68-710: Land-O-Sun is an American brand of dairy products that was introduced in 1925 in Johnson City, Tennessee . It was acquired in 1998 by Suiza Foods for $ 224 million. It is currently owned by Dairy Farmers of America and doing business as Pet Dairies . In 1992, Land-O-Sun entered a guilty plea with the United States Department of Justice , agreeing to pay a $ 3.5 million fine for public school bid rigging in South Carolina between 1985 and 1988. This food and/or confectionery corporation or company-related article
136-772: A gluten-free diet , but temporary dietary restriction of lactose may be needed. People with primary lactase deficiency cannot modify their body's ability to produce lactase. In societies where lactose intolerance is the norm, it is not considered a condition that requires treatment. However, where dairy is a larger component of the normal diet, a number of efforts may be useful. There are four general principles in dealing with lactose intolerance: avoidance of dietary lactose, substitution to maintain nutrient intake, regulation of calcium intake, and use of enzyme substitute. Regular consumption of dairy food by lactase deficient individuals may also reduce symptoms of intolerance by promoting colonic bacteria adaptation. The primary way of managing
204-468: A milk allergy . People who experience lactose intolerance usually avoid milk and other lactose-containing dairy products, which may cause mild side effects , such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, gas, and nausea. Such individuals may use non-dairy milk substitutes . The American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR), World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRF), Cancer Council Australia (CCA) and Cancer Research UK have stated that there
272-511: A "D" (for "dairy") is present next to the circled "K", "U", or other hechsher , the food product likely contains milk solids, although it may also simply indicate the product was produced on equipment shared with other products containing milk derivatives. Lactose is also a commercial food additive used for its texture, flavor, and adhesive qualities. It is found in additives labelled as casein , caseinate , whey , lactoserum , milk solids , modified milk ingredients , etc. As such, lactose
340-411: A "flat curve" in individuals with lactose malabsorption, while the lactase persistent will have a significant "top", with a typical elevation of 50% to 100%, within one to two hours. However, due to the need for frequent blood sampling, this approach has been largely replaced by breath testing. After an overnight fast, blood is drawn and then 50 grams of lactose (in aqueous solution) are swallowed. Blood
408-439: A colonic bacteria adaptation, enhancing a favorable microbiome, which allows people with primary lactase deficiency to diminish their intolerance and to consume more dairy foods. The way to induce tolerance is based on progressive exposure, consuming smaller amounts frequently, distributed throughout the day. Lactose intolerance can also be managed by ingesting live yogurt cultures containing lactobacilli that are able to digest
476-535: A disorder has been attributed to biases in research history, since most early studies were conducted amongst populations which are normally tolerant, as well as the cultural and economic importance and impact of milk in countries such as the United States. Lactose intolerance primarily refers to a syndrome with one or more symptoms upon the consumption of food substances containing lactose sugar . Individuals may be lactose intolerant to varying degrees, depending on
544-476: A heart-healthy eating pattern and choosing reduced-fat dairy over full-fat dairy reduces risk for some, but not all, cardiovascular risk factors". In 2019 the National Heart Foundation of Australia published a position statement on full fat dairy products, "Based on current evidence, there is not enough evidence to recommend full fat over reduced fat products or reduced fat over full fat products for
612-577: A lactose intolerant rate. For this reason, lactase persistence is of some interest to the fields of anthropology , human genetics , and archaeology , which typically use the genetically derived persistence/non-persistence terminology. The rise of dairy and producing dairy related products from cow milk alone, varies across different regions of the world, aside from genetic predisposition. The process of turning milk into cheese dates back earlier than 5200 BC. DNA analysis in February 2012 revealed that Ötzi
680-555: A lesser extent in some parts of the Middle East and Africa. Lactose intolerance is most common among people of East Asian descent, with 90% lactose intolerance, and Jewish descent, as well as in many African countries and Arab countries . Traditional food cultures reflect local variations in tolerance and historically many societies have adapted to low levels of tolerance by making dairy products that contain less lactose than fresh milk. The medicalization of lactose intolerance as
