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58-715: Parkin first became known in Doctor Who fan circles, writing both criticism and fan fiction . His most notable work was for Seventh Door Fanzines, including the novella Snare in the Odyssey series (which he edited for a period) and 1994's The Doctor Who Chronology , a detailed timeline of events in the Doctor Who universe. The Odyssey series later included novellas by Parkin's then-girlfriend Cassandra May and his later protégé Mark Clapham . Parkin's first professional novel, Just War , published in 1996, for Virgin 's New Adventures series of original fiction Doctor Who novels. This

116-520: A "rationalist rewrite", as popularized by Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality . Stories designed to be light-hearted and romantic. Another term for this genre is WAFF, which is short for "warm and fuzzy feelings." Stories in which a character is put through a traumatic experience in order to be comforted. The climax of these stories is usually when one character witnesses another character's suffering and alleviates it. Another type of hurt/comfort

174-821: A book and movie deal with renamed characters in 2014. A movie adaptation, After , was released on April 12, 2019. On May 22, 2013, online retailer Amazon launched a new publishing service, Kindle Worlds , which allowed fan fiction of certain licensed media properties to be sold in the Kindle Store , with terms including 35% of net sales for works of 10,000 words or more and 20% for short fiction ranging from 5,000 to 10,000 words. However, this arrangement included restrictions on content, copyright violations, poor document formatting, and use of misleading titles. Amazon shut down Kindle Worlds in August 2018. A similar trend began in Japan in

232-460: A common plot was a minor member of the USS Enterprise ' s crew saving the life of Kirk or Spock, often being rewarded with a sexual relationship as a result. The term "Mary Sue", which originated in a parody of stories in the wish fulfillment genre, often refers to an idealized or overpowered character who lacks flaws and is often seen as a representation of the author. An abbreviation of

290-453: A darkfic. "Dead Dove Do Not Eat", sometimes abbreviated as DDDNE, is a sub-category of darkfic. It began as an AO3 tag in 2015, intended to warn people that the story contained dark themes without explicitly condemning them; because the dark themes were tagged, it served to reinforce readers' attention to them. Since 2015, it has evolved into its own tag, meaning that sometimes other dark themes are not tagged and are assumed to be present in

348-683: A different setting. The term originated in the Xena: Warrior Princess fandom and was inspired by the episode "The Xena Scrolls", which featured 1940s-era descendants of the characters Xena, Gabrielle, and Joxer, who are played by their respective actors, on an archaeological dig in an Indiana Jones pastiche . As the concept of the uberfic can be adapted into original fiction, many uberfic authors, such as Melissa Good, Radclyffe , and Lori L. Lake , have legally published their Xena uberfic as original lesbian literature . Also abbreviated as A/N, author's notes are typically found directly before

406-466: A fandom or topic. These archives were followed by non-commercial automated databases. In 1998, the non-profit site FanFiction.Net was launched, which allowed anyone to upload content in any fandom. The ability to self-publish fan fiction in an easily accessible archive that did not require insider knowledge to join, as well as the ability to review stories directly on the site, led the site to quickly gain popularity. A popular example of modern fan fiction

464-407: A few sentences to novel-length and can be based on fictional and non-fictional media, including novels , movies , comics , television shows , musical groups , cartoons , anime and manga , and video games . Fan fiction is rarely commissioned or authorized by the original work's creator or publisher or professionally published. It may infringe on the original author's copyright , depending on

522-540: A number of event books, including the 35th anniversary celebration The Infinity Doctors . The Dying Days became the first of several Virgin Doctor Who books to be re-worked as e-books for the BBC's Doctor Who website. He wrote the last in BBC series of eighth Doctor novel adventures , The Gallifrey Chronicles (2005). In 2006 he updated A History of the Universe for Mad Norwegian with AHistory: An Unauthorized History of

580-825: A part of a story or the entire story. Historically, the terms "lemon", or explicit pornography, and "lime", sexually suggestive works, were euphemisms used to refer to explicit material. These terms were once common in the 2000s, but fell out of use before becoming popular again in December 2018 due to the censorship of adult content on Tumblr , as it allowed writers to circumvent "explicit terminologies" that could get their work flagged by platforms like Tumblr while still being able to tag their work as explicit. Trigger warnings are used to warn people of content in fan fiction that could be harmful or "triggering" for those who have dealt with traumatic situations, allowing them to prepare for or avoid certain content. Sometimes, content warning (CW)

