186-516: Lalu Prasad (born 11 June 1948) is an Indian politician and president of the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD). He is a former Chief Minister of Bihar (1990-1997), a former Railway Minister of India (2004-2009), and a former Member of Parliament (MP) of the Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha . He entered politics at Patna University as a student leader and in 1977 at the age of 29, was elected as
372-463: A Eunuch acting as a woman) made him popular among rural Biharis but all of these obscene activities of a Chief Minister irritated the middle class sensibilities. According to Ashwini Kumar: An astute mix of lower caste with minority politics therefore helped Lalu Yadav to establish his hold over the political scenario in Bihar. This marked the beginning of, what came to be known as 'Total politics' in which
558-406: A Schedule Tribe Santhal was recorded taunting son of a Kayastha landlord. Many changes were observed at the lowest level of governance too; in one such case, a Rajput landlord family was replaced by a Kevat caste man for the post of Mukhiya in a village. These changes in the rural Bihar was found to be remarkable, considering the brutally enforced inequalities persisting therein for years. In
744-650: A motion of no confidence is passed against the ruling majority party or coalition. Vidhan Parishad, also called as the State Legislative Council, is the upper house in those states of India that have a bicameral state legislature ; the lower house being the State Legislative Assembly . Its establishment is defined in Article 169 of the Constitution of India . Only 6 out of 28 states have
930-622: A secular and socialist state as per the Constitution. There is a provision for a bicameral legislature consisting of an upper house , the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), which represents the states of the Indian federation, and a lower house , the Lok Sabha (House of the People), which represents the people of India as a whole. The Constitution provides for an independent judiciary , which
1116-423: A " witch hunt ." In June 1978, Raj Narain attacked party president Chandra Shekhar and Bharatiya Jana Sangh . On 16 June 1978, Charan Singh announced his resignation from Janata Party parliamentary board. Janata Party parliamentary board which met on 22 June 1978 issued show-cause notices to Raj Narain , Devi Lal , Ram Dhan , Jabbar Singh and Sibhan Lal Saxena. On 1 July 1978, Charan Singh resigned from
1302-419: A Chief Minister frequently visited the places, where the victims were from Backward Castes. It is opined that many people from these castes voted him, only because he represented their aspiration of speaking back and becoming virile. The poor of the state couldn't gain much in terms of jobs and services of state, but they were no longer left to be treated with disdain. Nandini Gooptu has mentioned some studies from
1488-471: A Legislative Council. These are Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Telangana , Maharashtra , Bihar , and Uttar Pradesh . No union territory has a legislative council. The size of the State Legislative Council cannot be more than one third of the membership of the State Legislative Assembly. However, its size cannot be less than 40 members. These members elect the chairman and Deputy Chairman of
1674-525: A State Legislative Assembly must have no less than 60 and no more than 500 members however an exception may be granted via an Act of Parliament as is the case in the states of Goa , Sikkim , Mizoram and the union territory of Puducherry which have fewer than 60 members. A State Legislative Assembly may be dissolved in a state of emergency , by the Governor on request of the Chief Minister , or if
1860-498: A charismatic leader who was capable to become the voice of those who were silent for long. Another form of mobilisation of his Dalit supporters by Laloo Yadav was popularising all those folk heroes of lower castes, who were said to have vanquished the upper caste adversaries. One such example is of a popular Dalit saint who was revered as he not only ran away with an upper caste girl but also suppressed all her kins. Praising him could enrage Bhumihar caste in some parts of Bihar. There
2046-403: A hate figure among Forward Castes , he drew huge support from backward castes and Dalits . He was criticised for neglecting development, but a study conducted during his reign, among downtrodden Musahars revealed that despite the construction of houses for them not being concluded at required pace, they are obliged to choose him as their leader as he returned them their ijjat (honour) and for
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#17330943595382232-437: A leader who could control the deteriorating situation of state under Congress. According to Kalyani, during this period upper castes were totally marginalised and ' Backwards ' came to control the power firmly. During his tenure, Yadav never tried to emulate the erstwhile elite chief ministers. He took part in the public festivals and popularised his famous Kurta far Holi (cloth tearing Holi). On this occasion his invitees and
2418-502: A leadership revolt surfaced in Janta Dal, consequently Lalu broke away from Janta Dal and formed a new political party Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD). In 1998 general for 12th Lok Sabha Lalu won from Madhepura , but lost in 1999 general election to Sharad Yadav . In 2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election he won and remained in opposition. In 2002, Lalu was elected in Rajya Sabha where he stayed until 2004. In 2000, RJD again formed
2604-739: A local middle school before moving to Patna with his older brother, Mukund Rai, who enrolled him in an upper primary school in Sheikhpura. After finishing his primary education there, he was enrolled in the Government Middle School located on the Bihar Military Police (BMP) campus, which was next to their quarters at the veterinary college campus. The Siblings list is in the order of age. His father passed away after he completed his matriculation in 1965 from Miller High School in Patna, where he
2790-501: A majority of members in their respective lower houses (Lok Sabha in the central government and Vidhan Sabha in states). India had its first general election in 1951, which was won by the Indian National Congress , a political party that went on to dominate subsequent elections until 1977 , when a non-Congress government was formed for the first time in independent India. The 1990s saw the end of single-party domination and
2976-507: A member of one of the houses of bicameral Parliament of India , alongside heading the respective house. The prime minister and their cabinet are at all times responsible to the Lok Sabha. The prime minister is appointed by the president of India ; however, the prime minister has to enjoy the confidence of the majority of Lok Sabha members, who are directly elected every five years , lest the prime minister shall resign. The prime minister can be
3162-506: A member of the Lok Sabha or of the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the parliament. The prime minister controls the selection and dismissal of members of the Union Council of Ministers ; and allocation of posts to members within the government. The Union Council of Ministers is the principal executive organ of the Government of India , which functions as the senior decision-making body of
3348-523: A popular movement to restore civil liberties, evoking the memories and principles of the Indian independence movement. Its success in ending 30 years of uninterrupted Congress rule helped strengthen India's multi-party democracy. The term "Janata" has been used by several major political parties such as the Biju Janata Dal (BJD), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Janata Dal (United) , Janata Dal (Secular) , Rashtriya Janata Dal and others. Participants in
3534-435: A sense of confidence among Muslims by stopping Lal Krishna Advani 's controversial " Rath yatra ". Muslims of Bihar were feeling a sense of insecurity after the ghastly 1989 Bhagalpur riots . The Satyendra Narayan Singh government failed to control law and order situation thus death toll reached over 1000. The people affected were mostly poor weavers and others belonging to low strata of society and hence they were looking for
3720-459: A set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies. Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency. The Prime Minister of India is the head of government of the Republic of India . Executive authority is vested in the prime minister and his chosen Council of Ministers, despite the president of India being the nominal head of the executive. The prime minister has to be
3906-598: A significant share of the Dalit vote to the Janata party and its allies won him considerable influence. In contrast to the rest of the country, the Janata party won only six seats from India's southern states – none from the state of Kerala – where the Emergency had not caused political unrest. The Congress (R) won a total of 153 seats, mainly from India's south. However, Janata candidates resoundingly defeated Congress (R) candidates in
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#17330943595384092-489: A socialist leader, had filed a legal writ alleging electoral malpractice against Indira Gandhi in 1971. On 12 June 1975, Allahabad High Court found her guilty of using corrupt electoral practices in her 1971 election victory over Narain in the Rae Bareli constituency . She was barred from contesting any election for the next six years. Economic problems, corruption and the conviction of Gandhi led to widespread protests against
4278-501: A state party, if: Registered unrecognized political parties are those parties which are either newly registered or which have not secured enough percentage of votes in the assembly or general elections to become a state party or those which have never contested elections since being registered. Registered but unrecognized political parties don’t enjoy all the benefits extended to the recognized parties. Janata Party The Janata Party ( JP , lit. ' People's Party ' )
4464-598: A strong start, the Janata government began to wither as significant ideological and political divisions emerged. The party consisted of veteran socialists, trade unionists and pro-business leaders, making major economic reforms difficult to achieve without triggering a public divide. Socialists and secular Janata politicians shared an aversion to the Hindu nationalist agenda of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , whose members included Vajpayee, Advani and other leaders from
