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60-467: The sandy former sea bed is excellent agricultural land, especially for crops such as carrots and potatoes . The draining project began in 1873, but it took until 1943 before the lowest elevations were pumped dry. Large parts of the fjord were shallow enough to be dry early on. In 1899 the Odsherred Railway opened across the western end of the fjord. The town of Fårevejle Stationsby grew up where

120-521: A leaf vegetable , but are rarely eaten by humans; some sources suggest that the greens contain toxic alkaloids . When used for this purpose, they are harvested young in high-density plantings, before significant root development, and typically used stir-fried , or in salads. Some people are allergic to carrots. In a 2010 study on the prevalence of food allergies in Europe, 3.6 percent of young adults showed some degree of sensitivity to carrots. Because

180-643: A 50/50 mix of sand and wood shavings, or in soil. A temperature range of 0 to 4 °C (32 to 40 °F) and 90–95% humidity is best. During storage, carrots may be subject to the development of bitterness, white blush, and browning, leading to carrot losses. Bitterness can be prevented by storage in well-ventilated rooms with low ethylene content (for example, without ethylene-producing fruit and vegetables). White blush and browning can be countered with application of edible films, heat treatment, application of hydrogen sulfide , and ultraviolet irradiation. In 2022, world production of carrots (combined with turnips )

240-449: A 6th-century AD Constantinopolitan copy of the Greek physician Dioscorides ' 1st-century pharmacopoeia of herbs and medicines, De Materia Medica . The text states that "the root can be cooked and eaten". Another copy of this work, Codex Neapolitanes from late 6th or early 7th century, has basically the same illustrations but with roots in purple. The plant was introduced into Spain by

300-460: A colour name in English was first recorded around 1670, originally referring to yellowish-red hair. Daucus carota is a biennial plant . In the first year, energy is stored in the taproot to enable the plant to flower in its second year. Soon after germination , carrot seedlings show a distinct demarcation between taproot and stem: the stem is thicker and lacks lateral roots. At the upper end of

360-421: A completely xylem-free carrot is not possible, some cultivars have small and deeply pigmented cores; the taproot can appear to lack a core when the colour of the cortex and core are similar in intensity. Taproots are typically long and conical, although cylindrical and nearly spherical cultivars are available. The root diameter can range from 1 cm ( 3 ⁄ 8  in) to as much as 10 cm (4 in) at

420-637: A long period of time can result in carotenemia , a harmless yellow-orange discoloration of the skin caused by a buildup of carotenoids. Despite popular belief, the provitamin A beta-carotene from carrots does not actually help people to see in the dark unless they suffer from vitamin A deficiency . This myth was propaganda used by the Royal Air Force during the Second World War to explain why British pilots had improved night vision which enabled their success during nighttime air battles; in reality, it

480-503: A number of things, like ropes , fabrics and mattresses . The fibers of flax ( Linum usitatissimum ) have been known in Europe and Egypt for more than 3,000 years, those of hemp ( Cannabis sativa ) in China for just as long. These fibers, and those of jute ( Corchorus capsularis ) and ramie ( Boehmeria nivea , a nettle ), are extremely soft and elastic and are especially well suited for

540-437: A plant can be in the process of flowering for 30–50 days. The distinctive umbels and floral nectaries attract pollinating insects. After fertilization and as seeds develop, the outer umbellets of an umbel bend inward causing the umbel shape to change from slightly convex or fairly flat to concave, and when cupped it resembles a bird's nest. The fruit that develops is a schizocarp consisting of two mericarps ; each mericarp

600-412: A popular ready-to-eat snack food available in many supermarkets. Carrot juice is widely marketed, especially as a health drink, either stand-alone or blended with juices from fruits and other vegetables. The sweetness of carrots allows the vegetable to be used in some fruit-like roles. They are used grated in carrot cakes , as well as carrot puddings , an English dish thought to have originated in

