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61-634: They are low level deities that are considered below Sheshen and City Gods . When people move into a new location they will ask the landlord deity for permission to move there. Houtu is the overlord of all the Tudigongs ("Lord of Local Land"), Sheji ("the State"), Shan Shen ("God of Mountains"), City Gods ("God of Local City"), and landlord gods world wide. In China Dizhushen (地主神) are considered deities below Sheshen and City Gods The Landlord God ( Chinese : 地主神 ; pinyin : Dìzhǔ shén )

122-415: A clan. They are also known as Landlord deities and sometimes described as genius loci . Ōkuninushi is sometimes considered a Jinushigami of Japan as a whole. Hokora are often created for Jinushigami, natural objects like trees are also often seen to be yorishiro or shintai for them The goal is to convince the cthonic deities of the ground to allow occupation Shinra Myōjin is considered such

183-449: A consonant letter, then a vowel letter, and then potentially another consonant letter called a batchim ( Korean :  받침 ). If the syllable begins with a vowel sound, the consonant ㅇ ( ng ) acts as a silent placeholder. However, when ㅇ starts a sentence or is placed after a long pause, it marks a glottal stop . Syllables may begin with basic or tense consonants but not complex ones. The vowel can be basic or complex, and

244-527: A deity and to have originated in Korea Teojushin ( Hangul : 터주신, Hanja : 터主神) is the patron of the ground on which the house is built in the Gashin cult of Korea . She is also known as Jishin (地神), or 'earth goddess'. She can be seen as analogous to a landlord deity, Tudigong or Houtu . Ông Địa ( Hán-Nôm : 翁地), Thổ Địa (土地), Thổ Công (土公) or Thần Đất (神坦), is the god of the earth and patron of

305-590: A glide (or a semivowel) and a monophthong. There is some disagreement about exactly how many vowels are considered Korean's monophthongs; the largest inventory features ten, while some scholars have proposed eight or nine. This divergence reveals two issues: whether Korean has two front rounded vowels (i.e. /ø/ and /y/); and, secondly, whether Korean has three levels of front vowels in terms of vowel height (i.e. whether /e/ and /ɛ/ are distinctive). Actual phonological studies done by studying formant data show that current speakers of Standard Korean do not differentiate between

366-696: A lady that was going to be killed, but she was not guilty. Thus, the Jade Emperor told a Deity to go down to Earth and bring the lady to heaven. When the lady was brought to the Celestial Palace, the Jade Emperor bestowed her to Tudigong as his wife. She was ordered to look after how many blessings Tudigong distributes and that they not be unnecessarily distributed. This is why many people do not want to pay respect to Tudipo, because they are afraid that she will not let Tudigong give much wealth to them. In Taiwan, festivals dedicated to Tudigong typically take place on

427-455: A link between the concept and the concept of an Earth Temple dedicated to a landlord deity or a Tudigong Worship of Tē-ki-tsú ( Chinese : 地基主 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tē-ki-tsú ; pinyin : Dìjīzhǔ ; Wade–Giles : Ti⁴-chi¹-chu³ ) is especially common in Taiwanese folk beliefs . Many institutions such as government agencies and companies will honor a Tē-ki-tsú when moving into

488-655: A major genre . However, the use of the Korean alphabet had gone without orthographical standardization for so long that spelling had become quite irregular. In 1796, the Dutch scholar Isaac Titsingh became the first person to bring a book written in Korean to the Western world . His collection of books included the Japanese book Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu ( An Illustrated Description of Three Countries ) by Hayashi Shihei . This book, which

549-463: A new building. Household altars to Tē-ki-tsú are very common Such deities are ambiguous in their nature sometimes ghosts and sometimes deities. Sometimes considered the souls of former occupants Sometimes rituals for such deities is seen as moving the building from the yin world to the yang world, see yin miao for more info on Taiwanese beliefs on the yin world Such deities may be linked to Goryō or people who died without relatives Alternatively

610-414: A specific person who did a great service to their local community will be seen as becoming a Tudigong after their death. When people move from one location to another, they will say goodbye to their local Tudigong and worship the one of the new location The deities are considered to have a kind of appointed position like an alderman , with different deities being appointed to different areas. Houtu