4650-561: A symbol from a list of available symbols offered by the EC. Every political party in India, whether a national or regional/state party, must have a symbol and must be registered with the Election Commission of India . Symbols are used in the Indian political system to identify political parties in part so that illiterate people can vote by recognizing the party symbols. In the current amendment to
4836-527: A turnout of 60% from an electorate of more than 320 million. On 23 March, it was announced that the Janata party had won a sweeping victory, securing 43.2% of the popular vote and 271 seats. With the support of the Akali Dal and the Congress for Democracy, it had amassed a two-thirds, or absolute majority of 345 seats. Although the Congress for Democracy won 28 seats, Ram's standing as a national Dalit leader and moving
5022-470: Is Gaderia . He turned down Patna University's Honorary Doctorate in 2004. Lalu married Rabri Devi on 1 June 1973, in an arranged marriage , and they went on to have seven daughters and two sons. Note: Rahul Yadav is son of Jitendra Yadav, former MLC from the Samajwadi Party . Jitendra is the nephew of former MP D. P. Yadav . In 1970, Lalu entered in student politics as the general secretary of
5208-417: Is a grand celebration every year at a particular place near Patna and Yadav participates in this fair with pomp and show. His energetic participation in this show makes it a rallying point for Dalits, who saw it as their victory and the harassment of upper castes. According to Kalyani Shankar, Yadav created a feeling amongst the oppressed that they are real rulers of state under him. He continuously lambasted
5394-496: Is a legislative body in each of the states and certain union territories of India . In 22 states and 3 union territories , there is a unicameral legislature which is the sole legislative body. Vidhan Sabha is present in all the states and 3 union territories. Each Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) is directly elected to serve 5-year terms by single-member constituencies . The Constitution of India states that
5580-519: Is an initiative proposed in India to synchronize the schedules of the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and state legislative assembly elections. The concept aims to conduct simultaneous elections for both central and state governments, a practice that was prevalent until 1967. Advocates argue that this approach would significantly reduce the burden on the public exchequer, minimize the disruption caused by frequent elections, and ensure more consistent policy implementation. However, it faces challenges, such as
5766-487: Is an unrecognised political party in India . It was founded as an amalgam of Indian political parties opposed to the Emergency that was imposed between 1975 and 1977 by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of the Indian National Congress . In the 1977 general election , the party defeated the Congress and Janata leader Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress prime minister in independent modern India's history . Raj Narain ,
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5952-516: Is headed by the Supreme Court . The court's mandate is to protect the Constitution, to settle disputes between the central government and the states, to settle inter-state disputes, to nullify any central or state laws that go against the Constitution and to protect the fundamental rights of citizens, issuing writs for their enforcement in cases of violation. There are 543 members in the Lok Sabha, who are elected using plurality voting (first past
6138-409: Is said to have patronised; Pappu Yadav , operating out of Purnea and Madhepura districts ; Vinod Yadav, operating out of Bhagalpur district; Surendra Yadav , operating out of Gaya district; Mohammad Shahabuddin , operating out of Siwan district; Makhi Paswan, operating out of Khagaria district; and Mohammed Suleiman, operating out of Kishanganj district. Yadav's aide Brij Bihari Prasad , who
6324-588: Is the Kali Yug , the epoch of disintegration. The lower castes are rising up. Everything is falling apart. Another account from the Sargana Gram Panchayat area testifies the change in established socio-political order brought by the government under Yadav. A large Rajput farmer from the Panchayat constituency, who had been a predecessor of the incumbent Mukhiya of the village said: The Backwards control
6510-707: Is the nominal head of the executive, the first citizen of the country, as well as the supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces . The new president is chosen by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of parliament ( MPs ), the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies ( Vidhan Sabha ) of all States and the elected members of the legislative assemblies ( MLAs ) of union territories with legislatures, i.e., National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi , Jammu and Kashmir and Puducherry . The election process of
6696-399: The 1989 Bhagalpur violence . He became popular among the young voters of Bihar. In 1990, Janata Dal came to power in Bihar. PM V. P. Singh wanted former chief minister Ram Sundar Das to lead the government. and Chandra Shekhar backed Raghunath Jha . To break deadlock deputy PM Devi Lal nominated Prasad as CM candidate. He was victorious in an internal poll of Janta Dal MLA's and became
6882-545: The Baroda dynamite case , which included the new Minister of Industry, George Fernandes . The Minister of Railways reinstated the railway employees disciplined after the May 1974 strike. The Desai government proceeded to establish inquiry commissions and tribunals to investigate allegations of corruption and Indira Gandhi's government, political party and the police forces. Specific inquiries were instituted on Sanjay Gandhi 's management of
7068-472: The Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) joined, dissolving their separate identities (the merger of all party organisations was to be completed after the election). Although the political ideologies of Janata constituents were diverse and conflicting, the party was able to unite under the over-reaching appeal of Jayaprakash Narayan, who had been seen as the ideological leader of the anti-Emergency movement and now
7254-494: The Congress (R) and along with his supporters formed the Congress for Democracy on 2 February 1977. Other co-founders included the former Chief Minister of Orissa Nandini Satpathy , former Union Minister of State for Finance K. R. Ganesh , former MP D. N. Tiwari and Bihar politician Raj Mangal Pandey. Although committing to contest the election with the Janata party, Ram resisted merging his party organisation with Janata. It
7440-486: The Congress (R) . Significant numbers of Congress (R) MPs and activists condemned Indira's leadership and left the party. As a result, MPs still loyal to Indira Gandhi renamed their party to Congress (I) – "I" standing for Indira. Although no longer an MP, Indira Gandhi continued as the president of Congress (I) , which remained the largest opposition party. The first actions taken by the Desai government were to formally end
7626-553: The Constitution of India empowered to conduct free and fair elections in India . The Election commission is headed by a Chief Election Commissioner and consists of two other Election Commissioners . At the states and union territories , the Election Commission is assisted by the Chief Electoral Officer of the state or union territory (CEO), who leads the election machinery in the states and union territories. At
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7812-587: The Delhi High Court quashed the charges of bribery against Rajiv Gandhi and others. But some leaders of Janata Party refused to accept its merger into Janata Dal and continued in Janata Party. These included Indubhai Patel, Subramanian Swamy , Syed Shahabuddin , H. D. Deve Gowda , Sarojini Mahishi . On 4 January 1989, Indubhai Patel was declared as acting president of Janata Party. Janata Dal filed an application to Election Commission of India to seek
7998-630: The House of the People , is the lower house of India 's bicameral Parliament . Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by an adult universal suffrage and a first-past-the-post system to represent their respective constituencies , and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers . The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of
8184-474: The Indian National Congress bifurcated in 1969 over the issue of the leadership of Indira Gandhi , the daughter of India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru . Supporters of Indira Gandhi claimed to be the real Congress party, adopting the name Indian National Congress (R) – where "R" stood for "Requisition." Congress politicians who opposed Indira identified themselves as the Indian National Congress (O) – where "O" stood for "Organisation" or "Old." For
8370-581: The Koeri and Yadav leadership of the party, thus strengthening itself at the cost of liberation . The leaders of CPI (ML) liberation, who defected to RJD included, Shri Bhagwan Singh Kushwaha , Umesh Singh, K.D Yadav and Suryadev Singh . Yadav's rule also led to breaking away of patron-client relationship in elections between the upper castes and the Dalits. The labourers of the upper caste landlords were primarily people from Dalit background, who were forced to vote in
8556-469: The Lok Sabha , the Rajya Sabha is a continuing chamber and hence not subject to dissolution. However, the Rajya Sabha, like the Lok Sabha, can be prorogued by the president. The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in legislation with the Lok Sabha, except in the area of supply , where the latter has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses can be held, where
8742-552: The Parliament House , New Delhi. The maximum membership of the House allotted by the Constitution of India is 552 (Initially, in 1950, it was 500.) Currently, the house has 543 seats which are filed by the election of up to 543 elected members. The new parliament has a seating capacity of 888 for Lok Sabha. A total of 131 seats (24.03%) are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes (84) and Scheduled Tribes (47) . The quorum for