660-694: Is a diploid species, and has nine relatively short, uniform-length chromosomes (2 n =18). The genome size is estimated to be 473 mega base pairs , which is four times larger than Arabidopsis thaliana , one-fifth the size of the maize genome, and about the same size as the rice genome. Polyacetylenes can be found in Apiaceae vegetables like carrots where they show cytotoxic activities. Falcarinol and falcarindiol ( cis -heptadeca-1,9-diene-4,6-diyne-3,8-diol) are such compounds. This latter compound shows antifungal activity towards Mycocentrospora acerina and Cladosporium cladosporioides . Falcarindiol

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720-538: Is a root vegetable , typically orange in colour, though heirloom variants including purple, black, red, white, and yellow cultivars exist, all of which are domesticated forms of the wild carrot , Daucus carota , native to Europe and Southwestern Asia. The plant probably originated in Iran and was originally cultivated for its leaves and seeds. The carrot is a biennial plant in the umbellifer family, Apiaceae . World production of carrots (combined with turnips ) for 2022

780-573: Is a true seed . The paired mericarps are easily separated when they are dry. Premature separation (shattering) before harvest is undesirable because it can result in seed loss. Mature seeds are flattened on the commissural side that faced the septum of the ovary . The flattened side has five longitudinal ribs. The bristly hairs that protrude from some ribs are usually removed by abrasion during milling and cleaning. Seeds also contain oil ducts and canals. Seeds vary somewhat in size, ranging from less than 500 to more than 1000 seeds per gram. The carrot

840-448: Is as high as 20–25 kg/mm², the same as that of good steel wire (25 kg/ mm²), but the fibre tears as soon as too great a strain is placed upon it, while the wire distorts and does not tear before a strain of 80 kg/mm². The thickening of a cell wall has been studied in Linum . Starting at the centre of the fiber, the thickening layers of the secondary wall are deposited one after

900-404: Is deep, loose and well-drained, sandy or loamy, with a pH of 6.3 to 6.8. Fertilizer should be applied according to soil type because the crop requires low levels of nitrogen, moderate phosphate and high potash. Rich or rocky soils should be avoided, as these will cause the roots to become hairy and/or misshapen. Irrigation is applied when needed to keep the soil moist. After sprouting, the crop

960-550: Is eventually thinned to a spacing of 8 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in) and weeded to prevent competition beneath the soil. There are several diseases that can reduce the yield and market value of carrots. The most devastating carrot disease is Alternaria leaf blight, which has been known to eradicate entire crops. A bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris can also be destructive in warm, humid areas. Root knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne species) can cause stubby or forked roots, or galls . Cavity spot , caused by

1020-578: Is first recorded in English around 1530 and was borrowed from the Middle French carotte , itself from the Late Latin carōta , from the ancient Greek καρωτόν ( karōtón ), originally from the Proto-Indo-European root *ker- ('horn'), due to its horn-like shape. In Old English , carrots (typically white at the time) were not clearly distinguished from parsnips . The word's use as

1080-416: Is not always clear: transitions do exist, sometimes even within the same plant. Fibers or bast are generally long, slender, so-called prosenchymatous cells, usually occurring in strands or bundles. Such bundles or the totality of a stem's bundles are colloquially called fibers. Their high load-bearing capacity and the ease with which they can be processed has since antiquity made them the source material for

1140-557: Is possible that the orange carrot was favored by the Europeans because it does not brown the soups and stews as the purple carrot does and, as such, was more visually attractive. Modern carrots were described at about this time by the English antiquary John Aubrey (1626–1697): "Carrots were first sown at Beckington in Somersetshire. Some very old Man there [in 1668] did remember their first bringing hither." European settlers introduced

1200-480: Is strongly affected by mechanical stress upon the plant. The walls of collenchyma in shaken plants (to mimic the effects of wind etc.), may be 40–100% thicker than those not shaken. There are four main types of collenchyma: Collenchyma cells are most often found adjacent to outer growing tissues such as the vascular cambium and are known for increasing structural support and integrity. The first use of "collenchyma" ( / k ə ˈ l ɛ ŋ k ɪ m ə , k ɒ -/ )

