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44-490: The town grew out of a textile factory founded in 1833 by the sons of Feliks Lubienski , who owned the land where it was built. They brought in a specialist from France and his newly designed machines. He was French inventor, Philippe de Girard from Lourmarin . He became a director of the firm. The factory town developed during the 19th century into a significant textile mill town in Poland . In honour of Girard, 'Ruda Guzowska' as

88-456: A Sunday school system from his native England to his textile factory at Pawtucket. In 1798, Samuel Slater split from Almy and Brown, forming Samuel Slater & Company in partnership with his father-in-law Oziel Wilkinson. They developed other mills in Connecticut , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , and Rhode Island . In 1799, he was joined by his brother John Slater from England. John

132-479: A company town , grew in the shadow of the industries. The region became a manufacturing powerhouse along rivers like the Housatonic , Quinebaug , Shetucket , Blackstone , Merrimack , Nashua , Cocheco , Saco , Androscoggin , Kennebec or Winooski . In the 20th century, alternatives to water power were developed, and it became more profitable for companies to manufacture textiles in southern states where cotton

176-665: A contract with Brown to replicate the British designs. Their deal provided Slater the funds to build the water frames and associated machinery, with a half share in their capital value and the profits derived from them. He was able to single-handedly construct from memory the water-powered spinning machinery. By December, the shop was operational with ten to twelve workers. In 1791, Slater had some machinery in operation, despite shortages of tools and skilled mechanics. In 1793, Slater and Brown opened their first factory in Pawtucket . Slater knew

220-528: A desire to broaden legal professionalism. He introduced civil marriage and divorce . In 1808 he funded at his own expense the establishment of a School of Law in Warsaw, based on courses for court officials that had begun in 1807. In 1811 his institute became The School of Law and Administration . For largely practical reasons concerned with the running of estates, Łubieński opposed the ending of serfdom in Poland and

264-583: A mill in partnership with his son-in-law William Almy and cousin Smith-Brown. Almy & Brown, as the company was to be called, was housed in a former fulling mill near the Pawtucket Falls of the Blackstone River . They planned to manufacture cloth for sale, with yarn to be spun on spinning wheels , jennies , and frames , using water power . In August 1789, they acquired a 32-spindle frame "after

308-454: A patriarch to his huge extended family and kept up an active correspondence with his children and dozens of grandchildren. He died in Guzów in 1848 and was buried in the cemetery at Wiskitki . A recent historical evaluation of Łubieński's public service lauded his contribution to culture and education in the country through sound public administration, including legal procedures and a court system,

352-523: A pioneer in the British industry before migrating to the U.S. at the age of 21. Slater designed the first textile mill in the U.S. and later went into business for himself, developing a family business with his sons. He eventually owned 13 spinning mills and had developed tenant farms and company towns around his textile mills, such as Slatersville , Rhode Island . Slater was born in Belper , Derbyshire, England, to William and Elizabeth Slater, on June 9, 1768,

396-522: A second time in 1817 to a widow, Esther Parkinson. As his business was extremely successful by this time, and as Parkinson also owned the property before their marriage, the couple had a pre-nuptial agreement prepared. Slater died on April 21, 1835, in Webster, Massachusetts , a town which he had founded in 1832 and named for his friend Senator Daniel Webster . He is buried in Mount Zion Cemetery. At

440-652: A thorough knowledge of the organization and practice of cotton spinning. He learned of the American interest in developing similar machines, and he was also aware of British law against exporting the designs. He memorized as much as he could, and departed for New York City in 1789. Some people of Belper called him "Slater the Traitor", as they considered his move a betrayal of the town where many earned their living at Strutt's mills. In 1789, Rhode Island –based industrialist Moses Brown moved to Pawtucket, Rhode Island , to operate

484-585: A tour of his conquered territories. Łubieński was both a member of the secret coalition preparing the Kosciuszko Insurrection and a participant in the insurrection itself. After the final partition of Poland in 1795, Łubieński's estates found themselves in Prussia , as did that of his widowed mother, Paula Ogińska. Due to its enormous size (6,000 hectares), Guzów was confiscated by the king and given to one of his loyal ministers, Karl Georg von Hoym. Von Hoym

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528-514: The Arkwright pattern" but could not operate it. At this point, Slater wrote to them, offering his services. Slater realized that nothing could be done with the machinery as it stood and convinced Brown of his knowledge. He promised: "If I do not make a good yarn, as they do in England, I will have nothing for my services but will throw the whole of what I have attempted over the bridge." In 1790, he signed