8928-649: The President , is appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. There are five categories of the council of ministers as given below, in descending order of rank : The Rajya Sabha , constitutionally the Council of States , is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India . It has a maximum membership of 250, of which 238 are elected by the legislatures of the states and union territories using single transferable votes through open ballots, while
9114-623: The Railway Minister in the 2004 UPA Government. Later, he gave up the Madhepura seat. As railway minister, Lalu Yadav left passenger fares untouched and focused on other sources of revenue for the railways. He banned plastic cups from being used to serve tea at railway stations and replaced those with kulhar s (earthen cups), in order to generate more employment in rural areas. Later, he also said that he had plans to introduce buttermilk and khādī . In June 2004, he announced that he would get on
9300-400: The Rajya Sabha the upper house . The judiciary systematically contains an apex supreme court , 25 high courts , and 688 district courts , all inferior to the supreme court. The basic civil and criminal laws governing the citizens of India are set down in major parliamentary legislation, such as the civil procedure code , the penal code , and the criminal procedure code . Similar to
9486-699: The Soviet Union . The Janata government announced its desire to achieve "genuine" non-alignment in the Cold War , which had been the long-standing national policy. In 1978, Jimmy Carter became the third U.S. president to make an official visit to India. Both nations sought to improve trade and expand cooperation in science and technology. Vajpayee represented India at the U.N. conference on nuclear disarmament, defending India's nuclear programme and its refusal to sign non-proliferation treaties. The Janata government had lesser success in achieving economic reforms. It launched
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#17330943595389672-589: The State Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) – is a unicameral legislature. A state legislature that has two houses – the State Legislative Assembly and State Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad) – is a bicameral legislature. The Vidhan Sabha is the lower house and corresponds to the Lok Sabha while the Vidhan Parishad is the upper house and corresponds to the Rajya Sabha of the Parliament of India Vidhan Sabha, also known as State Legislative Assembly,
9858-454: The Yadav caste was victim; over 30 people were killed by Sena in this incident. However, it is reported that this incident set tone for decline of Sena. As the party of Lalu Prasad Yadav, which was in government took stringent administrative policies on one hand to counter Sena, on the other hand various naxalite group also resolved their internal differences and started an extermination campaign of
10044-463: The angrezi hatao (banish English) policy of then Uttar Pradesh CM Mulayam Singh Yadav . Policy of opposition to English was considered an anti-elite policy since both the Yadav leaders represented the same social constituents – the backward castes, dalits and minority communities. With the mass support of people of Bihar, Lalu continued to be Bihar CM. In 1997, due to allegation related to Fodder Scam,
10230-467: The constitution in the prime minister , parliament , and the supreme court , respectively. The president of India is the head of state and the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces , while the elected prime minister acts as the head of the executive and is responsible for running the Union government. The parliament is bicameral in nature, with the Lok Sabha being the lower house , and
10416-457: The presidency . The vice president is also the ex officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha . Article 66 of the Constitution of India states the manner of election of the vice president. The vice president is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament and not the members of state legislative assembly by the system of proportional representation using single transferable votes and
10602-542: The president can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social service. The total allowed capacity is 250 (238 elected, 12 appointed) according to article 80 of the Indian Constitution . The current potential seating capacity of the Rajya Sabha is 245 (233 elected, 12 appointed). Members sit for staggered terms lasting six years, with about a third of the 238 designates up for election every two years, in even-numbered years. Unlike
10788-662: The president of India , Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed , accepted prime minister Indira Gandhi 's recommendation to declare a state of national emergency. Indira argued that the political and civil disorder constituted a threat to national security. A state of emergency enabled the central government to issue executive decrees without requiring the consent of Parliament . Elections were postponed and public gatherings, rallies and strikes were banned. Curfews were imposed and police forces were empowered to make warrantless searches, seizures and arrests. Indira's government imposed "President's rule" in
10974-652: The 1971 election, the Congress (O) , Samyukta Socialist Party and the Bharatiya Jana Sangh had formed a coalition called the "Grand Alliance" to oppose Indira Gandhi and the Congress (R) , but failed to have an impact; Indira's Congress (R) won a large majority in the 1971 elections and her popularity increased significantly after India's victory in the war of 1971 against Pakistan. However Indira's subsequent inability to address serious issues such as unemployment, poverty, inflation and shortages eroded her popularity. The frequent invoking of " President's rule " to dismiss state governments led by opposition political parties
11160-414: The 1977 March Lok Sabha election results of India, using alliances under Morarji Government from 1977 to 1979 Sources: Keesing's – World News Archive On the morning of 24 March, Jayaprakash Narayan and Jivatram Kripalani led the newly elected Janata MPs to Raj Ghat , where the ashes of Mahatma Gandhi were laid, and administered a pledge to continue Gandhi's work and preserve honesty in serving
11346-445: The 2010 elections, the RJD tally was reduced to just 22 seats whereas the ruling alliance claimed a record 206 out of the 243 Assembly seats. In 2009 general election RJD won 4 seats and provided outside support to Manmohan Singh government. In May 2012, Lalu Prasad Yadav envisaged Hamid Ansari, previous vice-president, as a presidential candidate. In May 2013, Lalu Yadav tried to rejuvenate
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#173309435953811532-437: The 74th amendment to the Constitution, have Municipality but derive their powers from the individual state governments, while the powers of rural localities have been formalized under the panchayati raj system, under the 73rd amendment to the Constitution. The following 3 types of democratically elected urban local governance bodies in India are called municipalities and abbreviated as the "MC" . These are classified based on
11718-523: The Allahabad High Court found Indira guilty and barred her from holding public office for six years. Opposition politicians immediately demanded her resignation and stepped up mass protests against the government. On 25 June, Narayan and Desai held a massive rally in Delhi , calling for a " Satyagraha " – a campaign of non-violent civil disobedience to force the government to resign. On 25 June 1975,
11904-554: The BJP and the Communist Party of India (Marxist). However, Singh's government soon fell victim to intra-party rivalries and power struggles, and his successor Chandra Sekhar's Janata Dal (Socialist) government lasted barely into 1991. Although its tenure in office was tumultuous and unsuccessful, the Janata party played a definitive role in Indian politics and history and its legacy remains strong in contemporary India. The Janata party led
12090-561: The CBI and Judiciary at the other hand. Between 1990 and 2005, the government under Yadav's Janata Dal undertook several measures to strengthen the control of OBCs, Scheduled Caste and Muslims over bureaucracy. Latter were given the powerful position like those of District Magistrate . Transfers of the upper echelon of bureaucracy was also frequently resorted to. In the year 1993, the post of Director General of Police as well as Chief Secretary were both given to officers belonging to lower castes and
12276-592: The Communist Party of India (Marxist) had distanced themselves from the Janata party. Desperately seeking enough support for a majority, Charan Singh even sought to negotiate with Congress (I), which refused. After only three weeks in office, Charan Singh resigned. With no other political party in position to establish a majority government, President Reddy dissolved the Parliament and called fresh elections for January 1980. In 1980 general elections , Janata Party declared Jagjivan Ram as its Prime Ministerial candidate, but
12462-501: The Congress (I) returned to power with a strong majority. Sanjay Gandhi was also elected to the Parliament. President Reddy was succeeded at the end of his term in 1982 by Congress (I) leader Zail Singh . (RUPPS). Between 1980 and 1989, the Janata party maintained a small presence in the Indian Parliament under the leadership of socialist politician Chandra Sekhar . In 1988, Lok Dal (A) was merged into Janata Party and Ajit Singh
12648-787: The Congress (R) amongst India's Dalits. BLD leader Charan Singh 's peasant roots helped him raise considerable support in the rural parts of Uttar Pradesh , the most populous state of India. The Shiromani Akali Dal , the party of the Sikhs of Punjab and regional political parties such as the Tamil Nadu -based Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam became important allies. The leaders of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Jana Sangh rallied India's middle-class merchants, traders and conservative Hindus . The Hindu nationalist RSS and trade unions aligned with Janata helped rally considerable voting blocs. The 1977 election drew
12834-560: The Congress (R) government, which responded by imposing a State of Emergency. The rationale was that of preserving national security. However, the government introduced press censorship, postponed elections and banned strikes and rallies. Opposition leaders such as Jivatram Kripalani , Jayaprakash Narayan , Anantram Jaiswal , Chandra Shekhar , Biju Patnaik , Atal Bihari Vajpayee , L. K. Advani , Raj Narain , Satyendra Narayan Sinha , Ramnandan Mishra and Morarji Desai were imprisoned, along with thousands of other political activists. When