1260-535: Is the main compound responsible for bitterness in carrots. Other compounds include pyrrolidine present in the leaves and 6-hydroxymellein . Both written history and molecular genetic studies indicate that the domestic carrot has a single origin in Central Asia. Its wild ancestors probably originated in Greater Iran (regions of which are now Iran and Afghanistan ), which remains the centre of diversity for

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1320-449: Is the supporting tissue in plants . Two types of sclerenchyma cells exist: fibers cellular and sclereids . Their cell walls consist of cellulose , hemicellulose , and lignin . Sclerenchyma cells are the principal supporting cells in plant tissues that have ceased elongation. Sclerenchyma fibers are of great economic importance, since they constitute the source material for many fabrics (e.g. flax , hemp , jute , and ramie ). Unlike

1380-467: The Daily Value , DV) of vitamin A (93% DV) and a moderate amount (10–19% DV) of vitamin K (11% DV) and potassium (11% DV), but otherwise have low content of micronutrients (table). As a common source of beta-carotene in diets, carrots are a provitamin A source; an enzyme converts beta-carotene into vitamin A in the small intestine . Carrots can be eaten in a variety of ways. Only 3 percent of

1440-503: The House of Orange and the struggle for Dutch independence , although there is little evidence for this beyond oral tradition and the timing. Western carrot cultivars are commonly classified by their root shape. The four general types are: Breeding programs have developed new cultivars to have dense amounts of chemically-stable acylated pigments , such as anthocyanins , which can produce different colours. One particular cultivar lacks

1500-606: The Moors in the 8th century. In the 10th century, roots from West Asia, India and Europe were purple. The modern carrot originated in Afghanistan at about this time. The 11th-century Jewish scholar Simeon Seth describes both red and yellow carrots, as does the 12th-century Arab- Andalusian agriculturist, Ibn al-'Awwam . Cultivated carrots appeared in China in the 12th century, and in Japan in

1560-423: The internodes are not distinct. When the seed stalk elongates for flowering, the tip of the stem narrows and becomes pointed, and the stem extends upward to become a highly branched inflorescence up to 60–200 cm (20–80 in) tall. Most of the taproot consists of a pulpy outer cortex ( phloem ) and an inner core ( xylem ). High-quality carrots have a large proportion of cortex compared to core. Although

1620-649: The oomycetes Pythium violae and Pythium sulcatum , results in irregularly shaped, depressed lesions on the taproots. Physical damage can also reduce the value of carrot crops. The two main forms of damage are splitting, whereby a longitudinal crack develops during growth that can be a few centimetres to the entire length of the root, and breaking, which occurs postharvest. These disorders can affect over 30% of commercial crops. Factors associated with high levels of splitting include wide plant spacing, early sowing, lengthy growth durations, and genotype . Carrots can be good companions for other plants; if left to flower,

1680-429: The stigma becomes receptive to receive pollen . The stamens of the brown, male, sterile flowers degenerate and shrivel before the flower fully opens. In the other type of male sterile flower, the stamens are replaced by petals, and these petals do not fall off. A nectar-containing disc is present on the upper surface of the carpels . Flowers change sex in their development, so the stamens release their pollen before

1740-547: The wild carrot Daucus carota . A naturally occurring subspecies of the wild carrot was presumably bred selectively over the centuries to reduce bitterness, increase sweetness and minimise the woody core; this process produced the familiar garden vegetable. When first cultivated, carrots were grown for their aromatic leaves and seeds rather than their roots. Carrot seeds have been found in Switzerland and Southern Germany dating back to 2000–3000 BC. Some close relatives of