671-404: Is a combination of deity (示) and soil (土), meaning "god of the land" Sheshen are associated with soil and grain (shèjì, 社稷), with both sometimes being personified as husband and wife Tudigong means Tu (earth), Di , Gong (grandfather/duke) Sacrifices to Sheshen transitioned to sacrifices to Tudigong The earliest known sheshen was Gou Long  [ zh ] , a son of Gonggong who

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732-671: Is a deity worshipped in Chinese folk beliefs who is analogous but is not to be confused with Tudigong . The tablet for the Landlord God is typically inscribed with two rows: On the left: (in Singapore and Malaysia) "The Landlord Wealth God of the Overseas Tang People" ( 唐番地主財神 ) or (in Hong Kong and Chinese diaspora elsewhere) "The Landlord Wealth God from Front to Back" ( 前後地主財神 ) On

793-662: Is based on the South Korean order. The order from the Hunminjeongeum in 1446 was: This is the basis of the modern alphabetic orders. It was before the development of the Korean tense consonants and the double letters that represent them, and before the conflation of the letters ㅇ (null) and ㆁ (ng). Thus, when the North Korean and South Korean governments implemented full use of the Korean alphabet, they ordered these letters differently, with North Korea placing new letters at

854-488: Is now primarily associated with Society, being present in such compounds as socialism ( 社会主义 ; Shèhuì zhǔyì ) and sociology (社会学, Shèhuì xué) and social media (社群媒體, Shè qún méitǐ). However, originally the character 社 meant soil, and had a connotation of divinity; see the diagram on the right for more info on its relationship with the Oracle bone script The character 社 alone historically referred to such deities. It

915-605: Is occasionally still the way for stylistic purposes. However, Korean is now typically written from left to right with spaces between words serving as dividers , unlike in Japanese and Chinese. Hangul is the official writing system throughout both North and South Korea. It is a co-official writing system in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County in Jilin Province , China. Hangul has also seen limited use by speakers of

976-552: Is supposed to be a young lady. After Tudigong received a heavenly rank, he gave everything that the people asked for. When one of the Deities went down to Earth to do inspections, he saw that Tudigong was distributing blessings unnecessarily. Soon after that, the Deity went to the Celestial Palace and reported to the Jade Emperor . After the Jade Emperor knew this, he found out that there was

1037-455: Is the modern writing system for the Korean language . The letters for the five basic consonants reflect the shape of the speech organs used to pronounce them. They are systematically modified to indicate phonetic features. The vowel letters are systematically modified for related sounds, making Hangul a featural writing system . It has been described as a syllabic alphabet as it combines

1098-553: Is the overlord of all the Tudigongs ("Lord of Local Land"), Sheji ("the State"), Shan Shen ("God of Mountains"), City Gods ("God of Local City"), and landlord gods worldwide. Tudigongs go by a variety of names, including Tudigong ( Chinese : 土地公 ; lit. 'Lord of the Land';) or Tudishen ( 土地神 ; 'God of the Land'), also known simply as Tudi ( 土地 ; 'land', 'soil') and translated as Lord of

1159-570: Is used to refer to Korea in general, so the name also means Korean script. It has been romanized in multiple ways: North Koreans call the alphabet Chosŏn'gŭl ( 조선글 ), after Chosŏn , the North Korean name for Korea . A variant of the McCune–Reischauer system is used there for romanization. Until the mid-20th century, the Korean elite preferred to write using Chinese characters called Hanja . They referred to Hanja as jinseo ( 진서 ; 真書 ) meaning true letters. Some accounts say

1220-631: The Veritable Records of King Sejong and Jeong Inji 's preface to the Hunminjeongeum Haerye emphasize that he invented it himself. The project was completed sometime between December 1443 and January 1444, and described in a 1446 document titled Hunminjeongeum ( The Proper Sounds for the Education of the People ), after which the alphabet itself was originally named. The publication date of

1281-594: The Cia-Cia language in Indonesia. The Korean alphabet was originally named Hunminjeong'eum ( 훈민정음 ) by King Sejong the Great in 1443. Hunminjeong'eum is also the document that explained logic and science behind the script in 1446. The name hangeul ( 한글 ) was coined by Korean linguist Ju Si-gyeong in 1912. The name combines the ancient Korean word han ( 한 ), meaning great, and geul ( 글 ), meaning script. The word han