748-403: A meal or throughout the day. Lactose is found primarily in dairy products , which vary in the amount of lactose they contain: There used to be a lack of standardization on how lactose is measured and reported in food. The different molecular weights of anhydrous lactose or lactose monohydrate result in up to 5% difference. One source recommends using the "carbohydrates" or "sugars" part of
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#1733093262954816-581: A mutation in the MCM6 gene that keeps the LCT gene turned on even after breast feeding is stopped. Populations that are lactose intolerant lack this mutation. The LCT and MCM6 genes are both located on the long arm (q) of chromosome 2 in region 21. The locus can be expressed as 2q21. The lactase deficiency also could be linked to certain heritages and varies widely. A 2016 study of over 60,000 participants from 89 countries found regional prevalence of lactose malabsorption
884-542: A response to the benefits of being able to digest milk from farm animals. Some have argued that this links intolerance to natural selection favoring lactase-persistent individuals, but it is also consistent with a physiological response to decrease lactase production when it is not needed in cultures in which dairy products are not an available food source. Although populations in Europe, India, Arabia, and Africa were first thought to have high rates of lactase persistence because of
952-636: A result of hormones". In 2024, Cancer Research UK stated "there is no reliable evidence that casein or hormones in dairy causes cancer in people". The American Medical Association (AMA) recommends that people replace full-fat dairy products with nonfat and low-fat dairy products. In 2017, the AMA stated that there is no high-quality clinical evidence that cheese consumption lowers the risk of cardiovascular disease. In 2021, they stated that "taken together, replacing full-fat dairy products with nonfat and low-fat dairy products and other sources of unsaturated fat shifts
1020-561: A result, researchers wrongly concluded that tolerance was the global norm. Another reason is that lactose intolerance tends to be under-reported: lactose intolerant individuals can tolerate at least some lactose before they show symptoms, and their symptoms differ in severity. The large majority of people are able to digest some quantity of milk, for example in tea or coffee, without developing any adverse effects. Fermented dairy products , such as cheese, also contain significantly less lactose than plain milk. Therefore, in societies where tolerance
1088-426: A selective evolutionary advantage to individuals that could tolerate lactose. This led to higher frequencies of lactose tolerance in these countries. For example, almost 100% of Irish people are predicted to be lactose tolerant. Conversely, regions of the south, such as Africa, did not adopt dairy farming as early and tolerance from milk consumption did not occur the same way as in northern Europe. Lactose intolerance
1156-597: A single mutation, lactase persistence has been traced to a number of mutations that occurred independently. Different alleles for lactase persistence have developed at least three times in East African populations, with persistence extending from 26% in Tanzania to 88% in the Beja pastoralist population in Sudan . The accumulation of epigenetic factors, primarily DNA methylation , in
1224-584: Is "insufficient evidence to draw any firm conclusions as to whether exposure to dietary IGF-1 is associated with an increased incidence of cancer in consumers". The COC also stated it is unlikely that there would be absorption of intact IGF-1 from food by most consumers. A 2019 review concluded that higher-quality research was needed to characterise valid associations between dairy consumption and risk of and/or cancer-related mortality. A 2021 umbrella review found strong evidence that consumption of dairy products decreases risk of colorectal cancer. Fermented dairy
1292-648: Is a dairy . Dairy products are consumed worldwide to varying degrees. Some people avoid some or all dairy products because of lactose intolerance , veganism , environmental concerns , other health reasons or beliefs. Milk is produced after optional homogenization or pasteurization , in several grades after standardization of the fat level, and possible addition of the bacteria Streptococcus lactis and Leuconostoc citrovorum . Milk can be broken down into several different categories based on type of product produced, including cream, butter, cheese, infant formula, and yogurt. Milk varies in fat content. Skim milk