1800-402: The xylem and phloem of the vascular bundles. The fibers of the xylem are always lignified , while those of the phloem are cellulosic . Reliable evidence for the fibre cells' evolutionary origin from tracheids exists. During evolution the strength of the tracheid cell walls was enhanced, the ability to conduct water was lost and the size of the pits was reduced. Fibers that do not belong to

1860-453: The β-carotene in raw carrots is released during digestion: this can be improved to 39% by pulping, cooking and adding cooking oil. Alternatively they may be chopped and boiled, fried or steamed, and cooked in soups and stews , as well as baby and pet foods. A well-known dish is carrots julienne . Together with onion and celery , carrots are one of the primary vegetables used in a mirepoix to make broths . The greens are edible as

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1920-629: The "filler" tissue in soft parts of plants. It forms, among other things, the cortex (outer region) and pith (central region) of stems, the cortex of roots, the mesophyll of leaves, the pulp of fruits, and the endosperm of seeds . Parenchyma cells are often living cells and may remain meristematic , meaning that they are capable of cell division if stimulated. They have thin and flexible cellulose cell walls and are generally polyhedral when close-packed, but can be roughly spherical when isolated from their neighbors. Parenchyma cells are generally large. They have large central vacuoles , which allow

1980-527: The 10th century, or possibly earlier. Specimens of the Eastern carrot that survive to the present day are commonly purple or yellow, and often have branched roots. The purple colour common in these carrots comes from anthocyanin pigments. The "Western" carrot emerged in the Netherlands in the 16th or 17th century. There is a popular belief that its orange colour made it popular in those countries as an emblem of

2040-537: The 16th or 17th century. The orange carrot was created by Dutch growers. There is pictorial evidence that the orange carrot existed at least in 512, but it is probable that it was not a stable variety until the Dutch bred the cultivar termed the "Long Orange" at the start of the 18th century. Some claim that the Dutch created the orange carrots to honor the Dutch flag at the time and William of Orange , but other authorities argue these claims lack convincing evidence and it

2100-553: The carrot are still grown for their leaves and seeds, such as parsley , coriander (cilantro), fennel , anise , dill and cumin . The first mention of the root in classical sources is from the 1st century AD; the Romans ate a root vegetable called pastinaca , which may have been either the carrot or the closely related parsnip . The plant is depicted and described in the Eastern Roman Juliana Anicia Codex ,

2160-498: The carrot to colonial America in the 17th century. Outwardly purple carrots, still orange on the inside, were sold in British stores beginning in 2002. Carrots are grown from seed and can take up to four months (120 days) to mature, but most cultivars mature within 70 to 80 days under the right conditions. They grow best in full sun but tolerate some shade. The optimum temperature is 16 to 21 °C (61 to 70 °F). The ideal soil

2220-552: The carrot, like any umbellifer , attracts predatory wasps that kill many garden pests. Carrot cultivars can be grouped into two broad classes: "Eastern" carrots and "Western" carrots. A number of novelty cultivars have been bred for particular characteristics. "Eastern" (a European and American continent reference) carrots were domesticated in Persia (probably in the lands of modern-day Iran and Afghanistan within West Asia) during

2280-463: The cells to store and regulate ions , waste products, and water . Tissue specialised for food storage is commonly formed of parenchyma cells. Parenchyma cells have a variety of functions: The shape of parenchyma cells varies with their function. In the spongy mesophyll of a leaf, parenchyma cells range from near-spherical and loosely arranged with large intercellular spaces, to branched or stellate , mutually interconnected with their neighbours at

2340-429: The collenchyma, mature sclerenchyma is composed of dead cells with extremely thick cell walls ( secondary walls ) that make up to 90% of the whole cell volume. The term sclerenchyma is derived from the Greek σκληρός ( sklērós ), meaning "hard." It is the hard, thick walls that make sclerenchyma cells important strengthening and supporting elements in plant parts that have ceased elongation. The difference between sclereids