13020-691: The Government. In return, the Government pampers the Backwards (Sar pe chadha kar rakha hai). Not only that, they talk about empowering the harijans . They have both ruined the State. To top it all, they say they will protect the Pakistanis (an epithet to describe Muslims ).... As per one opinion, Yadav extended tacit support to the Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCC), and in the period of caste wars, he, as
13206-548: The Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Jana Sangh . On 19 July 1979 Desai resigned from the government and eventually retired to his home in Mumbai (then Bombay). The failing health of Jayaprakash Narayan made it hard for him to remain politically active and act as a unifying influence, and his death in 1979 deprived the party of its most popular leader. Dissidents projected Charan Singh as the new prime minister in place of Desai. President Neelam Sanjiva Reddy appointed Charan Singh as
13392-539: The Hindu nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) were banned and their leaders arrested. Only the Communist Party of India supported the state of emergency. Due to the advancing age and failing health, Narayan was released from prison, but remained prohibited from political activity. During the Emergency, Indira Gandhi implemented a 20-point program of economic reforms that resulted in greater economic growth, aided by
13578-467: The House is 10% of the total membership. The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. However, while a proclamation of emergency is in operation, this period may be extended by Parliament by law or decree. Members of Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the lower house of India's Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India, who crossed 18 years from
13764-570: The Janata Dal, these two(the 1977 one and present one) are considered as distinct from one another by many. Under V. P. Singh, the Janata Dal and the National Front sought to replicate the Janata-style alliance of anti-Congress political parties. Although it failed to win a majority, it managed to form a fragile coalition government with V.P. Singh as the prime minister with the outside support of
13950-441: The Janata government unable to effectively address national problems. By mid-1979, Prime Minister Morarji Desai was forced to resign and his successor Chaudhary Charan Singh became Prime Minister of India. He remained in office for 23 days until Congress(I) withdrew support. Popular disenchantment with the political in-fighting and ineffective government led to the resurgence of Gandhi and her new Congress (I) party, which won
14136-526: The Janata organisation. To avoid a potentially divisive contest, Janata leaders asked Jayaprakash Narayan and Jivatram Kripalani to select the party's leader, pledging to abide by their choice. After a period of deliberation, Narayan and Kripalani selected Morarji Desai to become the chairman of the Janata Parliamentary Party on 24 May. Although some leaders such as George Fernandes and Jagjivan Ram hesitated to support Desai and criticised
14322-487: The Janata party formed a coalition government with the Akali Dal. In Bihar, Karpuri Thakur won the closely contested Janata legislature party leadership from the then Bihar Janata Party chief Satyendra Narayan Sinha to become the Bihar Chief Minister . The number of Janata members of the legislative assemblies (MLAs) of all the states increased from 386 to 1,246 seats. The government also called fresh elections in
14508-429: The Janata party. Chandra Shekhar became first president of Janata Party. Ramakrishna Hegde became the party general secretary, and Bharatiya Jana Sangh politician Lal Krishna Advani became the party spokesperson. The Janata manifesto was released on 10 February, which declared that the coming election presented voters with: a choice between freedom and slavery; between democracy and dictatorship; between abdicating
14694-756: The Lok Sabha in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The idea has been periodically revisited, with significant push in recent years from Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the Bharatiya Janata Party . When compared to other democracies, India has had a large number of political parties during its history under democratic governance. It has been estimated that over 200 parties were formed after India became independent in 1947.As per latest publications dated 23 March 2024 from Election Commission of India, and subsequent notifications, there are 6 national parties, 57 state parties, and 2,764 registered unrecognized parties. All registered parties contesting elections need to choose
14880-436: The Lok Sabha would hold a greater influence because of its larger membership. The vice president of India is the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The deputy chairman , who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the chairman. The President of India is the head of state of the Republic of India . The president
15066-558: The Musahars will vote. But, unlike upper castes, who didn't mingle with the Musahars, the Yadavs, specially the poor ones, considered them as equal. Due to similar economic condition, the poor Yadavs in the region, mingled with the Musahars, their children play with each other and they behaved as a single social unit. Reportedly, this bonding often transforms into votes and Musahars prefers Lalu Prasad Yadav than any other political leader. In some of
15252-552: The OBCs were also confronting the MBC or Extremely Backward Class (also called Most Backward Castes, the category which includes more than hundred Backward Castes, other than trio of Koeri, Kurmi and Yadav) and the Scheduled Castes, but the upper-castes treated all sections of Backward Castes in the same manner, causing much resentment among the elite section of the Backwards. In the rural areas,
15438-578: The Patna University Students' Union (PUSU), became its president in 1973, joined Jai Prakash Narayan ' Bihar Movement in 1974 where he became sufficiently close to Janata Party (JP) leaders to become the Janta alliance's winning candidate in the 1977 Lok Sabha election from Chapra at the age of 29. In 1979, the Janata Party government fell due to in-fighting. The parliament was dissolved with new polls held in 1980. Lalu quit Janta party to join
15624-493: The Prime Minister of a minority government on the strength of 64 MPs, calling upon him to form a new government and prove his majority. The departure of Desai and the BJS had considerably diminished Janata's majority, and numerous Janata MPs refused to support Charan Singh. MPs loyal to Jagjivan Ram withdrew themselves from the Janata party. Former allies such as the DMK, Shiromani Akali Dal and
15810-527: The Railways in the earlier years. The "cash surplus" included the money available for paying dividend, contribution to the Depreciation Reserve Fund used for renewal or replacement of existing assets, and other funds for investment. The "investible surplus" included the money allocated for capital expenditure . The report concluded that the performance of the Railways actually declined marginally during
15996-629: The Rajputs. The Rajputs also accepted the dominance of Naxalite groups over the time in some regions of south Bihar and the Bhumihars remained the major challenger to both the Naxalites as well as the rule of Lalu Prasad Yadav. After perpetrating a number of massacre of Dalits , Ranvir Sena , the caste based militia of Bhumihar caste perpetrated Miyanpur massacre in 2000, in Aurangabad, Bihar . In this massacre,
16182-534: The Sixth Five-Year Plan, aiming to boost agricultural production and rural industries. Seeking to promote economic self-reliance and indigenous industries, the government required multi-national corporations to go into partnership with Indian corporations. The policy proved controversial, diminishing foreign investment and led to the high-profile exit of corporations such as Coca-Cola and IBM from India. ( 1978 election ) ( 1978 election ) Despite
16368-583: The State Legislative Council. Local government in India is governmental jurisdiction below the level of the state . Local self-government means that residents in towns, villages and rural settlements are the people who elect local councils and their heads authorising them to solve the important issues. The 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments give recognition and protection to local governments and in addition each state has its own local government legislation. Since 1992, local government in India takes place in two very distinct forms. Urban localities, covered in
16554-695: The State of Emergency was lifted and new elections called in 1977, opposition political parties such as the Congress (O) , Bharatiya Jana Sangh , Bharatiya Lok Dal as well as defectors from the Indian National Congress joined to form the Janata party, which won a sweeping majority in the Indian Parliament . Narain defeated Gandhi at Rae Bareli in those elections. The new Janata-led government reversed many Emergency-era decrees and opened official investigations into Emergency-era abuses. Although several major foreign policy and economic reforms were attempted, continuous in-fighting and ideological differences made
16740-514: The Symbols Order, the commission has asserted the following five principles: A political party shall be eligible to be recognized as a national party if: Six national political parties are - Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) , Indian National Congress (INC) , Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) , Communist Party of lndia (Marxist) (CPI-M) , Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) and National People's Party (NPP) . A political party shall be entitled to be recognized as
16926-517: The Union government, individual state governments each consist of executive, legislative and judiciary branches. The legal system as applicable to the Union and individual state governments is based on the English common and Statutory Law . The term New Delhi is commonly used as a metonym for the Union government, as the seat of the central government is in New Delhi . The Lok Sabha , constitutionally
17112-451: The Yadav's government. Since, the administrative class belonged to landed class of upper caste; the Thakur , Bhumihar , Kayastha and Brahmin , they aimed at this obstruction, in order to secure not only their personal interest, but also the interest of the social class, they belonged to. The advent of Yadav to power was considered as end of their dominance. Hence, amidst confrontation between