572-676: The Polish-Russian War of 1792 he was Sejm commissioner for Tadeusz Kościuszko . After the struggle he appealed for the release of Polish prisoners in the Prussian kingdom . After the Second Partition of Poland (1793) his estates – Kalinowa and Szczytniki found themselves in the Prussian Partition . In 1793 he entertained at Szczytniki, in the presence of around 100 of the local nobility, Frederick William II of Prussia who had gone on

616-459: The universities of Siena and Rome . This was followed by a short period of work in the office of the Grand Chancellor of Wilno , Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski . However the latter soon died, and having married Teodora Rogalińska in 1776, Feliks settled with her on his estates near Sieradz at Kalinowa and at Szczytniki . The couple were childless and the marriage was annulled in 1778. He

660-628: The Old Green Mill, later known as Cranston Print Works, in East Village in Webster, Massachusetts . He moved to Webster due in part to an available workforce, but also due to abundant water power from Webster Lake. Slater created the Rhode Island System, which were factory practices based upon family life patterns in New England villages. Children aged seven to 12 were the first employees of

704-823: The Slater mill's success had been duplicated by other entrepreneurs. By 1810, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin reported that the U.S. had some 50 cotton-yarn mills, many of them started in response to the Embargo of 1807 that cut off imports from Britain before the War of 1812 . That war resulted in speeding up the process of industrialization in New England. By war's end in 1815, there were 140 cotton manufacturers within 30 miles of Providence , employing 26,000 hands and operating 130,000 spindles. The American textile industry

748-542: The family business, introduced cost-cutting measures, and giving up old-fashioned procedures. Slater & Company became one of the leading manufacturing companies in the United States. Due to the oppressive rules and working conditions and a proposed cut of 25% in the wages of women workers by Slater and the other Mill Owners near Pawtucket, in 1824, this area was the site of the first factory strike in US history. Thus beginning

792-450: The fifth son in a farming family of eight children. He received a basic education, perhaps at a school run by Thomas Jackson. At age ten, he began work at the cotton mill opened that year by Jedediah Strutt using the water frame pioneered by Richard Arkwright at nearby Cromford Mill . In 1782, his father died, and his family indentured Samuel as an apprentice to Strutt. Slater was well trained by Strutt and, by age 21, he had gained

836-456: The introduction of state archives, a national library, a government printing press and an educated and effective civil service. During his long widowhood he took a close interest in his children's careers and welfare. He encouraged their entrepreneurial spirit by guiding them into 'beneficial' matrimony, as in the case of Józef who married into the Pudliszki estate, where he opened a sugar factory,

880-450: The long struggle for human rights between factory workers and owners, which is continuing today. Slater resisted unionization and, in response to rapidly changing textile technology, modernized his factories and later shifted operations to the South . Slater also hired recruiters to search for families willing to work at the mill. He advertised to attract more families to the mills. By 1800,

924-465: The material appearance of the tall chimneys under which they live. Here and there the height of the latter may differ by a few rounds of brick, but in all essential respects, a description of one is a description of all. Beginning with Samuel Slater and technological information smuggled out of England by Francis Cabot Lowell , large mills were established in New England in the early to mid-19th century. Mill towns, sometimes planned, built and owned as

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968-444: The mill; Slater personally supervised them closely. The first child workers were hired in 1790. He brought in whole families, developing entire villages. He provided company-owned housing nearby, along with company stores; he sponsored a Sunday School where college students taught the children reading and writing. Slater constructed a new mill in 1793 for the sole purpose of textile manufacture under Almy, Brown & Slater, as he

1012-548: The new constitution. He appeared on the list of Russian envoy, Jakov Bułhakow, in 1792, that comprised those people the Russians could rely on in the event of a new confederation and the overthrow of the 3rd May Constitution. He greeted with 'respect' the news that King Stanisław August Poniatowski had joined the Targowica Confederation , and yet to the king he wrote: 'it confounds me that this has come to pass'. During

1056-521: The original estate was called, was renamed Żyrardów , a toponym derived of the polonised spelling of Girard's name. Most of Żyrardów's monuments are located in the manufacturing area which dates from the 19th and early 20th centuries. It is widely believed that Żyrardów's textile settlement is the only entire urban industrial complex from the 19th-century to be preserved in Europe. In the United Kingdom,

1100-493: The precursor of a fruit and vegetable processing factory that operates to this day. Or, in the case of the older brothers, led by Henryk, he donated to them Ruda Guzowska, a tract of land to begin their textile revolution. It rapidly led to the founding of an industry and a successful mill town , known today as Żyrardów . in Polish Samuel Slater Samuel Slater (June 9, 1768 – April 21, 1835)