2400-465: The cores of apples and the gritty texture of pears ( Pyrus communis ). Sclereids are variable in shape. The cells can be isodiametric, prosenchymatic, forked or elaborately branched. They can be grouped into bundles, can form complete tubes located at the periphery or can occur as single cells or small groups of cells within parenchyma tissues. But compared with most fibres, sclereids are relatively short. Characteristic examples are brachysclereids or

2460-720: The early 19th century. Carrots can be used alone or blended with fruits in jams and preserves . In the European Union , there is a rule specifying that only fruits can be used in making jams; to preserve the Portuguese carrot jam delicacy (or Doce de Cenoura in Portuguese), the Council of the European Union adopted a directive that changed the legal statute of carrot from "vegetable" into "fruit". Very high consumption of carrots over

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2520-511: The end of the main floral stem; smaller secondary umbels grow from the main branch, and these further branch into third, fourth, and even later-flowering umbels. A large, primary umbel can contain up to 50 umbellets, each of which may have as many as 50 flowers; subsequent umbels have fewer flowers. Individual flowers are small and white, sometimes with a light green or yellow tint. They consist of five petals , five stamens , and an entire calyx . The stamens usually split and fall off before

2580-430: The ends of their arms to form a three-dimensional network, like in the red kidney bean Phaseolus vulgaris and other mesophytes . These cells, along with the epidermal guard cells of the stoma , form a system of air spaces and chambers that regulate the exchange of gases. In some works, the cells of the leaf epidermis are regarded as specialised parenchymal cells, but the modern preference has long been to classify

2640-467: The epidermis as plant dermal tissue , and parenchyma as ground tissue. Shapes of parenchyma: Collenchyma tissue is composed of elongated cells with irregularly thickened walls . They provide structural support, particularly in growing shoots and leaves (as seen, for example, the resilient strands in stalks of celery ). Collenchyma cells are usually living, and have only a thick primary cell wall made up of cellulose and pectin. Cell wall thickness

2700-572: The major carrot allergen , the protein Dauc c 1.0104, is cross-reactive with homologues in birch pollen (Bet v 1) and mugwort pollen (Art v 1), most carrot allergy sufferers are also allergic to pollen from these plants. In India, carrots are used in a variety of ways, as salads or as vegetables added to spicy rice or dal dishes. A popular variation in north India is the Gajar Ka Halwa carrot dessert, which has carrots grated and cooked in milk until

2760-495: The other. Growth at both tips of the cell leads to simultaneous elongation. During development the layers of secondary material seem like tubes, of which the outer one is always longer and older than the next. After completion of growth, the missing parts are supplemented, so that the wall is evenly thickened up to the tips of the fibers. Fibers usually originate from meristematic tissues. Cambium and procambium are their main centers of production. They are usually associated with

2820-409: The processing to textiles . Their principal cell wall material is cellulose . Contrasting are hard fibers that are mostly found in monocots . Typical examples are the fiber of many grasses , Agave sisalana ( sisal ), Yucca or Phormium tenax , Musa textilis and others. Their cell walls contain, besides cellulose, a high proportion of lignin . The load-bearing capacity of Phormium tenax

2880-644: The railway intersects that main road across the seabed; it serves as the administrative and mercantile center for much of the Lammefjord. The Lammefjord contains Denmark's lowest dry elevation, at 7.0 metres (23 feet 0 inches) below sea level . It is also in running for the lowest in the European Union (shared with Zuidplaspolder in the Netherlands ). 55°46′N 11°30′E  /  55.77°N 11.5°E  / 55.77; 11.5 Carrot The carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. sativus )

2940-399: The stem is the seed leaf . The first true leaf appears about 10–15 days after germination. Subsequent leaves are alternate (with a single leaf attached to a node), spirally arranged , and pinnately compound , with leaf bases sheathing the stem. As the plant grows, the bases of the seed leaves, near the taproot, are pushed apart. The stem, located just above the ground, is compressed and