1360-440: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Dairy products Dairy products or milk products , also known as lacticinia , are food products made from (or containing) milk . The most common dairy animals are cow , water buffalo , nanny goat , and ewe . Dairy products include common grocery store food around the world such as yogurt , cheese , milk and butter . A facility that produces dairy products
1428-409: Is associated with significantly decreased bladder cancer and colorectal cancer risk. A 2023 review found no association between consumption of dairy products and breast cancer . The British Dietetic Association have described the idea that milk promotes hormone related cancerous tumour growth as a myth, stating "no link between dairy containing diets and risk of cancer or promoting cancer growth as
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#17330932629541496-419: Is challenged by ingesting more dairy products than can be readily digested. Clinical symptoms typically appear within 30 minutes, but may take up to two hours, depending on other foods and activities. Substantial variability in response (symptoms of nausea, cramping, bloating, diarrhea, and flatulence) is to be expected, as the extent and severity of lactose intolerance varies among individuals. The next step
1564-598: Is common among people of Jewish descent, as well as from West Africa, the Arab countries, Greece, and Italy. Different populations will present certain gene constructs depending on the evolutionary and cultural pre-settings of the geographical region. Greater lactose tolerance has come about in two ways. Some populations have developed genetic changes to allow the digestion of lactose: lactase persistence . Other populations developed cooking methods like milk fermentation. Lactase persistence in humans evolved relatively recently (in
1632-606: Is due to injury to the small intestine. Such injury could be the result of infection, celiac disease , inflammatory bowel disease , or other diseases. Developmental lactose intolerance may occur in premature babies and usually improves over a short period of time. Congenital lactose intolerance is an extremely rare genetic disorder in which little or no lactase is made from birth. The reduction of lactase production starts typically in late childhood or early adulthood, but prevalence increases with age. Diagnosis may be confirmed if symptoms resolve following eliminating lactose from
1700-537: Is found in foods such as processed meats ( sausages / hot dogs , sliced meats, pâtés ), gravy stock powder, margarines , sliced breads , breakfast cereals, potato chips , processed foods , medications , prepared meals, meal replacements (powders and bars), protein supplements (powders and bars), and even beers in the milk stout style. Some barbecue sauces and liquid cheeses used in fast-food restaurants may also contain lactose. When dining out, carrying lactose intolerance cards that explain dietary restrictions in
1768-1166: Is milk with zero fat, while whole milk products contain fat. Milk is an ingredient in many confectioneries. Milk can be added to chocolate to produce milk chocolate . Butter , mostly milk fat, produced by churning cream Fermented milk products include: Yogurt , milk fermented by thermophilic bacteria , mainly Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus sometimes with additional bacteria, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus Cheese , produced by coagulating milk, separating curds from whey , and letting it ripen, generally with bacteria , and sometimes also with certain molds . Rates of dairy consumption vary widely worldwide. High-consumption countries consume more than 150 kilograms (330 lb) per capita per year. These countries are: Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Costa Rica, most European countries, Israel, Kyrgyzstan, North America and Pakistan. Medium-consumption countries consume 30 kilograms (66 lb) to 150 kg per capita per year. These countries are: India, Iran, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Mongolia, New Zealand, North and Southern Africa, most of
1836-572: Is more common in Asian Americans, African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans. Analysis of the DNA of 94 ancient skeletons in Europe and Russia concluded that the mutation for lactose tolerance appeared about 4,300 years ago and spread throughout the European population. Some human populations have developed lactase persistence , in which lactase production continues into adulthood probably as
1904-450: Is no conclusive evidence. Fermented and low-fat dairy products are associated with a decreased risk of diabetes . Consumption of dairy products are also associated with a decreased risk of gout . A 2023 review found that higher intake of dairy products is significantly associated with a lower risk of inflammatory bowel disease . Some groups avoid dairy products for non-health-related reasons. Some religions restrict or do not allow