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1342-593: The Hunminjeongeum , October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosŏn'gŭl Day, is on January 15. The opening page of Hunminjeongeum contains King Sejong's foreword written in Literary Chinese, which reads: 國之語音。異乎中國。與文字不相流通。故愚民。有所欲言而終不得伸其情者。多矣。予。爲此憫然。新制二十八字。欲使人人易習。便於日用矣。 Because the speech of this country is different from that of China, it [the spoken language] does not match

1403-543: The Hunminjeongeum Haerye Edition, King Sejong expressed his intention to understand the language of the people in his country and to express their meanings more conveniently in writing. He noted that the shapes of the traditional Chinese characters, as well as factors such as the thickness, stroke count, and order of strokes in calligraphy, were extremely complex, making it difficult for people to recognize and understand them individually. A popular saying about

1464-448: The emphatic consonants were standardized to ㅺ, ㅼ, ㅽ, ㅆ, ㅾ and final consonants restricted to ㄱ, ㄴ, ㄹ, ㅁ, ㅂ, ㅅ, ㅇ, ㄺ, ㄻ, ㄼ . Long vowels were marked by a diacritic dot to the left of the syllable, but this was dropped in 1921. A second colonial reform occurred in 1930. The arae-a was abolished: the emphatic consonants were changed to ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ and more final consonants ㄷ, ㅈ, ㅌ, ㅊ, ㅍ, ㄲ, ㄳ, ㄵ, ㄾ, ㄿ, ㅄ were allowed, making

1525-600: The mayor of Seoul . Letters in the Korean alphabet are called jamo ( 자모 ). There are 14 consonants ( 자음 ) and 10 vowels ( 모음 ) used in the modern alphabet. They were first named in Hunmongjahoe  [ ko ] , a hanja textbook written by Choe Sejin . Additionally, there are 27 complex letters that are formed by combining the basic letters: 5 tense consonant letters, 11 complex consonant letters, and 11 complex vowel letters. In typography design and in IME automata,

1586-501: The 21 vowels used in the modern Korean alphabet in South Korean alphabetic order with Revised Romanization equivalents for each letter and pronunciation in IPA (see Korean phonology for more). The vowels are generally separated into two categories: monophthongs and diphthongs. Monophthongs are produced with a single articulatory movement (hence the prefix mono), while diphthongs feature an articulatory change. Diphthongs have two constituents:

1647-422: The 9th century and possibly earlier. Originally, jinushigami were associated with new areas of land opened up for settlement. New residents of the land created shrines to the local resident kami either to gain its blessing/permission, or to bind it within the land to prevent its interference with, or cursing of , nearby humans. Jinushigami may be either ancestors of the original settlers of an area, or ancestors of

1708-516: The Earth , Other names of the god include: Extended titles of the god include: Commoners often call their local Tudigong "grandfather" ( yeye ), which reflects the close relationship with the common people. Tudigongs are believed to have originally developed out of the Sheshen belief system Sheshen (社神), also known as Tudigongs, are Chinese deities associated with the soil. The character 社

1769-639: The Earth"). Ranked beneath City Gods , the Tudigongs have been very popular among villagers as the grassroot deities since the 14th century during the Ming dynasty . Some scholars speculate that this change came because of an imperial edict, because it is reported that the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty was born in a Tudigong shrine. The image of a Tudigong is that of a simply clothed, smiling, white-bearded man. His wife,

1830-754: The Grandmother of the Village, Tǔdìpó , looks like a normal old lady In later generations, they became associated with Wish trees . In the countryside, they are sometimes given wives, Tǔdìpó ( 土地婆 "Grandmother of the Soil and the Ground"), placed next to them on the altar. They may be seen as just and benevolent deities on the same rank as their husbands, or as grudging old women holding back their husband's benedictions, which explains why one does not always receive fair retribution for good behavior. Another story says that Tudipo