3000-408: The stigma of the same flower is receptive. The arrangement is centripetal, meaning the oldest flowers are near the edge and the youngest flowers are in the center. Flowers usually first open at the outer edge of the primary umbel, followed about a week later on the secondary umbels, and then in subsequent weeks in higher-order umbels. The usual flowering period of individual umbels is 7 to 10 days, so

3060-402: The stone cells (called stone cells because of their hardness) of pears and quinces ( Cydonia oblonga ) and those of the shoot of the wax plant ( Hoya carnosa ). The cell walls fill nearly all the cell's volume. A layering of the walls and the existence of branched pits is clearly visible. Branched pits such as these are called ramiform pits. The shell of many seeds like those of nuts as well as

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3120-452: The usual orange pigment due to carotene, owing its white colour to a recessive gene for tocopherol (vitamin E), but this cultivar and wild carrots do not provide nutritionally significant amounts of vitamin E. Carrots can be stored for several months in the refrigerator or over winter in a cool dry place. For long term storage, unwashed carrots can be placed in a bucket between dry layers of sand,

3180-481: The whole mixture is solid, after which nuts and butter are added. Carrot salads are usually made with grated carrots with a seasoning of mustard seeds and green chillies popped in hot oil. Carrots can also be cut into thin strips and added to rice, can form part of a dish of mixed roast vegetables, or can be blended with tamarind to make chutney . Since the late 1980s, baby carrots or mini-carrots (carrots that have been peeled and cut into uniform cylinders) have been

3240-456: The widest part. The root length ranges from 5 to 50 cm (2 to 20 in), although most are between 10 and 25 cm (4 and 10 in). Flower development begins when the flat meristem changes from producing leaves to an uplifted, conical meristem capable of producing stem elongation and a cluster of flowers . The cluster is a compound umbel , and each umbel contains several smaller umbels (umbellets). The first (primary) umbel occurs at

3300-423: The xylem are bast (outside the ring of cambium) and such fibers that are arranged in characteristic patterns at different sites of the shoot. The term "sclerenchyma" (originally Sclerenchyma ) was introduced by Mettenius in 1865. Sclereids are the reduced form of sclerenchyma cells with highly thickened, lignified walls. They are small bundles of sclerenchyma tissue in plants that form durable layers, such as

3360-464: Was 42 million tonnes , led by China producing 44% of the total. The characteristic orange colour is from beta-carotene , making carrots a rich source of vitamin A . A myth that carrots help people to see in the dark was spread as propaganda in the Second World War, to account for the ability of British pilots to fight in the dark; the real explanation was the introduction of radar . The word

3420-462: Was 42 million tonnes , led by China with 44% of the total. Uzbekistan, the United States, and Russia were the only other countries producing over 1 million tonnes annually (table). Raw carrots are 88% water, 9% carbohydrates , 1% protein , and contain negligible fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), raw carrots supply 41 calories and have a rich content (20% or more of

3480-435: Was a 100,000-ton surplus of carrots from the extra production. Ground tissue#Parenchyma The ground tissue of plants includes all tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular . It can be divided into three types based on the nature of the cell walls. This tissue system is present between the dermal tissue and forms the main bulk of the plant body. Parenchyma is a versatile ground tissue that generally constitutes

3540-406: Was by Link (1837) who used it to describe the sticky substance on Bletia (Orchidaceae) pollen. Complaining about Link's excessive nomenclature, Schleiden (1839) stated mockingly that the term "collenchyma" could have more easily been used to describe elongated sub-epidermal cells with unevenly thickened cell walls. Sclerenchyma is the tissue which makes the plant hard and stiff. Sclerenchyma

3600-654: Was thanks to newly adopted radar technology . The consumption of carrots was advocated in Britain at the time as part of a Dig for Victory campaign. A radio program called The Kitchen Front encouraged people to grow, store and use carrots in various novel ways, including making carrot jam and Woolton pie , named after the Lord Woolton , the Minister for Food . The British public during WWII generally believed that eating carrots would help them see better at night and in 1942 there

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