17298-469: The absence of strikes and trade union conflicts. Encouraged by these positive signs and distorted and biased information from her party supporters, Indira called elections for May 1977. However, the emergency era had been widely unpopular. The most controversial issue was the 42nd amendment to the Constitution of India , which deprived citizens of direct access to the Supreme Court, except when violation of
17484-789: The absolute majority to form a government in Bihar. This was cited as a major comeback for the RJD and for Lalu Yadav on the political stage of Bihar after a gap of 10 years. But that suffocating alliance did not last long as Nitish Kumar dumped and ousted Lalu's party from the power and alliance in July 2017 after the Enforcement Directorate and Central Bureau of Investigation lodged several criminal cases against Lalu's son and Deputy Chief Minister, Tejashwi Yadav. Lalu has been elected 4 times as MLA and 5 times as Lok Sabha MP. Note: According to Seyed Hossein Zarhani, although Laloo Prasad became
17670-459: The agricultural labourers and untouchables became vocal for respect from the dominant class and the fair wages . Retaliation on the part of lower castes were also seen, when the dominant caste militias tried to quell their revolt on these grounds. In one such case, in December 1991, a dominant caste militia called "Savarna Liberation Front" gangraped and murdered ten Dalit women, in retaliation,
17856-437: The aversion of the Indian public to another fragile and dysfunctional government by campaigning on the slogan "Elect A Government That Works!" Indira Gandhi apologised for mistakes made during the Emergency and won the endorsement of respected national leaders such as Vinoba Bhave . At the polls, the candidates running under the Janata ticket were resoundingly defeated – the party lost 172 seats, winning only 31. Indira Gandhi and
18042-449: The beat of Jogira song. Yadav's rallies were called railla, a symbol of masculinity. Those participating in these rallies were supposed to carry a lathi, a robust stick, which was both the symbol of "masculinity" as well as the chief weapon of a "herder", who used it to manage his cows. The drinking of Bhang , a natural liquor and sitting the whole night to watch the Launda dance (Dance of
18228-519: The bitterness between the OBCs and the forward castes had strengthened after the anti-reservation protest launched by the upper-castes, unification of these social groups took place against the forward castes. The rise of Lalu Prasad Yadav provided an opportunity to unite all these social groups and the Naxalite groups, which had many OBCs in the leadership positions, also supported the political party led by Yadav. Maoist Communist Centre of India , one of
18414-462: The bureaucracy and the legislature, the upper-caste dominated bureaucracy became determined to obstruct the caste based social justice promoted by the Janata Dal government under Yadav. They often resorted to frequent defiance of orders to maintain the status-quo. Hence, the government undermined the bureaucracy, as the government, which is said to have voted to power on the platform of OBC empowerment,
18600-445: The cabinet of Morarji Desai because of growing differences between them over trial of Indira Gandhi . On 24 January 1979, Charan Singh returned into cabinet and held portfolios of Minister of Finance and becoming Deputy Prime Minister . Hirubhai M. Patel was shifted from Finance ministry to Home Ministry . Through 1979, support for Morarji Desai had declined considerably due to worsening economic conditions as well as
18786-401: The case was to be investigated by Bihar police, which means, government to be in the control of the investigation, but later the judiciary came into play, and the reservation of the case by Supreme Court for Central Bureau of Investigation , saw Patna High Court assuming charge over the case. The Fodder Scam , as it was called was a new series of conflict between the government on one hand and
18972-456: The central authority at the centre and states at the periphery. The Constitution defines the organizational powers and limitations of both central and state governments; it is well recognised, fluid (Preamble of the Constitution being rigid and to dictate further amendments to the Constitution) and considered supreme, i.e. the laws of the nation must conform to it. India is officially declared
19158-399: The charge of state in earlier elections. This prevented the upper castes from coercing the Dalits during elections, and latter can exercise their franchise freely. Diwanji also noted that there existed robust social bonding between Yadavs and Musahars in some regions of Madhepura district . As per his report, in this region, the Yadavs had taken the place of upper caste in deciding, to whom
19344-434: The chief minister. On 23 September 1990, Prasad arrested L. K. Advani at Samastipur during the latter's Ram Rath Yatra to Ayodhya , which establish himself as a secular leader among the people of Bihar. The World Bank lauded his party for its work in the 1990s on the economic front. In 1993, Prasad adopted a pro-English policy and pushed for the re-introduction of English as a language in school curriculum, contrary to
19530-491: The demolition of slums in the Jama Masjid area of New Delhi , the national capital, which left thousands of people, mostly Muslims, homeless. Indian laborers, urban workers, teachers and government employees were also disenchanted by wage freezes and the curtailing of trade union activities and rights. Calling elections on 18 January 1977 the government released political prisoners and weakened restrictions and censorship on
19716-596: The district and constituency levels, the District Magistrates/District Collectors (in their capacity as District Election Officers), Electoral Registration Officers and Returning Officers perform election work. The Election Commission operates under the powers granted by Article 324 of the Constitution and subsequently enacted Representation of the People Act . The state election commissions are responsible for conducting local body elections in
19902-452: The early years of his rise in political circle, Yadav was also successful in creating defection in the left-wing political parties of the state, which had long history of association with Naxalism . In the areas around Nalanda and Aurangabad , the weakening of the CPI-ML liberation is attributed to the significant rise of Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) led by Yadav. The RJD successfully attracted
20088-401: The elections as per the wishes of their masters, the upper castes. But, in this period, the agricultural labourers were given free hand in exercising their power to select their representatives. This transformation of the existing system brought political freedom for a large number of Dalits. Earlier, the primary schools, which served as polling station during the elections used to be present in
20274-433: The emergence of allegations of nepotism and corruption involving members of his family. Desai's confrontational attitude eroded his support. His main rival Charan Singh had developed an acrimonious relationship with Desai. Protesting Desai's leadership, Singh resigned and withdrew the support of his Bharatiya Lok Dal . Desai also lost the support of the secular and socialist politicians in the party, who saw him as favoring
20460-523: The executive branch. It is chaired by the prime minister and consists of the heads of each of the executive government ministries. A smaller executive body called the Union Cabinet is the supreme decision-making body in India; it is a subset of the Union Council of Ministers who hold important portfolios and ministries of the government. Pursuant to Article 75, a minister who works at the pleasure of
20646-512: The financial powers of the Panchayats and to constitute District Planning Committee to prepare a draft development plan for the district. The following 3 hierarchies of PRI panchayats exist in states or Union Territories with more than two million inhabitants: Elections in the Republic of India include elections for The Election Commission of India ( ECI ) is a constitutional body established by
20832-538: The first time they are allowed to vote as per their own wishes. A number of populist policies which directly impacted his " Backward Caste " supporters were launched during his tenure. Some of these being establishment of Charvaha schools , where children of poor could get skilled; abolishment of cess on toddy and making of the negligence of rules related to reservation for "Backward Castes" as cognizable offence. Yadav mobilised 'Backwards' through his identity politics. According to his conception, Forward Castes were elite in
21018-528: The former Bharatiya Jana Sangh . Violence between Hindus and Muslims led to further confrontations within the Janata party, with most Janata leaders demanding that Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani choose between staying in government and being members of the RSS . Both Vajpayee and Advani as well as other members of the former BJS opted to remain members of the RSS and consequently resigned from their posts and from
21204-499: The framework of the country's Constitution . India is a parliamentary secular democratic republic in which the president of India is the head of state & first citizen of India and the Prime Minister of India is the head of government . It is based on the federal structure of government, although the word is not used in the Constitution itself. India follows the dual polity system, i.e. federal in nature, that consists of
21390-533: The fundamental rights resulted from Union law. The Parliament was given unrestrained power to amend any parts of the Constitution. The Supreme Court was given exclusive jurisdiction as regards determination of the constitutional validity of laws passed by the Union government. It restricted the power of the courts to issue stay orders or injunctions. Almost all parts of the Constitution saw changes through this amendment. The clampdown on civil liberties and allegations of widespread abuse of human rights by police had angered
21576-556: The general election called in 1980. After Jaiprakash Bandhu now Navneet Chaturvedi is the president of Janata Party since November 2021. Thakur Ji Pathak (January 1982–20 January 1985) Before Thakur Ji Pathak was in Janata party . Having led the Indian independence movement , the Indian National Congress became the most popular political party in independent India and won every election following national independence in 1947. However,