1891-571: The Korean alphabet or mixed script as their official writing system, with ever-decreasing use of Hanja especially in the North. Beginning in the 1970s, Hanja began to experience a gradual decline in commercial or unofficial writing in the South due to government intervention, with some South Korean newspapers now only using Hanja as abbreviations or disambiguation of homonyms. However, as Korean documents, history, literature and records throughout its history until

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1952-466: The Korean consonants by their respective categories and subcategories. All Korean obstruents are voiceless in that the larynx does not vibrate when producing those sounds and are further distinguished by degree of aspiration and tenseness. The tensed consonants are produced by constricting the vocal cords while heavily aspirated consonants (such as the Korean ㅍ , /pʰ/ ) are produced by opening them. Korean sonorants are voiced. The chart below shows

2013-409: The [Chinese] letters. Therefore, even if the ignorant want to communicate, many of them in the end cannot state their concerns. Saddened by this, I have [had] 28 letters newly made. It is my wish that all the people may easily learn these letters and that [they] be convenient for daily use. The Korean alphabet was designed so that people with little education could learn to read and write. According to

2074-409: The alphabet is, "A wise man can acquaint himself with them before the morning is over; even a stupid man can learn them in the space of ten days." Another document published in 1446 and titled Hunminjeongeum Haerye ( Hunminjeongeum Explanation and Examples) was discovered in 1940. This document explains that the design of the consonant letters is based on articulatory phonetics and the design of

2135-501: The annexation and Korean was written in a mixed Hanja-Hangul script , where most lexical roots were written in Hanja and grammatical forms in the Korean alphabet. Japan banned earlier Korean literature from public schooling, which became mandatory for children. The orthography of the Korean alphabet was partially standardized in 1912, when the vowel arae-a ( ㆍ )—which has now disappeared from Korean—was restricted to Sino-Korean roots:

2196-421: The basic letters: 5 tense consonant letters, 11 complex consonant letters, and 11 complex vowel letters. Four basic letters in the original alphabet are no longer used: 1 vowel letter and 3 consonant letters. Korean letters are written in syllabic blocks with the alphabetic letters arranged in two dimensions. For example, the South Korean city of Seoul is written as 서울 , not ㅅㅓㅇㅜㄹ . The syllables begin with

2257-696: The burial of deceased persons to thank him for using his land to return their bodies to the earth It is reported that the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty was born in a Tudigong shrine. During the cultural revolution , many Tudigong shrines were destroyed. However, many were recently rebuilt. Hangul The Korean alphabet , known as Hangul or Hangeul in South Korea ( English: / ˈ h ɑː n ɡ uː l / HAHN -gool ; Korean :  한글 ; Korean pronunciation: [ha(ː)n.ɡɯɭ] ) and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea ( 조선글 ; North Korean pronunciation [tsʰo.sʰɔn.ɡɯɭ] ),

2318-542: The concept and the concept of a Tudigong temple dedicated to a landlord deity or a Tudigong A notable example in Nuannuan District has two Tudigong temples next to each other for different Tudigongs. Many temples house small shrines with the image of Tudigong, commonly located under the main altar, or below the house door. Many worshippers supplicate with the intention of gaining wealth or maintaining their physical health. They are also traditionally worshipped before

2379-603: The contemporary period were written primarily in Literary Chinese using Hanja as its primary script, a good working knowledge of Chinese characters especially in academia is still important for anyone who wishes to interpret and study older texts from Korea, or anyone who wishes to read scholarly texts in the humanities. A high proficiency in Hanja is also useful for understanding the etymology of Sino-Korean words as well as to enlarge one's Korean vocabulary. North Korea instated Hangul as its exclusive writing system in 1949 on

2440-505: The difficulty of learning the Korean and Chinese languages, as well as the large number of Chinese characters that are used. To promote literacy among the common people, the fourth king of the Joseon dynasty, Sejong the Great , personally created and promulgated a new alphabet. Although it is widely assumed that King Sejong ordered the Hall of Worthies to invent Hangul, contemporary records such as