638-430: A person having their soulmate's name written on their skin at birth or a specific change that occurs when two soulmates see or touch each other for the first time. The most common trope in this genre is a character being convinced that they do not have, want, or deserve a soulmate, only to be proven wrong as they fall in love. Stories in which a character is sent back in time to get a second chance while having knowledge of

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696-416: A person is excited about a fandom. A portmanteau of fan and canon. It is an "unofficial canon" idea that is widely accepted to be true among fans, but is neither confirmed nor officially endorsed by the original author or source creator, preventing it from being considered canon. Fanon can refer to an interpretation of the original work or details within it. A fan's personal interpretation of canon, such as

754-448: Is E. L. James 's Fifty Shades of Grey , which was originally written as fan fiction for the Twilight series and featured Bella and Edward. To avoid copyright infringement, James changed the characters' names to Ana and Christian for the purposes of her novels, a practice known as 'pulling-to-publish'. Anna Todd 's 2013 fan fiction After , about the boy band One Direction , secured

812-399: Is fiction written in an amateur capacity by fans as a form of fan labor , unauthorized by, but based on, an existing work of fiction . The author uses copyrighted characters , settings, or other intellectual properties from the original creator(s) as a basis for their writing and can retain the original characters and settings, add their own, or both. Fan fiction ranges in length from

870-431: Is "fusion fic", in which the two universes are merged into one. Stories that are darker or more depressing than the original, often done in contrast to them. This is sometimes done with media that is intended to be light-hearted or for children. Darkfic can also refer to content that is "intentionally disturbing", such as physical or emotional violence or abuse. However, not all stories tagged as "dark" are considered to be

928-533: Is a British writer. He has written science fiction and fantasy novels, including series set in Victorian or early-20th-century London, and also adventure stories set in the present day. He has written many spin-off novels, reference books and audio plays based on the long-running BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who , and he is Creative Consultant for the BBC Books range of Doctor Who novels. Richards

986-513: Is a combination of "song" and "fiction"; as such, it is also referred to as "songfiction". Since many song lyrics are under copyright , whether songfics are a violation of copyright law is a subject of debate. Some fan fiction sites, such as FanFiction.Net, have prevented authors from posting songfics with lyrics from songs that are not in the public domain . In an essay in Music, Sound, and Silence in Buffy

1044-457: Is a piece of writing that is exactly 100 words long, although it is commonly used to refer to any short fan fiction. A fandom is a group of fans of a work of fiction who dedicate their time and energy to their interest. Fan labor , such as fan fiction, is written by fans as a way to express their creativity and love for the original work. A person who is an enthusiastic member of one or more fandoms. The term fangirling/fanboying refers to when

1102-440: Is a variant of romance that focuses on exploring a relationship between two or more characters from the original fandom(s). It has several fandom-specific subgenres, including slash, which focuses on homosexual pairings, and femslash , which is similar but instead focuses on lesbian pairings. The term "shipping" can also refer to a fan who is heavily invested in a relationship between two characters. Writers of fan fiction often use

1160-599: Is used, either instead of or in addition to a trigger warning. Trigger warnings are usually used when the subject matter of a work deals with issues such as drug abuse, mental illness, abuse, or extreme violence. Archive of Our Own has codified a system of common warnings into its core tags , requiring authors to either disclose or explicitly choose not to disclose if their work contains graphic violence, major character death, rape, or underage sex. Justin Richards Justin Richards (born 14 September 1961)

1218-453: Is whump, which focuses on the character's suffering, sometimes to the exclusion of comfort; excessive whump may also be considered darkfic. Stories in which a version of the author is transported to the fictional world that the fan fiction is based on, which are often written in the first person . Self-insert fanfiction is often compared to Mary Sue characters. Some researchers argue that self-insert characters can be found in literature from

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1276-699: The School of Night books. His book The Chaos Code won the Hull Children's Book Award 2008. Demon Storm (from the School of Night series) has been shortlisted for the Southampton's Favourite Book award 2011. Richards has also written audio plays produced by Big Finish Productions , original audiobooks, and has contributed to television including Five 's soap opera Family Affairs . In 2011, Richards ventured into electronic publishing through his own publishing company, Braxiatek. His novel The Skeleton Clock

1334-651: The Virgin New Adventures , Virgin Missing Adventures and Virgin Decalog series. He continued to write for BBC Books after they resumed publishing Doctor Who stories, and as well as producing numerous novels, audio books, activity books and reference books he is Creative Director for the BBC Books range of Doctor Who novels. In 2003, Richards began writing a series of crime novels for children ( The Invisible Detective ), whose parallel plots (between