21762-658: The government until JD(U) returned to NDA . Lalu was convicted in the controversial Fodder Scam , and was serving a term until 17 April 2021, when he was granted bail from the High Court . Lalu Prasad, the fifth of six sons born to Kundan Rai and Marachhiya Devi, was born on June 11, 1948, in Phulwaria village, situated along the Gopalganj-Kushinagar highway ( NH-27 ) in Gopalganj district of Bihar . He started his education at
21948-638: The government with Rabri Devi as the CM. Except for brief president rule and 7 days term of Nitish Kumar , RJD remained in power in Bihar until 2005. In May 2004, Lalu Yadav contested general election from Chhapra and Madhepura against Rajiv Pratap Rudy and Sharad Yadav respectively and won from both the seats with a huge margin with the great support and faith of people of Bihar. In total, RJD won 21 seats and it allied with Indian National Congress becoming second-largest member of UPA I after Congress. Lalu Yadav became
22134-459: The guerrillas loyal to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , the founding leader of Bangladesh, who had been assassinated in 1975 by military officers and replaced by a military regime that sought to distance itself from India. India also sought to improve relations with the United States, which had been strained due to the latter's support for Pakistan during the 1971 war and India's subsequent proximity with
22320-402: The higher echelon of bureaucracy was also an important feature of Yadav and Rabri Devi 's regime. These developments led to collapse of administration and entire system. Yadav however continued to rule Bihar due to massive support from "Backward Castes" as well as his emphasis on "honour" which he considered more important than the development. Thus according to Zarhani, for the lower caste he was
22506-459: The identity of caste, class and religion came to be manipulated and exploited by the new state elite to retain and remain in power forever. As opposed to the traditional Congress-centric secular politics, the new secular politics of Lalu Yadav was non Brahmanical, vernacular and popular. With the coming in power of Yadav, the representation of OBC saw a spurt in the legislative assembly of state. The upper-caste were at great disadvantage due to
22692-404: The incumbent officers, who were both Brahmins were removed. Since the strategy of transfer of unwanted bureaucrats has a limit, Yadav's government was adamant in use of quota to fill these posts with the officials from the subaltern background. If unable to appoint the lower castes, the government chose to keep many posts vacant, to prevent the upper castes from occupying them. In order to weaken
22878-652: The last few years of Lalu's tenure. Bihar Assembly elections were held twice in the year 2005. There was a fractured verdict in February 2005 Assembly Election. Since no government could be formed in Bihar, fresh elections were held in October–November the same year. In November 2005 state elections RJD won 54 seats, less than both Janata Dal United (JDU) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Nitish Kumar led coalition, consisting of JD(U) and BJP, came to power. In
23064-402: The leading campaigners for the Janata party, drawing great masses of people in rallies across the country. Actions taken during Emergency significantly diminished support for the Congress (R) amongst its most loyal constituencies. The bulldozing of slums near the Jama Masjid was widely unpopular amongst India's Muslims, and the defection of Jagjivan Ram significantly diminished support for
23250-401: The left wing militants all belonging either Dalit or Backward Castes killed thirty five people from the dominant caste. William Dalrymple has chronicled the account of a dominant caste landowner who survived the massacre. The interlocutor of Dalrymple, who declared the incident to be a handiwork of Bihar government under Yadav said: The government will not protect us. It is on their side. This
23436-430: The logistical complexities of conducting elections on such a large scale and concerns over the potential impact on the federal structure of governance. The proposal continues to spark significant debate among political parties, constitutional experts, and the general public in India. Simultaneous elections were common in India until 1967, but the practice ended due to the premature dissolution of some state assemblies and
23622-467: The massive victory of the AIADMK , led by M. G. Ramachandran . Home Minister Charan Singh argued that the ruling party had been resoundingly rejected by voters and would need to win a new mandate from the people of the states. The Congress (R) was defeated in all the states, and the Janata party took power in seven – Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh. In Punjab,
23808-517: The media and the bureaucracy along with the judiciary was still in control of upper-castes, it was this upper-caste dominance of the other state institutions that the OBC leadership was vying to end by trying to displace the upper-castes effectively from power. In the meantime, accusations were laid against Yadav's government for fomenting caste based antagonism between various social groups. Various commentators have stressed that under Yadav's Janata Dal rule,
23994-449: The media persons would reach his house shouting: Kaha Chhupal hai Lalu Sala (Where is the bloody Lalu hiding ?). Yadav also responded in a similar abusive tone. The vulgar songs were also played on the occasion. Besides this, he never hesitated in calling himself as a son of poor Goala (herder). During his public celebration of Holi festival, he used to play the Dhol himself and dance on
24180-409: The members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and state legislative assemblies in a secret ballot procedure. The Vice President of India is the deputy to the head of state of the Republic of India , i.e. the president of India . The office of vice president is the second-highest constitutional office after the president and ranks second in the order of precedence and first in the line of succession to
24366-452: The men of Sena in small operations. The society of Bihar was divided into OBCs , SCs and Forward Castes (upper caste); the forward castes had dominated the democratic institutions of the state in the rule of Congress and only a section of OBCs were politically conscious to think of replacing them from political power, this section, which included only three caste ( Koeri , Kurmi and Yadav ) also owned land in other parts of Bihar, but
24552-635: The most significant Naxalite group also sided with the interest of OBCs, and the MCC activists started providing armed backing to the Most Backward Classes and the Schedule Castes to exercise their franchise in order to led the candidates of Yadav's party towards victory. Hence, for a while, the boundary between political and Naxalite movement got blurred. According to Professor Shashi Bhushan Singh, Department of Sociology, Delhi School of Economics , since
24738-440: The nation. Immediately afterwards, the Janata party faced a serious challenge in choosing a leader to become India's new prime minister, where the rival bids of party leaders could divide the party and weaken its majority before it took power. Janata party chairman Morarji Desai , Charan Singh and Jagjivan Ram enjoyed the support of a significant number of Janata MPs and the activists brought from their own political parties into
24924-457: The new caste composition of the state legislature. In his second tenure, when the elections of 1995 took place in the state, the OBC legislators became 49.69 per cent in the assembly and the upper caste legislators fell to 17.28 per cent, a massive decline since 1960s (In 1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly elections , only 61 upper caste legislators were elected, while the number of Backward Caste legislators
25110-540: The northern " Hindi belt ", especially in Uttar Pradesh . One of the most shocking outcomes of the election was the defeat of Indira Gandhi in her bid to seek re-election from her constituency of Rae Bareilly , which she lost to her 1971 opponent Raj Narain by a margin of 55,200 votes. The Congress (R) did not win any seats in Uttar Pradesh and was wiped out in 10 states and territories by Janata candidates. Summary of
25296-457: The numerical strength of upper-caste (approximately 20% of state's population) was not enough to have large number of MLAs in the state legislature in order to control the Backward Castes, they resorted to undemocratic practices in order to retain the power in their hand, leading to rise of militancy among a section of Backwards. Indian politician Politics of India works within
25482-487: The opposition parties alleged that the so-called turnaround of the Railways during his tenure was merely a result of presenting financial statements differently. A 2011 report by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) endorsed this view. CAG found that the "surplus" shown on the financial statements during Yadav's tenure covered "cash and investible surplus", which were not included in the "net surplus" figures released by
25668-422: The opposition vote by not running candidates against the Janata party. During the election campaign, the leaders of the Congress (R) and the Janata party traveled across the country to rally supporters. Indira and her Congress (R) promoted the record of achieving economic development and orderly government. Although she offered apologies for abuses committed during the Emergency, Indira and the Congress (R) defended
25854-467: The oppressors on the behalf of the oppressed and led to their emergence as the pivot of political power. The upper caste, who composed just 13.2% of the population, were controlling most of the land while the 'Backwards', who were 51%, own very little land. The advent of Lalu led to a drastic change in the economic profile of the state, followed by the diversification of the occupation of the 'Backwards' and increase in land owned by them. Yadav also instilled
26040-605: The ouster of Indira Gandhi, who had preserved a hardline stance against India's rival neighbors. In 1979, Atal Bihari Vajpayee became the highest-ranking Indian official to visit Beijing, meeting China's leaders. The Desai government re-established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, which had been severed due to the Sino-Indian War of 1962 . Both nations established regular dialogue to resolve long-standing territorial disputes, expand trade and enhance border security. The Desai government ended India's support for