2501-694: The elite referred to the Korean alphabet derisively as 'amkeul ( 암클 ) meaning women's script, and 'ahaetgeul ( 아햇글 ) meaning children's script, though there is no written evidence of this. Supporters of the Korean alphabet referred to it as jeong'eum ( 정음 ; 正音 ) meaning correct pronunciation, gungmun ( 국문 ; 國文 ) meaning national script, and eonmun ( 언문 ; 諺文 ) meaning vernacular script. Koreans primarily wrote using Literary Chinese alongside native phonetic writing systems that predate Hangul by hundreds of years, including Idu script , Hyangchal , Gugyeol and Gakpil. However, many lower class uneducated Koreans were illiterate due to

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2562-610: The features of alphabetic and syllabic writing systems. Hangul was created in 1443 by Sejong the Great , fourth king of the Joseon dynasty. It was an attempt to increase literacy by serving as a complement to Hanja , which were Chinese characters used to write Literary Chinese in Korea by the 2nd century BCE, and had been adapted to write Korean by the 6th century CE. Modern Hangul orthography uses 24 basic letters: 14 consonant letters and 10 vowel letters. There are also 27 complex letters that are formed by combining

2623-586: The human communities who inhabit it in Chinese folk religion , Buddhism , Confucianism , and Taoism . They are portrayed as old men with long beards. The definitive characteristic of Tudigongs is that they are limited to their specific geographical locations. The Tudigong of one location is not the Tudigong of another location They are considered to be among the lowest ranked divinities, just below City Gods ("God of Local City"), and above landlord gods . Often,

2684-673: The land on which the houses is built. He is one of the most commonly worshiped deities in Vietnam. In the manga series Kamisama Kiss by Julietta Suzuki , the heroine Nanami Momozono becomes the tochigami of a derelict shrine. Sheshen A Tudigong ( Chinese : 土地公 ; lit. 'Lord of the Land') is a kind of Chinese tutelary deity of a specific location. There are several Tudigongs corresponding to different geographical locations and sometimes multiple ones will be venerated together in certain regions. They are tutelary (i.e. guardian or patron) deities of locations and

2745-498: The letters that make up a block are called jaso ( 자소 ). The chart below shows all 19 consonants in South Korean alphabetic order with Revised Romanization equivalents for each letter and pronunciation in IPA (see Korean phonology for more). ㅇ is silent syllable-initially and is used as a placeholder when the syllable starts with a vowel. ㄸ , ㅃ , and ㅉ are never used syllable-finally. The consonants are broadly categorized into two categories: The chart below lists

2806-502: The literary elite, including Choe Manri and other Korean Confucian scholars. They believed Hanja was the only legitimate writing system. They also saw the circulation of the Korean alphabet as a road to break away from the Sinosphere as well as a threat to their status. However, the Korean alphabet entered popular culture as King Sejong had intended, used especially by women and writers of popular fiction. Prince Yeonsan banned

2867-454: The orders of Kim Il Sung of the Workers' Party of Korea , and officially banned the use of Hanja. Systems that employed Hangul letters with modified rules were attempted by linguists such as Hsu Tsao-te  [ zh ] and Ang Ui-jin to transcribe Taiwanese Hokkien , a Sinitic language , but the usage of Chinese characters ultimately ended up being the most practical solution and

2928-639: The orthography more morphophonemic . The double consonant ㅆ was written alone (without a vowel) when it occurred between nouns, and the nominative particle 가 was introduced after vowels, replacing 이 . Ju Si-gyeong , the linguist who had coined the term Hangul to replace Eonmun or Vulgar Script in 1912, established the Korean Language Research Society (later renamed the Hangul Society ), which further reformed orthography with Standardized System of Hangul in 1933. The principal change

2989-497: The right: The Dragon God of the Five Directions and Five Lands ( 五方五土龍神 ; fengshui ). The names are accompanied by a side couplet of various wordings that praise the virtues of the Landlord God. It is believed that the Landlord God has powers to help gather wealth, and the position of the tablet must be placed properly according to the laws of fengshui. In Chinese Spirit houses are called 土地神屋 or Tudigong House, representing

3050-638: The second consonant can be basic, complex or a limited number of tense consonants. How the syllables are structured depends solely if the baseline of the vowel symbol is horizontal or vertical. If the baseline is vertical, the first consonant and vowel are written above the second consonant (if present), but all components are written individually from top to bottom in the case of a horizontal baseline. As in traditional Chinese and Japanese writing, as well as many other texts in East and southeast Asia, Korean texts were traditionally written top to bottom, right to left, as