1972-703: Is not an allergy , because it is not an immune response, but rather a sensitivity to dairy caused by a deficiency of lactase enzyme. Milk allergy , occurring in about 2% of the population, is a separate condition, with distinct symptoms that occur when the presence of milk proteins trigger an immune reaction. The principal manifestation of lactose intolerance is an adverse reaction to products containing lactose (primarily milk), including abdominal bloating and cramps , flatulence , diarrhea , nausea , borborygmi , and vomiting (particularly in adolescents ). These appear one-half to two hours after consumption. The severity of these signs and symptoms typically increases with
2040-601: Is not considered reliable enough to conclusively diagnose or exclude lactose intolerance. Genetic tests may be useful in assessing whether a person has primary lactose intolerance. Lactase activity persistence in adults is associated with two polymorphisms : C/T 13910 and G/A 22018 located in the MCM6 gene. These polymorphisms may be detected by molecular biology techniques at the DNA extracted from blood or saliva samples; genetic kits specific for this diagnosis are available. The procedure consists of extracting and amplifying DNA from
2108-470: Is not possible, or on occasions when a person chooses to consume such items, then enzymatic lactase supplements may be used. Lactase enzymes similar to those produced in the small intestines of humans are produced industrially by fungi of the genus Aspergillus . The enzyme, β-galactosidase , is available in tablet form in a variety of doses, in many countries without a prescription. It functions well only in high-acid environments, such as that found in
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2176-414: Is strong evidence that consumption of dairy products decreases risk of colorectal cancer . The AICR, WCRF, CCA and Prostate Cancer UK have stated that there is limited but suggestive evidence that dairy products increase risk of prostate cancer . The American Cancer Society (ACS) have stated that because dairy products "may lower the risk of some cancers and possibly increase the risk of others,
2244-406: Is the norm, many lactose intolerant people who consume only small amounts of dairy, or have only mild symptoms, may be unaware that they cannot digest lactose. Eventually, in the 1960s, it was recognised that lactose intolerance was correlated with race in the United States. Subsequent research revealed that lactose intolerance was more common globally than tolerance, and that the variation
2312-403: Is then drawn again at the 30-minute, 1-hour, 2-hour, and 3-hour marks. If the lactose cannot be digested, blood glucose levels will rise by less than 20 mg/dl. This test can be used to diagnose lactose intolerance in infants, for whom other forms of testing are risky or impractical. The infant is given lactose to drink. If the individual is tolerant, the lactose is digested and absorbed in
2380-542: Is to determine whether it is due to primary lactase deficiency or an underlying disease that causes secondary lactase deficiency. Physicians should investigate the presence of undiagnosed coeliac disease , Crohn's disease , or other enteropathies when secondary lactase deficiency is suspected and infectious gastroenteritis has been ruled out. Lactose intolerance is distinct from milk allergy , an immune response to cow's milk proteins. They may be distinguished in diagnosis by giving lactose-free milk, producing no symptoms in
2448-450: The recent evolution of lactase persistence in some cultures, which extends lactose tolerance into adulthood. Lactase persistence evolved in several populations independently, probably as an adaptation to the domestication of dairy animals around 10,000 years ago. Today the prevalence of lactose tolerance varies widely between regions and ethnic groups. The ability to digest lactose is most common in people of European descent, and to
2516-566: The 1960s, the prevailing assumption was that tolerance was the norm. Intolerance was explained as the result of a milk allergy, intestinal pathogens, or as being psychosomatic – it being recognised that some cultures did not practice dairying, and people from those cultures often reacted badly to consuming milk. Two reasons have been given for this misconception. One was that early research was conducted solely on European-descended populations, which have an unusually low incidence of lactose intolerance and an extensive cultural history of dairying. As
2584-603: The ACS does not make specific recommendations on dairy food consumption for cancer prevention." It has been suggested that consumption of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in dairy products could increase cancer risk, particularly prostate cancer. However, a 2018 review by the Committee on Carcinogenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment (COC) concluded that there