26226-854: The outlook and thus he portrayed himself as, " Messiah of Backwards " by ensuring that his way of living remain identical to his supporters who were mostly poor. He even continued to reside in his quarter of one room after getting elected as Chief Minister , though later he moved to official residence of the CM for administrative convenience. Another significant event during his regime was the recruitment of 'Backward Castes' and communities to government services in large numbers. The government's white paper claimed to have significant number of vacancies in health sector and similar manpower crunch existed across various sectors. The rules of recruitment were changed drastically in order to benefit "Backward Castes", who supported him. The frequent transfer of existing officers, who were at
26412-611: The parties and centralised financing of elections. According to the V-Dem Democracy indices India in 2023 was the 19th most electoral democratic country in Asia . The Government of India is modelled after the Westminster system . The Union government (also called as the Central government) is mainly composed of the executive , the legislature , and the judiciary , and powers are vested by
26598-466: The party and fuel the party workers in his Parivartan Rally. After the conviction in Fodder Scam on 3 October 2013, Yadav was disqualified from the membership of Lok Sabha. In 2014 general election , Lalu Yadav's RJD again won 4 seats. In the 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election , Lalu Yadav's RJD became the largest party with a total of 81 seats. He along with his partner Nitish Kumar of JD(U) had
26784-487: The party won only 31 seats out of 542. Veerendra Patil (1977–78) H. D. Deve Gowda (1978) D. Manjunath (1983) M. P. Prakash (1987) Jeevaraj Alva (1988–1990) Nellai R. Jebamani In the run-up to the 1980 elections, the remaining Janata party leaders tried unsuccessfully to rebuild the party and make fresh alliances. Desai campaigned for the party but did not himself stand for election, preferring retirement from politics. The Congress (I) capitalised on
26970-413: The party. The decline in the popularity of the Janata government was aided by the stalled prosecution of Emergency-era abuses. The government had failed to prove most of the allegations and obtained few convictions. Cases against Indira Gandhi had also stalled for lack of evidence, and her continued prosecution began to evoke sympathy for her from the Indian public and anger of her supporters, who saw it as
27156-413: The post) system from 543 Single-member district . There are 245 members in the Rajya Sabha, out of which 233 are elected through indirect elections by single transferable vote by the members of the state legislative assemblies; 12 other members are elected/nominated by the President of India. Governments are formed through elections held every five years (unless otherwise specified), by parties that secure
27342-531: The power of the people and asserting it; between the Gandhian path and the way that has led many nations down the precipice of dictatorship, instability, military adventure and national ruin. As it became clear that Indira's Emergency rule had been widely unpopular, defections from the Congress (R) government increased. The most significant was that of Jagjivan Ram , who commanded great support amongst India's Dalit communities. A former Minister of Defence, Ram left
27528-459: The premiership of Yadav. A popular opinion outside Bihar with respect to weakening of bureaucracy and "breakdown of governance" was the presence of rampant corruption and leadership's ineptitude in Yadav's regime. But, according to Jeffrey Witsoe, the RJD deliberately weakened the state institutions controlled by upper-castes in order to empower the lower castes. The OBCs were in control of government but
27714-408: The president is a more extensive process than of the prime minister who is also elected indirectly (elected by the members of the majority party (or union) in the Lok Sabha ). Whereas President being the constitutional head with duties to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and rule of law in a constitutional democracy with constitutional supremacy , is elected in an extensive manner by
27900-562: The press, although the state of emergency was not officially ended. When opposition leaders sought the support of Jayaprakash Narayan for the forthcoming election, Narayan insisted that all opposition parties form a united front. The Janata Party was officially launched on 23 January 1977 when the Janata Morcha , Charan Singh 's Bharatiya Lok Dal , Swatantra Party , the Socialist Party of India of Raj Narain and George Fernandes , and
28086-793: The program typically spans two years, yet he claims to have completed it in the same year, he got enrolled there. After earning his Bachelor of Arts degree, he worked as a clerk at Bihar Veterinary College in Patna , where his eldest brother was employed as a peon. During his time there, he served as the General Secretary of the Patna University Students' Union from 1970 to 1971 and later became its President from 1973 to 1974. He later earned his L.L.B. degree from Patna Law College in 1976. Lalu Prasad asserts that he belongs to Yadav caste; however, Bihar's Deputy Chief Minister, Samrat Choudhary , Jitan Ram Manjhi ,among others, have alleged that his actual caste
28272-499: The public. Indira Gandhi was believed, by the public at large to be under the influence of a clique of politicians led by her youngest son, Sanjay Gandhi , who had become notorious for using his influence in the government and the Congress party for alleged corrupt activities. Sanjay Gandhi had masterminded the Union government's unpopular campaign of family planning, which had allegedly involved forcible sterilisation of young men by government officials. Sanjay Gandhi had also instigated
28458-534: The railway himself to inspect its problems and went on to board the train from Patna Railway station at midnight. When he took over, the Indian Railways was a loss-making organisation. In the years under his leadership, it showed a cumulative total profit of ₹ 38,000 crore (US$ 4.6 billion). Business schools around the world became interested in Lalu Yadav's leadership in managing the turnaround. The turnaround
28644-496: The rationale of imposing the state of emergency as being essential for national security. On the other hand, Janata leaders assailed Indira for ruling as a dictator and endangering human rights and democracy in India. Janata's campaign evoked memories of India's freedom struggle against British rule , during which Jayaprakash Narayan , Jivatram Kripalani and Morarji Desai had first emerged as political leaders. Although Narayan and Kripalani did not seek office themselves, they became
28830-413: The regions of the rural area of South Bihar, after the establishment of rule of Janata Dal under Lalu Prasad Yadav, the realignment in the policy of militant organisations like Maoist Communist Centre was observed. The MCC was dominated by the members of Yadav caste in the leadership position and the Schedule Castes served as the foot soldiers. Before advent of Lalu Prasad Yadav on the scene in 1980s, MCC
29016-422: The respective states. The election commission decides the dates for the filing of nominations, voting, counting and announcement of results. A law for the registration process for political parties was enacted in 1989. The registration ensures that the political parties are recognized as national, state and regional parties. The election commission has the right to allot symbols to the political parties depending on
29202-587: The rise of coalition governments. The latest 18th Lok Sabha elections was conducted in seven phases from 19 April 2024 to 1 June 2024 by the Election commission of India. The results bought in the NDA ( National Democratic Alliance ) to form in the next government In recent decades, Indian politics has become a dynastic affair. Possible reasons for this could be the party stability, absence of party organisations, independent civil society associations that mobilise support for
29388-486: The rural Bihar, belonging to the time period following the coming into power of Yadav, where the Schedule Castes like Musahars became vocal for their rights including wages, for the work they do under 'employment guarantee schemes' of government. In one such study, a Musahar woman was recorded abusing the government officials belonging to Rajput caste for cheating [them] on wages due to them. Similarly, in another case,
29574-416: The size of the population of the urban settlement. The Constitutional (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 aims to provide a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all States having a population of over 2 million, to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years, to provide reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Women, to appoint State Finance Commission to make recommendations as regards
29760-594: The splinter group, Janta Party-S led by Raj Narain , only to lose the re-election in 1980. He managed to win Bihar Legislative Assembly election later in 1980, and again in 1985 to become leader of opposition in Bihar assembly in 1989. Later in 1989, he was also elected for Lok Sabha under V. P. Singh government. By 1990, he positioned himself as the leader of Yadav (11.7% of the Bihar's) and lower castes. Muslims, who had traditionally served as Congress (I) vote bank , shifted their support to Prasad after
29946-515: The state of Gujarat on 11 June 1975. Raj Narain , a leader of the Socialist Party (India) , who had unsuccessfully contested election against Indira from the constituency of Rae Bareilly in 1971, lodged a case at the Allahabad High Court , alleging electoral malpractices and the use of government resources for her election campaign. On 12 June 1975 in State of Uttar Pradesh v. Raj Narain ,
30132-494: The state of Jammu and Kashmir , where the Janata party won 13 seats to the Congress's 11, and the veteran Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah returned to power after having been dismissed in 1953. Prime Minister Morarji Desai and the Minister of External Affairs Atal Bihari Vajpayee began significant changes in India's foreign policy, moving away from the course adopted by Indira's government. Both Pakistan and China had celebrated