1392-1295: The United Kingdom , 5.6% in Canada , and 4% in Australia . A 2020 study of Archive Of Our Own users found that of the surveyed profiles that stated a nationality, 59.7% were located in North America, 16.1% in Great Britain and an additional 10% in Mainland Europe, 6.3% in Oceania, 2.8% in Scandinavia, 2.2% in Asia, 1.8% in South America and the Caribbean, and 0.2% in the Middle East. The study did not include profiles written in Chinese, Greek, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Russian, or Turkish. A 2020 study of Harry Potter fan fiction writers on Archive of Our Own found that of

1450-421: The "regular" list of genres , there are some genres particularly associated with fan fiction. These genres can overlap and include: Stories with an angst -ridden mood that focus on a character or characters who are brooding, sorrowful, or in anguish. Stories that feature characters set in a universe other than their canonical one. There are several types of alternative universe: it may make dramatic changes to

1508-605: The 1930s and the present day) show a fascination with time and temporal paradox that is also evident in the Time Runners series that came out in 2007–08. More action-oriented books include the Agent Alfie books for younger readers, and a series of action-adventure books for young teens co-written with Jack Higgins . Other books have a more supernatural plot element, including the Department of Unclassified Artefacts novels and

1566-498: The 1960s and 1970s, as dōjinshi , independently published manga and novels, were published by dōjin circles, with many being based on existing manga , anime , and video game franchises. Manga artists such as Shotaro Ishinomori and Fujiko Fujio formed dōjin groups, such as Fujio's New Manga Party ( 新漫画党 , Shin Manga-tō ) . At the time, artists used dōjin groups to make their debut as professional artists. This changed in

1624-515: The 1960s. The first Star Trek fanzine, Spockanalia (1967), contained some fan fiction; many others followed its example. These fanzines were produced using offset printing and mimeography and mailed to other fans or sold at science fiction conventions for a small fee to cover the cost of production. Unlike other aspects of fandom, women were the primary authors of fan fiction; 83% of Star Trek fan fiction authors were female by 1970, and 90% by 1973. One scholar states that fan fiction "fill[s]

1682-413: The 19th century and earlier. There are several types of self-inserts, including: "y/n" (short for [insert] your name"), "xReader," and "imagines." Several of these subgenres are unique to specific platforms. Stories based on an existing fan work. On Archive of Our Own, this type of recursive fan fiction is called a "remix". Stories which are interspersed with the lyrics of a relevant song. The term

1740-524: The Doctor , played in the 1996 Doctor Who television movie by Paul McGann . The Virgin Who books went out of print with the loss of the Doctor Who licence and The Dying Days . The New Adventures continued without the Doctor Who label and Parkin returned to the series with 1998's Beige Planet Mars , written with Mark Clapham. Parkin continued writing official Doctor Who prose fiction for BBC Books , including

1798-732: The Doctor Who Universe . In June 2008 it was announced that he would write a New Series Adventures novel, The Eyeless , starring the Tenth Doctor alone for release on Boxing Day 2008. A trademark of Parkin's Doctor Who novels is the inclusion of a character written as if played by Ian Richardson , beginning with Oscar Steinmann in Just War . Parkin has said "I’m sure there was a very good reason for that at one point, but if there is, I’ve forgotten it". Around 1999, Parkin joined Virgin alumni Rebecca Levene and Gareth Roberts to work on

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1856-490: The Final Frontier ) and Philip Pullman 's His Dark Materials series ( Dark Matters: An Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to Philip Pullman's 'Dark Materials' Trilogy ), both written with long-time friend Mark Jones , and Secret Identities: An Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to Alias with Mark Clapham. This was followed by Miranda , a comic based on a character in his Doctor Who novel Father Time . The comic

1914-538: The Vampire Slayer , University of Sydney professor Catherine Driscoll commented that the genre was "one of the least distinguished modes of fan production" and that "within fan fiction excessive attachment to or foregrounding of popular music is itself dismissed as immature and derivative". Uberfic is a form of alternative universe in which characters physically resemble and share personality traits with their canon counterparts, but have new names and backgrounds in

1972-631: The Worlds and The Time Machine by H. G. Wells ; A New Alice in the Old Wonderland , based on Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll ; and Wide Sargasso Sea , based on Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte . The modern phenomenon of fan fiction as an expression of fandom and fan interaction was popularized and defined by the Star Trek fandom and its fanzines , which were published in