2652-648: The EU, dairy is responsible for 27% of all diet related emissions, on average, while plant-based milks cause 2.5–4.5 times fewer emissions. Lactose intolerance Lactose intolerance is caused by a lessened ability or a complete inability to digest lactose , a sugar found in dairy products . Humans vary in the amount of lactose they can tolerate before symptoms develop. Symptoms may include abdominal pain , bloating , diarrhea , flatulence , and nausea . These symptoms typically start thirty minutes to two hours after eating or drinking something containing lactose, with
2720-560: The Middle East, and most of Latin America and the Caribbean. Low-consumption countries consume under 30 kg per capita per year. These countries are: Senegal, most of Central Africa, and most of East and Southeast Asia. For those with some degree of lactose intolerance , considering the amount of lactose in dairy products can be important to health. Dairy products may upset the digestive system in individuals with lactose intolerance or
2788-559: The amount of lactose consumed; most lactose-intolerant people can tolerate a certain level of lactose in their diets without ill effects. Because lactose intolerance is not an allergy, it does not produce allergy symptoms (such as itching, hives , or anaphylaxis ). Lactose intolerance is a consequence of lactase deficiency, which may be genetic ( primary hypolactasia and primary congenital alactasia ) or environmentally induced ( secondary or acquired hypolactasia ). In either case, symptoms are caused by insufficient levels of lactase in
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2856-517: The case of lactose intolerance, but the same reaction as to normal milk in the presence of a milk allergy. A person can have both conditions. If positive confirmation is necessary, four tests are available. In a hydrogen breath test , the most accurate lactose intolerance test, after an overnight fast, 25 grams of lactose (in a solution with water) are swallowed. If the lactose cannot be digested, enteric bacteria metabolize it and produce hydrogen, which, along with methane, if produced, can be detected on
2924-430: The composition of dietary patterns toward higher unsaturated to saturated fat ratios that are associated with better cardiovascular health". In 2017, the National Heart Foundation of New Zealand published an umbrella review which found an "overall neutral effect of dairy on cardiovascular risk for the general population". Their position paper stated that "the evidence overall suggests dairy products can be included in
2992-515: The consumption of dairy products. For example, some scholars of Jainism advocate not consuming any dairy products because dairy is perceived to involve violence against cows. Orthodox Judaism requires that meat and dairy products not be served at the same meal, served or cooked in the same utensils, or stored together, as prescribed in Deuteronomy 14:21. Veganism is the avoidance of all animal products, including dairy products, most often due to
3060-407: The diet. Other supporting tests include a hydrogen breath test and a stool acidity test . Other conditions that may produce similar symptoms include irritable bowel syndrome , celiac disease , and inflammatory bowel disease . Lactose intolerance is different from a milk allergy . Management is typically by decreasing the amount of lactose in the diet, taking lactase supplements , or treating
3128-614: The ethics regarding how dairy products are produced. The ethical reasons for avoiding meat and dairy products include how dairy is produced, how the animals are handled, and the environmental effect of dairy production. According to a report of the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization in 2010 the dairy sector accounted for 4 percent of global human-made greenhouse gas emissions. Growing awareness of dairy products' environmental impact, specifically greenhouse gas emissions, has led to many people reducing or avoiding dairy. In
3196-420: The extended LCT region, including the gene enhancer located in the MCM6 gene near C/T-13910 SNP, may also contribute to the onset of lactose intolerance in adults. Age-dependent expression of LCT in mice intestinal epithelium has been linked to DNA methylation in the gene enhancer. Lactose intolerance is classified according to its causes as: In order to assess lactose intolerance, intestinal function
3264-538: The function of lactase, causing affected infants to have a severely impaired ability to digest lactose in breast milk or formula. Lactose intolerance in adulthood is a result of gradually decreasing activity (expression) of the LCT gene after infancy, which occurs in most humans. The specific DNA sequence in the MCM6 gene helps control whether the LCT gene is turned on or off. At least several thousand years ago, some humans developed
