic of other Upper German dialects are lacking in Lombardic. Lombardic participated in and indeed shows some of

4224-538: The vowels: Gepidae, Gipidae, Gipedae, Gipides. Similarly, Procopius writing in Greek uses a stem γηπαιδ- which should be transliterated as Giped-. Despite this, the Gepids have been equated with the people mentioned in the Old English Widsith and Beowulf , as Gifðas or Gefþas . These names are considered etymologically equivalent Old English forms of Gepidae that could not have arisen through borrowing from attested Latin forms. Although Walter Goffart has objected that "no serious arguments substantiating

4290-657: Was the lord of a group of military clans, who were settled in the area he ruled. The Lombardic term for such a clan was fara , and it has given its name (or the variant farra ) to a number of Italian settlements, including: Many settlements took their names from Lombardic personal names. For example the Lombardic name Gairo ("spear") is the source of: Noci Garrioni ( Cremona ), Garin ( Turin ), Garini ( Cuneo and Alessandria ), Carengo ( Novara ), Ghiringhello ( Verona ), Gairilo ( Brescia ), Ghirla, (Verona), Garlasco ( Pavia ), Garleri (Porto Maurizio), and Garlazzolo (Pavia). Gamillscheg counts over 700 of these. In many cases

4356-429: Was the original homeland of the ancestors of the Goths and Gepids. They left Scandza together in three boats under the leadership of Berig , the legendary Gothic king. Jordanes specified that the Gepids' ancestors traveled in the last of the three ships, for which their fellows mocked them as gepanta , or "slow and stolid." The Goths and Gepids then settled along the southern shore of the Baltic Sea on an island at

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