1144-436: The region's mills and formed a partnership with his brother-in-law to produce iron for use in machinery construction. But Slater spread himself too thin and was unable to coordinate or integrate his many different business interests. He refused to go outside his family to hire managers, and, after 1829, he made his sons partners in the new umbrella firm of Samuel Slater and Sons. His son Horatio Nelson Slater completely reorganized

1188-639: The secret of Arkwright's success, including varying fiber lengths and Arkwright's carding, drawing, and roving machines. He also had the experience of working with all the elements as a continuous production system. During construction, Slater made some adjustments to the designs to fit local needs. The result was the first successful water-powered roller spinning textile mill in the U.S. After developing this mill, Slater instituted management principles that he had learned from Strutt and Arkwright to teach workers to be skilled mechanics. This included child labor similar to what existed in England. In 1812, Slater built

1232-1392: The term "mill town" usually refers to the 19th-century textile manufacturing towns of northern England and the Scottish Lowlands , particularly those in Lancashire (cotton) and Yorkshire ( wool ). Some former mill towns have a symbol of the textile industry in their town badge. Some towns may have statues dedicated to textile workers (e.g. Colne ) or have a symbol in the badge of local schools (e.g. Ossett School ). Congleton , Crewe , Macclesfield Glossop , Hadfield , New Mills Ashton-under-Lyne , Bolton , Bury , Chadderton , Failsworth , Heywood , Hyde , Lees , Leigh , Manchester, Middleton , Oldham , Radcliffe , Ramsbottom , Reddish , Rochdale , Royton , Shaw and Crompton , Stalybridge , Stockport , Wigan Accrington , Bacup , Barnoldswick , Blackburn , Burnley , Calder Vale , Chorley , Colne , Darwen , Nelson , Oakenclough , Padiham , Preston for others see table below. Batley , Bingley , Bradford , Brighouse , Cleckheaton , Dewsbury , Elland , Halifax , Hebden Bridge , Heckmondwike , Holmfirth , Huddersfield , Keighley , Morley , Mytholmroyd , Ossett , Pudsey , Shipley , Skipton , Sowerby Bridge , Todmorden , Yeadon The list above includes some towns where textiles

1276-497: The time of his death, he owned 13 mills and was worth US$ 1.3 million, the equivalent in 2022 of US$ 42 million. Slater's original mill still stands, known today as Slater Mill and listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It is operated as a museum dedicated to preserving Samuel Slater's history and his contribution to American industry. Slater's original mill in Pawtucket and the town of Slatersville are both parts of

1320-567: Was Polish envoy to London , among other capitals, during the crisis period for his nation that were the Partitions of Poland . Owing to this family connection and a long-standing relationship with the Prussian court, Feliks was able, later in life, to take over the vast estate of Guzów. Up to the age of five years, Felix lived with his maternal grandmother, Jadwiga Szembekowa in Minoga. Then his upbringing

1364-672: Was a Polish politician, jurist, Minister of Justice in the Grand Duchy of Warsaw , starosta of Nakieł , a member of the Friends of the Constitution and a Prussian count. With the Code Napoleon , he introduced civil marriage and divorce in traditionally Catholic Poland . The Łubieński clan belongs to the Polish nobility, ' szlachta ', and originates from Łubna-Jarosłaj near Sieradz . Feliks

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1408-596: Was a wheelwright who had spent time studying the latest English developments and might well have gained experience of the spinning mule . Samuel put John Slater in charge of a large mill called the White Mill. By 1810, Slater held part ownership in three factories in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. In 1823, he bought a mill in Connecticut. He also built factories to make the textile manufacturing machinery used by many of

1452-685: Was an early English-American industrialist known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution ", a phrase coined by Andrew Jackson , and the "Father of the American Factory System". In the United Kingdom , he was called "Slater the Traitor" and "Sam the Slate" because he brought British textile technology to the United States, modifying it for American use. He memorized the textile factory machinery designs as an apprentice to

1496-565: Was awarded the Prussian hereditary title of count by Frederick Wilhelm III . In 1806 while he was in Warsaw, Napoleon Bonaparte nominated him to the governing commission as Director of Justice and Faiths. Part of Łubieński's role was to prepare the introduction of the Code Napoleon in the Duchy of Warsaw . From 5 October 1807 to May 1813 he was Minister of Justice in the Duchy. In office he demonstrated both his considerable organisational abilities and