3111-404: The second day of the second month and the 15th day of the eighth month on the Chinese lunar calendar. The second day of the second month is said to be Tudigong's birthday. Today these deities are associated with Ritual opera . Tudigong temples are common across China, Tibet, Taiwan, Macau and Hong Kong. In Chinese, Spirit houses are called 土地神屋 or Tudigong House, representing a link between

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3172-473: The study and publication of the Korean alphabet in 1504 during his kingship, after a document criticizing him was published. Similarly, King Jungjong abolished the Ministry of Eonmun, a governmental institution related to Hangul research, in 1506. The late 16th century, however, saw a revival of the Korean alphabet as gasa and sijo poetry flourished. In the 17th century, the Korean alphabet novels became

3233-467: The tradition may originate with Taiwanese indigenous peoples and their practice of indoor burial, or burying people inside buildings. Jinushigami ( 地主神 ) , also known as jigami ( 地神 ) , tochigami ( 土地神 ) , chi no kami ( 地の神 , also read as ji no kami ) , or jinushisama ( 地主様 ) , are Shinto folk deities, or kami , of an area of land (the name literally means "land-master-kami"). Their history goes back to at least

3294-400: The vowel letters is based on the principles of yin and yang and vowel harmony . After the creation of Hangul, people from the lower class or the commoners had a chance to be literate. They learned how to read and write Korean, not just the upper classes and literary elite. They learn Hangul independently without formal schooling or such. The Korean alphabet faced opposition in the 1440s by

3355-474: The vowels ㅔ and ㅐ in pronunciation. Alphabetic order in the Korean alphabet is called the ganada order, ( 가나다순 ) after the first three letters of the alphabet. The alphabetical order of the Korean alphabet does not mix consonants and vowels. Rather, first are velar consonants , then coronals , labials , sibilants , etc. The vowels come after the consonants. The collation order of Korean in Unicode

3416-491: Was adopted in official documents for the first time in 1894. Elementary school texts began using the Korean alphabet in 1895, and Tongnip sinmun , established in 1896, was the first newspaper printed in both Korean and English. After the Japanese annexation, which occurred in 1910, Japanese was made the official language of Korea. However, the Korean alphabet was still taught in Korean-established schools built after

3477-516: Was appointed as a god of the soil by Zhuanxu . Tudigongs developed from land worship. Before Chenghuangshen ("City Gods") became more prominent in China, land worship had a hierarchy of deities conforming strictly to social structure, in which the emperor, kings, dukes, officials, and common people were allowed to worship only the land gods within their command; the highest land deity was the Houtu ("Queen of

3538-626: Was endorsed by the Ministry of Education of Taiwan . The Hunminjeong'eum Society in Seoul attempted to spread the use of Hangul to unwritten languages of Asia. In 2009, it was unofficially adopted by the town of Baubau , in Southeast Sulawesi , Indonesia, to write the Cia-Cia language . A number of Indonesian Cia-Cia speakers who visited Seoul generated large media attention in South Korea, and they were greeted on their arrival by Oh Se-hoon ,

3599-652: Was published in 1785, described the Joseon Kingdom and the Korean alphabet. In 1832, the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland supported the posthumous abridged publication of Titsingh's French translation. Thanks to growing Korean nationalism , the Gabo Reformists ' push, and Western missionaries' promotion of the Korean alphabet in schools and literature, the Hangul Korean alphabet

3660-423: Was published in 1946, just after Korean independence from Japanese rule. In 1948, North Korea attempted to make the script perfectly morphophonemic through the addition of new letters , and, in 1953, Syngman Rhee in South Korea attempted to simplify the orthography by returning to the colonial orthography of 1921, but both reforms were abandoned after only a few years. Both North Korea and South Korea have used

3721-438: Was to make the Korean alphabet as morphophonemically practical as possible given the existing letters. A system for transliterating foreign orthographies was published in 1940. Japan banned the Korean language from schools and public offices in 1938 and excluded Korean courses from the elementary education in 1941 as part of a policy of cultural assimilation and genocide . The definitive modern Korean alphabet orthography

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