2030-473: The adventures of Eddie Hopkins, Liz Oldfield, Sir William Protheroe of the British Museum's secret 'Department of Unclassified Artefacts' and his assistant George Archer. A series of books which chronicle the adventures of schoolboy Jamie Grant who falls through a time break and becomes a Runner along with the mysterious Anna, with power to control time and a duty to protect it from malign interference by

2088-414: The backstory of a character or the nature of relationships between characters. It can be drawn from subtext present in the canon, but cannot directly contradict it. If other fans share this interpretation, it can become fanon. A Mary Sue , also known as MS, is a term which editors and writers credit as originating in Star Trek fan fiction and later becoming part of the mainstream. In early fan fiction,

2146-502: The beginning or after the end of a fan fiction or its chapters, but can be written at any point in the story and are used to convey direct messages from the author to the reader regarding it. Also known as a beta. Someone who edits or proofreads someone else's fan fiction. The original story. This refers to anything related to the original source, including the plot, setting, and characters. Disclaimers are author's notes which typically inform readers about who deserves credit for

2204-434: The copyright holder and those that were not. Fan fiction is defined by being related to its subject's canonical fictional universe , either staying within those boundaries but not being part of the canon, or being set in an alternative universe . Thus, what is considered "fanon" is separate from canon. Fan fiction is often written and published among fans, and as such does not usually cater to readers without knowledge of

2262-575: The following decades, as dōjinshi became more popular and dōjin groups formed in groups such as school clubs. This culminated in 1975 with the Comiket , a convention in Tokyo that helped to establish the fandom. A 2010 study found that 75.2% of account holders on FanFiction.Net allowed the website to disclose their location and that 57% of accounts originated from the United States , followed by 9.2% created in

2320-420: The genre to explore homosexual pairings for popular characters who are not in, or not specified to be in, homosexual relationships in canon. A subcategory of shipping, "curtainfic", which depicts romantic couples in mundane domestic situations such as picking out curtains, was once used but has somewhat fallen out of use. Also known as porn or erotica . Sexually explicit or pornographic fan fiction, which can be

2378-486: The jurisdiction and on legal questions, such as whether or not it qualifies as " fair use " (see Legal issues with fan fiction ). The attitudes of authors and copyright owners of original works towards fan fiction have ranged from encouragement to indifference or disapproval, and have occasionally responded with legal action. The term came into use in the 20th century as copyright laws began to distinguish between stories using established characters that were authorized by

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2436-474: The most popular works for unauthorized adaptations, with a notable example of Jane Austen fan fiction being Old Friends and New Fancies . Many unauthorized stories of Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle have been created, including The Adventure of the Two Collaborators by J. M. Barrie . Other notable works include The Space Machine and Morlock Night , respectively based on The War of

2494-717: The need of a mostly female audience for fictional narratives that expand the boundary of the official source products offered on the television and movie screen." Fan fiction has become more popular and widespread since the advent of the World Wide Web. According to one estimate, fan fiction comprises one-third of all book-related content on the internet. In addition to traditional fanzines and conventions, Usenet newsgroups and electronic mailing lists were established for fan fiction and fan discussion. Online, searchable archives of fan fiction were also created, with these archives initially being non-commercial hand-tended and specific to

2552-466: The original media. The term fan fiction has been used in print as early as 1938; in the earliest known citations, it refers to amateur-written science fiction , as opposed to "pro fiction". The term also appears in the 1944 Fancyclopedia , an encyclopaedia of fandom jargon , in which it is defined as "fiction about fans, or sometimes about pros, and occasionally bringing in some famous characters from [science fiction] stories". It also mentions that

2610-412: The original plot. It is also called "Peggy Sue" after the movie Peggy Sue Got Married , in which this scenario happens to the titular character. "Groundhog Day", named after the film , is a variation of this trope in which time travel happens repeatedly, usually until the time traveler "gets it right". Stories that feature characters, items, or locations from multiple fandoms. Another type of crossover

2668-434: The original source material, and often containing pseudo-legal language disavowing any intent of copyright infringement or alluding to fair use . Such "disclaimers" are legally ineffective and are based on misunderstandings of copyright law , particularly confusion between illegal copyright infringement and unethical plagiarism . Disclaimers have fallen out of use since Archive of Our Own's rise in popularity. A drabble

2726-476: The production team of television soap Emmerdale . He also once appeared as an extra in the series. Though he never scripted episodes for television, he later wrote both non-fiction (including 30 Years of Emmerdale ) and fiction ( Mandy's Secret Diary , Their Finest Hour ) connected to the series. He has not worked in TV since leaving Emmerdale . Parkin also writes non-fiction, including guides to Star Trek ( Beyond