1540-806: Was elected in 1788 as a member for the Sieradz voivedeship to the Four Years Sejm . Between 1789 and 1792 he was a captain in the Royal Cavalry. He belonged to the patriotic front and was one of the editors of the Act of Confederation of the Sejm. He guided the passage of the 3rd May Constitution in February 1792 at the local Sejmik of Sieradz. He organised an assembly of the Sieradz nobility that expressed its sympathetic acceptance of

1584-4952: Was grown and winters did not require significant heating costs. Finally, the Great Depression acted as a catalyst that sent several struggling New England firms into bankruptcy. Ansonia , Bridgeport , Bristol , Collinsville , Danbury , Derby , East Windsor , Enfield , Glastonbury , Hartford , Killingly , Madison , Manchester , Meriden , Middletown , Milford , Naugatuck , New Britain , New Haven , New London , Norwich , Putnam , Sandy Hook , Seymour , Shelton , Torrington , Vernon , Waterbury , Willimantic , Winchester , Windham , Windsor Locks Anson , Auburn , Augusta , Baileyville , Biddeford , Brunswick , Chisholm , Corinna , Lewiston , Lincoln , Lisbon Falls , Livermore Falls , Millinocket , Milo , Newport , Old Town , Orono , Pittsfield , Portland , Rumford , Saco , Sanford , Skowhegan , Waterville , Westbrook , Wilton Adams , Amesbury , Athol , Attleboro , Boston , Chicopee , Clinton , Dalton , Dedham , Fall River , Fitchburg , Framingham , Gardner , Grafton , Greenfield , Haverhill , Holyoke , Hopesdale , Hudson , Lawrence , Lowell , Ludlow , Lynn , Maynard , Medford , Merrimac , Methuen , Milford , Millbury , Monson , New Bedford , North Adams , North Andover , Northbridge , Orange , Palmer , Peabody , Pittsfield , Rowley , Russell , Southbridge , Springfield , Taunton , Uxbridge , Waltham , Ware , Webster , Westborough , Winchendon , Worcester Belmont , Berlin , Claremont , Concord , Dover , East Rochester , Franklin , Gonic , Gorham , Greenville , Groveton , Harrisville , Jaffrey , Keene , Laconia , Lancaster , Lebanon , Lincoln , Manchester , Milford , Milton , Nashua , Newmarket , Newport , Penacook , Pittsfield , Rochester , Rollinsford , Somersworth , Suncook , Tilton , Troy , Wilton Allaire , Allentown , Bernards , Boonton , Butler , Camden , Chester , Clinton , Cranbury , Cranford , Dover , Eatontown , Elizabeth , Freehold , Griggstown , Helmetta , Hillsborough , Imlaystown , Jamesburg , Kearny , Kingston , Little Falls , Manville , Medford , Millhurst , Milltown , Millville , New Brunswick , Newark , Orange , Paterson , Perth Amboy , Plainfield , Prallsville , Rahway , Raritan , Roselle Park , Smithville , South Brunswick , Stillwater , Tinton Falls , Trenton , Walnford , Wharton , Woodbridge Albany , Amsterdam , Aurora-on-Cayuga , Beacon , Belmont , Bloomvale , Buffalo , Clinton , Corning , Gardiner , Ithaca , Kingston , Little Falls , Marlboro , Mechanicville , Middletown , Montgomery , New Berlin , New York Mills , Newburgh , Newcomb , Niles , Philmont , Poughkeepsie , Rochester , Rome , Roslyn , Saddle Rock , Schenectady , Schuylerville , Sleepy Hollow , Stony Brook , Sunset Park , Syracuse , Troy , Utica , Victory , Water Mill Bristol , Burrillville , Central Falls , Coventry , Cumberland , Lincoln , Pawtucket , Providence , Slatersville , Valley Falls , West Warwick , Westerly , Woonsocket Bellows Falls , Bethel , Brattleboro , Bridgewater , Burlington , Ludlow , Newport , Springfield , Vergennes , Winooski Biron (Biron Mill) Fairfax (Fairfax Mill and Fair View Mill), Lanett (Lanett Mill), Langdale (Langdale Mill), Sylacauga (Avondale Mill), Opelika (Opelika Mill), River View (Riverdale Mill), Shawmut (Shawmut Mill), Valley (Carter/Lanier Mill) Amity , Beirne , Calion , Crossett , Delight , Dierks , Glenwood , Jones Mill , Malvern , Mountain Pine Bibb City , Cabbagetown , Chicopee , Hogansville , New Holland , New Manchester Ellicott City , Jerusalem , Oella , Owings Mills , Savage Alamance , Altamahaw , Bellemont , Burlington , Bynum , Canton , Caroleen , Carolina , Carrboro , Cliffside , Coleridge , Concord , Cooleemee , Cramerton , Drexel , Eden , Edgemont (East Durham) , Enka , Falls , Franklinville , Glen Raven , Glencoe , Hanes , Haw River , Henrietta , High Falls , High Shoals , Hildebran , Hope Mills , Kannapolis , Long Shoals , Mayodan , McAdenville , Mooresville , Mount Holly , Oakdale , Ramseur , Rhodhiss , Riegelwood , Roanoke Rapids , Sawmills , Saxapahaw , Spencer Mountain , Swepsonville , West Durham , West Hillsborough Cateechee , Central , Cherokee Falls , Columbia (Olympia and Granby Mills), Fort Mill , Graniteville , Great Falls , Inman , Joanna , La France , Lockhart , Lyman , Newry , Pacolet Mills , Pelzer , Piedmont , Slater , Startex , Ware Shoals , Watts Mills , Whitmire Feliks Lubienski Feliks Walezjusz Władysław Łubieński (born 22 November 1758 Minoga near Olkusz , died 2 October 1848 Guzów )