30318-402: The state of emergency and media censorship and repeal the controversial executive decrees issued during the Emergency. The Constitution was amended to make it more difficult for any future government to declare a state of emergency; fundamental freedoms and the independence of India's judiciary was reaffirmed. The new government also proceeded to withdraw all charges against the 25 accused in
30504-490: The state-owned Maruti Udyog Ltd. , the activities of the former Minister of Defence Bansi Lal and the 1971 Nagarwala scandal . Both Indira and her son Sanjay were charged with allegations of corruption and briefly arrested. Immediately upon taking office, the Janata government pressured the ten state governments where the Congress was in power to dissolve the state assemblies and hold fresh elections in June. Tamil Nadu witnessed
30690-586: The states of Tamil Nadu and Gujarat , dismissing the governments controlled by opposition political parties. The central government also imposed censorship on radio, television and newspapers. Across the country, police forces arrested thousands of opposition political activists, as well as leaders such as Raj Narain , Jayaprakash Narayan , Jivatram Kripalani , Anantram Jaiswal , Kamaraj , Morarji Desai , Satyendra Narayan Sinha , Vijaya Raje Scindia , Charan Singh , Atal Bihari Vajpayee , Lal Krishna Advani and others. Opposition political organisations such as
30876-413: The status. The same symbol cannot be allocated to two political parties even if they do not contest in the region. The commission prepares electoral rolls and updates the voter list. To prevent electoral fraud, Electors Photo Identity Cards (EPIC) were introduced in 1993. However certain legal documents such as ration cards have been allowed for voting in certain situations. " One Nation, One Election "
31062-591: The struggle against the Indian Emergency (1975–77) and of the Janata party went on to comprise a new generation of Indian political leaders. Chandra Shekhar , Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Deve Gowda went on to serve as Prime Ministers; Vajpayee led the first non-Congress government to complete a full five-year term from 1999 to 2004. Lal Krishna Advani served as deputy prime minister. Younger politicians such as Subramanian Swamy , Arun Jaitley , Pramod Mahajan , Sushma Swaraj and others were grass-roots activists in
31248-558: The title of deputy prime minister. Charan Singh became the Minister of Home Affairs, the second-most important position in the Council of Ministers, while Jagjivan Ram took charge of the Ministry of Defence. BJS leaders Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani were respectively given charge of the Ministry of External Affairs and the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting . Raj Narain
31434-433: The transfer of Janata Party symbol to its own. But the Election Commission froze the symbol chakra–haldhar for 1989 general election and as a result, Janata Dal had to use wheel as their election symbol. Janata Party continue to retain its status as unrecognised registered party with Election Commission of India and retains its symbol of chakra-haldhar. Since the original Janata Party disappeared when it merged into
31620-412: The undemocratic method of selection, Desai's position was soon confirmed and consolidated. Taking office as prime minister, Desai also took charge of the Ministry of Finance. He sought to carefully distribute important posts to satisfy Janata's different constituents and the most powerful party leaders who were rivals for his own position of leadership. Both Charan Singh and Jagjivan Ram were accorded
31806-426: The upper caste villages. Hence, the Dalits needed to visit the upper caste villages to vote during elections. This was a problematic arrangement as the upper caste used to coerce them to vote their preferred candidate. However, journalist Amberish K Diwanji, who visited many villages in Bihar during 2005 Assembly elections, found that these schools were shifted to lower caste villages, by Lalu Prasad Yadav when he assumed
31992-527: The upper-caste bureaucracy, the scope for intervention in its functioning by the party officials, belonging to Janata Dal was kept open.Hence, increased interference by party activists in the functioning of bureaucracy and police was witnessed. Meanwhile, the resurgence of the OBCs and SCs also resulted in extension of patronage to many of the Bahubalis ( a term representing someone with money and muscle power with criminal background) from these social groups. Yadav
32178-454: The upper-castes countered the Most Backward Classes and Schedule Castes , when they wanted to eschew the village based livelihood options. They [upper-castes] reacted violently, when the MBC or the SCs tried to detach from any social institutions, that were symbol of low caste status. Since for different reasons, the OBCs, MBCs and the SCs were all pitted against the common rivals, the upper-castes, and
32364-443: The voting is conducted by Election Commission of India via secret ballot. The vice president also acts as the chancellor of the Panjab University and Delhi University. State governments in India are the governments ruling over 28 states and 8 union territories of India and the head of the Council of Ministers in a state is the Chief Minister . Each state has a legislative assembly . A state legislature that has one house –
32550-490: The youngest member of the Lok Sabha for the Janata Party . He became the Chief Minister of Bihar in 1990. His party came to power in 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election in partnership with Nitish Kumar of JD(U) . This coalition ended when Nitish resigned and RJD was ousted, becoming the opposition party. In 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election , RJD remained the single largest party in Bihar, and along with JD(U) in power after JD(U) rejoined MGB in 2022, headed
32736-408: Was 165). The domination of the Backwards in the legislature brought it into conflict with the bureaucracy , which was still dominated by the upper-castes. There witnessed a hike in incidents of corruption, because the upper-caste bureaucrats utilised the 'lack of knowledge' in administration of the new legislators (from the OBC background) to stealthily sabotage and subvert constructive policies of
32922-451: Was also a passionate footballer. He changed its name to Devipad Choudhary Shaheed Smarak (Miller) Ucchya Madhyamik Vidyalaya in honour of Devipad Choudhary, who was a freedom fighter and student of the same school. He was also a NCC cadet, there. According to his Lok Sabha affidavit, he obtained his I.A. (Arts) from B.N. College of Patna University the following year. However, it is noteworthy that B.N. College does not offer this course, and
33108-422: Was also determined to bring the social justice , even at the cost of administrative disfunction. At the time, the caste composition of judiciary also mirrored the bureaucracy and latter too come into conflict with the government. In the meantime, in the year 1996, a major scandal was witnessed in the state, which involved embezzlement of billions of rupees from the Animal Husbandry Department of state. Initially,
33294-470: Was appointed Minister of Health , Madhu Dandavate was to head the Ministry of Railways and trade unionist George Fernandes was made the Ministry of Communications . Jurist Shanti Bhushan was appointed Minister of Law and Justice . Congress (O) veteran and Janata candidate Neelam Sanjiva Reddy won the presidential election to become the 6th President of India on 25 July 1977. The results of its election defeat considerably weakened and diminished
33480-496: Was introduced as a case study by the Indian Institute of Management . Yadav also received invitations from eight Ivy League schools for lectures, and addressed over a hundred students from Harvard , Wharton and others in Hindi . In 2006, the Harvard Business School and HEC Management School , France, have shown interest in turning Lalu Yadav's experiment with the Indian Railway into case studies for aspiring business graduates. In 2009, Yadav's successor Mamata Banerjee and
33666-440: Was known for his muscle power ended the crime empire of Devendra Dubey, that was spread from East Champaran to Muzaffarpur district . Naxal leaders like Ravindra Singh Kushwaha , who were waging a war against the landlords through various naxal organisations active in the state, were invited to Janata Dal and allotted tickets to contest in assembly election. Subsequently, all the criminal cases against him were dropped, during
33852-433: Was made its president. After some months, it merged into the Janata Dal , which had emerged as the chief opposition party under the leadership of Vishwanath Pratap Singh and the main constituent of the National Front coalition. Singh had become widely popular for exposing the role of the government of prime minister Rajiv Gandhi , the eldest son and successor of Indira, in the Bofors scandal , though on 5 February 2004,
34038-423: Was poor in the areas dominated of the forward castes. They took land on tenancy from the forward castes, as they were marginal farmers in these areas. A fair number of the OBCs were also employed in the state institutions and were among educated servicemen in the urban areas. They remained victims of the high handedness of the upper-caste colleagues and the rivalry between them was evolving over time. In rural areas,
34224-417: Was seen as authoritarian and opportunist. Political leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan , Acharya Kripalani and Congress (O) chief Morarji Desai condemned Indira's government as dictatorial and corrupt. Narayan and Desai founded the Janata Morcha ( People's Front ), the predecessor of what would become the Janata party . The Janata Morcha won the elections for the Vidhan Sabha (State Legislature) of
34410-411: Was ultimately decided that the Congress for Democracy would contest the election with the same manifesto as the Janata party and would join the Janata party in Parliament, but would otherwise retain a separate identity (the CFD would merge with the Janata party after the elections on 5 May). On 30 January 1977 the Communist Party of India (Marxist) announced that it would seek to avoid a splintering in
34596-411: Was waging a " class war ", however, after Yadav assumed the premiership of the state the Yadav caste and Schedule Castes of the MCC shifted their loyalty to him. Earlier, the MCC had targeted Rajputs in the Dalelchak-Bhagaura massacre , but according to author Shashi Bhushan Singh, Yadav wanted a political alliance with the Rajputs and he directed the MCC members, specially his castemen to stop targeting
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