3332-695: The general population. For people with elevated cholesterol and those with existing coronary heart disease, reduced fat products are recommended." The position statement also noted that the "evidence for milk, yoghurt and cheese does not extend to butter, cream, ice-cream and dairy-based desserts; these products should be avoided in a heart healthy eating pattern". Recent reviews of randomized controlled trials have found that dairy intake from cheese, milk and yogurt does not have detrimental effects on markers of cardiometabolic health. Consumption of dairy products such as low-fat and whole milk have been associated with an increased acne risk, however, as of 2022 there
3400-399: The human gut due to the addition of gastric juices from the stomach. Unfortunately, too much acid can denature it, so it should not be taken on an empty stomach. Also, the enzyme is ineffective if it does not reach the small intestine by the time the problematic food does. Lactose-sensitive individuals can experiment with both timing and dosage to fit their particular needs. While essentially
3468-449: The hydrogen breath test. Modern techniques have enabled a bedside test, identifying presence of lactase enzyme on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy instruments. However, for research applications such as mRNA measurements, a specialist laboratory is required. Chromatography can be used to separate and identify undigested sugars present in faeces. Although lactose may be detected in the faeces of people with lactose intolerance, this test
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#17330932629543536-419: The lactose in other dairy products. Worldwide, about 65% of people experience some form of lactose intolerance as they age past infancy, but there are significant differences between populations and regions. As few as 5% of northern Europeans are lactose intolerant, while as many as 90% of adults in parts of Asia are lactose intolerant. In northern European countries, early adoption of dairy farming conferred
3604-516: The last 10,000 years) among some populations. Around 8,000 years ago in modern-day Turkey, humans became reliant on newly-domesticated animals that could be milked; such as cows, sheep, and goats. This resulted in higher frequency of lactase persistence. Lactase persistence became high in regions such as Europe, Scandinavia, the Middle East and Northwestern India. However, most people worldwide remain lactase non -persistent. Populations that raised animals not used for milk tend to have 90–100 percent of
3672-436: The lining of the duodenum . Lactose, a disaccharide molecule found in milk and dairy products, cannot be directly absorbed through the wall of the small intestine into the bloodstream, so, in the absence of lactase, passes intact into the colon . Bacteria in the colon can metabolise lactose, and the resulting fermentation produces copious amounts of gas (a mixture of hydrogen , carbon dioxide , and methane ) that causes
3740-456: The local language can help communicate needs to restaurant staff. Lactose is often used as the primary filler (main ingredient) in most prescription and non-prescription solid pill form medications, though product labeling seldom mentions the presence of 'lactose' or 'milk', and neither do product monograms provided to pharmacists, and most pharmacists are unaware of the very wide scale yet common use of lactose in such medications until they contact
3808-518: The nutritional label as surrogate for lactose content, but such "lactose by difference" values are not assured to correspond to real lactose content. The stated dairy content of a product also varies according to manufacturing processes and labelling practices, and commercial terminology varies between languages and regions. As a result, absolute figures for the amount of lactose consumed (by weight) may not be very reliable. Kosher products labeled pareve or fleishig are free of milk. However, if
3876-422: The patient's breath by a clinical gas chromatograph or compact solid-state detector. The test takes about 2.5 hours to complete. If the hydrogen levels in the patient's breath are high, they may have lactose intolerance. This test is not usually done on babies and very young children, because it can cause severe diarrhea. In conjunction, measuring blood glucose level every 10 to 15 minutes after ingestion will show
3944-509: The same process as normal intestinal lactose digestion, direct treatment of milk employs a different variety of industrially produced lactase. This enzyme, produced by yeast from the genus Kluyveromyces , takes much longer to act, must be thoroughly mixed throughout the product, and is destroyed by even mildly acidic environments. Its main use is in producing the lactose-free or lactose-reduced dairy products sold in supermarkets. Regular consumption of dairy foods containing lactose can promote