1628-528: Was launched. In 1791, Slater married Hannah Wilkinson who invented two-ply thread in 1793, becoming the first American woman to be granted a patent. Samuel and Hannah had ten children together, although four died during infancy. Hannah died in 1812 from complications of childbirth, leaving Samuel with six young children to raise. Along with his brother, Samuel started the Slater family in America. Slater married for

1672-429: Was minded to sell it back to Ogińska, its most recent legal owner. Łubieński intervened at this juncture and, with the backing of the king of Prussia , arranged a swap with von Hoym such that he bought him off with his two estates at Kalinowa and Szczytniki in exchange for Guzów. Thus he obtained control of his mother's former property and became starosta of Guzów. He eventually retired there permanently in 1823. In 1798 he

1716-616: Was not the predominant industry. For example, mining was a key industry in Wigan and Leigh in Greater Manchester, and in Ossett in Yorkshire. On his tour of northern England in 1849, Scottish publisher Angus Reach said: In general, these towns wear a monotonous sameness of aspect, physical and moral ... In fact, the social condition of the different town populations is almost as much alike as

1760-554: Was now partners with Almy and Brown. It was a 72-spindle mill; the patenting of Eli Whitney 's cotton gin in 1794 reduced the labor in processing cotton. It also enabled profitable cultivation of short-staple cotton, which could be grown in the interior uplands, resulting in a dramatic expansion of cotton cultivation throughout the Deep South in the antebellum years. The New England mills and their labor force of free men depended on southern cotton based on slave labor . Slater also brought

1804-751: Was one of the instigators of the December Decree . In 1812 he was appointed to the Central Council of the General Confederation of the Polish Kingdom . He was not especially liked by his contemporaries: he was considered at once obsequious and a martinet in his official role and a bigot. This view is however disputed by contemporary lawyer and diarist, Kajetan Kozmian, father of the Kozmian brothers . His diaries were published posthumously in 1874. He

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1848-692: Was taken over by his paternal granduncle, the primate, Władysław Aleksander Łubieński (1703-1767), to whom Feliks owed his 'magnificent' start in life. From 1767, due to the primate's legacies, he passed under the effective guardianship of Frederick William II of Prussia and was educated by the Jesuits in Warsaw , from where he acquired a personal preceptor, the Jesuit John Baptist Albertrandi , himself of Italian descent. This guardianship would prove to be pivotal later in his life. He next studied law at

1892-400: Was the son of Celestyn and Paula, née Szembek , of Austrian descent. His father died in 1759 and his mother remarried Jan Prosper Potocki , starosta of Guzów, with whom she had a son, Prot . Her second husband died in 1761. She next married Andrzej Ogiński , starosta of Troki , with whom she had a daughter, Józefa. and a third son, Michał Kleofas Ogiński . He became a noted composer and

1936-652: Was twice married, secondly in 1782 to Tekla Teresa Lubienska , granddaughter of the princely Sanguszko family, a noted children's author, dramatist and translator. In her dowry she brought him a magnificent palace in the centre of Warsaw and the Bielino enclave. They had ten children, three daughters: Maria, Paulina and Róża (later the wife of Ludwik Sobański ), and seven sons: Franciszek Ksawery, Tomasz Łubieński , Henryk , Piotr, Tadeusz, Jan and Józef. His wife died of an aneurysm while visiting Kraków in 1810. During his extended widowhood, Feliks did not remarry, but became

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