2784-438: The setting, such as a "fantasy AU" that places characters from a non-fantasy canon in a world of magic; change characterization, which is often referred to as someone being "out of character" (OOC) rather than a proper AU; or change major plot events to suit the author's purposes, such as in a fix-it fic . Stories that feature characters in a world, often very similar to canon, where soulmates are real. Common mechanics include

2842-512: The story. Stories that rewrite canonical events that the author disliked or otherwise wanted to "fix", such as major plot holes or a tragic event or ending; for instance, an alternate universe where "everyone lives". Fix-it fics that focus on correcting flaws in the original work are also known as a "rebuild fic", named after the Rebuild of Evangelion series. If it focuses heavily on critical thinking skills and deductive reasoning, it can be considered

2900-463: The term "one true pairing", referring to a person's favorite ship. OT3, OT4, and so on is the term used for a polyamorous OTP. A standalone piece of writing, as opposed to a multichapter work. Stories about real people, usually celebrities, rather than fictional characters. The book After by Anna Todd , later adapted into a film of the same name , was originally a real person fan fiction about One Direction member Harry Styles . Shipping

2958-448: The term is "sometimes improperly used to mean fan science fiction; that is, ordinary fantasy published in a fan magazine ". Before the adoption of copyright in the modern sense, it was common for authors to copy characters or plots from other works. For instance, Shakespeare 's plays Romeo and Juliet , Much Ado About Nothing , Othello , As You Like It and The Winter's Tale were based on recent works by other authors of

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3016-566: The third in Mad Norwegian Press 's Faction Paradox series of novels. Parkin had a regular column, "Beige Planet Lance" in the Doctor Who fanzine Enlightenment , which was published by the Doctor Who Information Network . In 2014, he published a biography of comics writer Alan Moore , entitled Magic Words . Fan fiction Fan fiction or fanfiction , also known as fan fic , fanfic , fic or FF ,

3074-413: The time. In 1614, Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda wrote a sequel to Cervantes' Don Quixote before he had finished and published his own second volume. Among 19th-century literature that has been subject to depictions not authorized by the original author include Bram Stoker 's Dracula ' s depiction in the translated adaptation Powers of Darkness . The works of Jane Austen remain among

3132-571: The users who disclosed their gender in their profiles, 50.4% were female or femme -leaning and 13.4% were masculine or masc-leaning. 11% of users were transgender , 21% identified as nonbinary , genderfluid , and/or genderqueer , and an additional 3.9% stated that they identified as agender or genderless. The study also found that fan fiction writers tend to be in their early to mid-20s. Of these writers, 56.7% were university students and young adults, 21.3% were 30 years or older, 19.8% were teenagers, and 0.2% were of retirement age. In addition to

3190-768: Was born in Epping , Essex, on 14 September 1961. After attending Dean Close School in Cheltenham he obtained a BA (Hons) in English and Theatre at the University of Warwick . As well as his literary career, Richards has worked as a technical writer, editor, programmer, and user interface designer at IBM , and as an errand boy in a hotel. Richards is married with two sons, Julian and Chris, and lives in Warwickshire. Richards' first published novels were based on Doctor Who , published in

3248-417: Was followed by A History of the Universe (a re-working of his Chronology ) and a second novel, Cold Fusion , for Virgin's Missing Adventures series. Virgin lost the licence to publish Doctor Who fiction, and Parkin landed the job of writing the last New Adventure to feature the character of the Doctor, 1997's The Dying Days . This was also the only Virgin novel to feature the eighth incarnation of

3306-744: Was made available later that year in electronic formats only (for the Amazon Kindle and for other Ebook readers ). Set in London in the 1930s, the series recounts the adventures of Arthur (Art) Drake, Jonny Levin, Meg Wallace and Flinch, who invented the "Invisible Detective" Brandon Lake and who investigate all his cases themselves. Each story has a parallel subplot set in the 2000s, where Art's grandson, also named Art, and his friend Sarah have related mysteries to solve. (written with Jack Higgins ) A series of books set in Victorian London (1886) describing

3364-520: Was published through Comeuppance Comics, an independent comic company that shut down after three issues. With Parkin's permission, Miranda was killed off in the Doctor Who book Sometime Never... by Justin Richards . Parkin also wrote The Winning Side , the first in the Time Hunter novella series, a spin-off from Telos Publishing 's line of official Doctor Who novellas, and Warlords of Utopia ,

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