4012-545: The sample, following with a hybridation protocol in a strip. Colored bands are obtained as result, and depending on the different combinations, it would be possible to determine whether the patient is lactose intolerant. This test allows a noninvasive definitive diagnostic. When lactose intolerance is due to secondary lactase deficiency, treatment of the underlying disease may allow lactase activity to return to normal levels. In people with celiac disease, lactose intolerance normally reverts or improves several months after starting
4080-403: The severity of these symptoms. Hypolactasia is the term specifically for the small intestine producing little or no lactase enzyme . If a person with hypolactasia consumes lactose sugar, it results in lactose malabsorption . The digestive system is unable to process the lactose sugar, and the unprocessed sugars in the gut produce the symptoms of lactose intolerance . Lactose intolerance
4148-474: The severity typically depending on the amount consumed. Lactose intolerance does not cause damage to the gastrointestinal tract . Lactose intolerance is due to the lack of the enzyme lactase in the small intestines to break lactose down into glucose and galactose . There are four types: primary, secondary, developmental, and congenital. Primary lactose intolerance occurs as the amount of lactase declines as people grow up. Secondary lactose intolerance
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#17330932629544216-461: The small intestine; otherwise, it is not digested and absorbed, and it reaches the colon. The bacteria in the colon, mixed with the lactose, cause acidity in stools. Stools passed after the ingestion of the lactose are tested for level of acidity. If the stools are acidic, the infant is intolerant to lactose. Stool pH in lactose intolerance is less than 5.5. An intestinal biopsy must confirm lactase deficiency following discovery of elevated hydrogen in
4284-417: The supplier or manufacturer for verification. Plant-based milks and derivatives such as soy milk , rice milk , almond milk , coconut milk , hazelnut milk, oat milk , hemp milk , macadamia nut milk, and peanut milk are inherently lactose-free. Low-lactose and lactose-free versions of foods are often available to replace dairy-based foods for those with lactose intolerance. When lactose avoidance
4352-544: The symptoms of lactose intolerance is to limit the intake of lactose to a level that can be tolerated. Lactase deficient individuals vary in the amount of lactose they can tolerate, and some report that their tolerance varies over time, depending on health status and pregnancy. However, as a rule of thumb, people with primary lactase deficiency and no small intestine injury are usually able to consume at least 12 grams of lactose per sitting without symptoms, or with only mild symptoms, with greater amounts tolerated if consumed with
4420-408: The underlying disease. People are typically able to drink at least one cup of milk without developing symptoms, with greater amounts tolerated if drunk with a meal or throughout the day. Worldwide, around 65% of adults are affected by lactose malabsorption. Other mammals usually lose the ability to digest lactose after weaning . Lactose intolerance is the ancestral state of all humans before
4488-399: The various abdominal symptoms. The unabsorbed sugars and fermentation products also raise the osmotic pressure of the colon, causing an increased flow of water into the bowels (diarrhea). Lactose intolerance in infants (congenital lactase deficiency) is caused by mutations in the LCT gene. The LCT gene provides the instructions for making lactase. Mutations are believed to interfere with
4556-573: Was "64% (54–74) in Asia (except Middle East), 47% (33–61) in eastern Europe, Russia, and former Soviet Republics, 38% (CI 18–57) in Latin America, 70% (57–83) in the Middle East, 66% (45–88) in northern Africa, 42% (13–71) in northern America, 45% (19–71) in Oceania, 63% (54–72) in sub-Saharan Africa, and 28% (19–37) in northern, southern and western Europe." According to Johns Hopkins Medicine, lactose intolerance
4624-527: Was lactose intolerant, supporting the theory that lactose intolerance was still common at that time, despite the increasing spread of agriculture and dairying. Genetic analysis shows lactase persistence has developed several times in different places independently in an example of convergent evolution . It was not until relatively recently that medicine recognised the worldwide prevalence of lactose intolerance and its genetic causes. Its symptoms were described as early as Hippocrates (460–370 BC), but until
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