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72-491: None of the existing, recognized, Lakota tribal governments support the proposed republic, and were not consulted about the proposal. The group espouses principles aligned with that of the global Land Back movements, and has stated several reasons for its assertion of sovereignty, all a result of what they refer to as the " colonial apartheid " of the reservation system in the United States. The group claims that control by

144-696: A 1,200-acre ranch (4.9 km ) near Big Sur , California , as part of a larger $ 4.5m deal. This acquisition, in historical Esselen lands, aims to protect old-growth forest and wildlife, and the Little Sur River. Land on the Saanich Peninsula in British Columbia was returned to the Tsartlip First Nation in December 2020. Management of the 18,800-acre (76 km ) National Bison Range

216-615: A Punjabi Sikh doctor who served Indigenous people in Cape Breton for 50 years, donated 350 acres (140 ha) of land to Eskasoni First Nation . He also donated a building in Sydney to help house Eskasoni's growing population. In October 2018, the city of Vancouver , British Columbia returned ancient burial site (the Great Marpole Midden ) land back to the Musqueam people. The land

288-544: A catalyzing moment for the movement in the United States. The NDN Collective describes the Land Back campaign as a metanarrative that ties together many different Indigenous organizations similar to the Black Lives Matter campaign. They say that the campaign enables decentralised Indigenous leadership and addresses structural racism faced by Indigenous people that is rooted in theft of their land. Land Back promotes

360-650: A city very close to the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation , four people were arrested after climbing a structure downtown and hanging an upside-down US flag emblazoned with the words "Land Back". The Wiyot people have lived for thousands of years on Duluwat Island , in Humboldt Bay on California's northern coast. In 2004 the Eureka City Council transferred land back to the Wiyot tribe, to add to land

432-501: A funding mechanism in Congress, is the final step to bring each agreement into force. Legislation implementing the new agreements was enacted by the U.S. Congress in March 2024. The former government of the United States unincorporated territory of Guam , led by Governor Eddie Calvo , campaigned for a plebiscite on Guam's future political status, with free association following the model of

504-598: A limited health care plan under which "transportation services are excluded and patients can receive no more than ten days of medically necessary inpatient hospital care per year, twelve outpatient visits per year, and a maximum of four medication prescriptions per calendar month. . . . BHH covers dialysis treatments as an emergency medical service only, and the approximate ten to twelve prescription medications dialysis patients take per month are not fully covered. BHH . . . caus[es] cancer patients to exhaust their allotted doctors' visits within two to three months". Noting that such

576-485: A mini-state unto itself... They will form the federation known as Lakotah." Leaders of communities would be informally chosen by elders of the community. On January 1, 2008, the republic announced that it would begin to file the liens on all U.S. government-held lands within their claimed borders; however, the first round of liens, in an unnamed county in South Dakota, were rejected. In July 2008, Means announced that

648-442: A period of 20 years have been formally signed by representatives of each Freely Associated State (FAS) and the U.S. State Department. Total funding for all three agreements is $ 7.1B paid over 20 years ($ 889M - Palau, $ 3.3B - FSM, $ 2.3B - RMI and a $ 634M U.S. Postal Service offset to continue domestic rate mail service). Palau Finance Minister Kaleb Udui Jr. and U.S. Ambassador Yun signed Palau's COFA extension on May 22, 2023, with

720-781: A person, did not want to talk about it on the record." The Journal noted that "...there were no tribal presidents in the group which made the announcement, no one from the top ranks of any of the Lakota Sioux tribes..." Nanwica Kciji, an Oglala Lakota and first president of the Native American Journalists Association, has discredited the December 2007 developments, arguing that the Lakotah Freedom Delegation "never considered that treaties are made between nations and not individuals." According to scholar Hiroshi Fukurai, "...the declaration of independence by

792-601: A policy likely constituted unlawful discrimination in violation of the Equal Protection Clause , federal District Court Judge John Michael Seabright issued a preliminary injunction against the implementation of Basic Health Hawaii. In finding a high likelihood of irreparable harm, Judge Seabright took note of the "compelling evidence that BHH's limited coverage . . . is causing COFA Residents to forego much needed treatment because they cannot otherwise afford it". Lingle's successor, Governor Neil Abercrombie continued

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864-573: A prominent member of the American Indian Movement (AIM) since the late 1960s. Means identified himself as 'chief facilitator' of the provisional government of the Republic of Lakotah. Other members of the delegation included: Tegheya Kte, (also known as Garry Rowland), 'facilitator'; Duane "Canupa Gluha Mani" Martin, 'provisional government member'; and Phyllis Young, 'provisional government member'. The delegation members identified themselves by

936-505: A return to communal land ownership of traditional and unceded Indigenous lands and rejects colonial concepts of real estate and private land ownership. Return of land is not only economic, but also implies the return of relationships and self-governance. In some cases Land Back promotes a land tax that seeks to collect revenue on people who are of non-indigenous origins. Other forms of Land Back involve indigenous communities managing National Parks or Federal Lands. In some cases, land

1008-611: Is based on a continuing resolution passed by the US Congress. The Compact Trust Fund set up to replace US financial aid underperformed because of the Great Recession . The military and civil defense provisions remained until 2015. An amended Compact, enacted December 17, 2003, as Public Law 108-188, provided financial assistance to the Marshall Islands and Micronesia through 2023. The Compact of Free Association agreement with

1080-460: Is directly returned to Indigenous people when private landowners, municipalities, or governments give the land back to Indigenous tribes. This may take the form of a simple transaction within the colonial real estate framework. Indigenous-led projects may also use community land trusts to reserve lands for their group. In 2020, electronic music group A Tribe Called Red produced a song "Land Back" on their album The Halluci Nation , to support

1152-753: Is entirely legal under " natural , international and United States law ". The group emphasizes that the Republic's establishment comes from a withdrawal from the United States, not a secession . They claim the right to withdraw, on behalf of the Lakota people, from the Treaties of Fort Laramie as a consequence of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples . Members argue that

1224-591: Is home to ancient remains of a Musqueam house site. In 2019, the United Methodist Church gave 3 acres (1.2 ha) of historic land back to the Wyandotte Nation of Oklahoma . The US government in 1819 had promised the tribe 148,000 acres (600 km ) of land in what is now Kansas City, Kansas. When 664 Wyandotte people arrived, the land had been given to someone else. In July 2020, an organization of self-identified Esselen descendants purchased

1296-567: Is not allowed to use nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons in Palauan territory. In the territories of the Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia it is not allowed to store such weapons except in times of national emergency, state of war, or when necessary to defend against an actual or impending attack on the US, the Marshall Islands, or the Federated States of Micronesia. Citizens of

1368-459: Is the site of the costly Battle of Tarawa during World War II. The CFA would be a way to give additional options for island difficulties and get extra development aid with limited natural resources, and unify it with other Micronesian people living in the Pacific (this includes FSM, Marshall, Guam, etc.). For example, Marshall Islands and Kiribati already work together on regional security such as 2018

1440-983: The Federal Emergency Management Agency , some US Department of Education programs including the Pell Grant , and services provided by the National Weather Service , the United States Postal Service , the Federal Aviation Administration , the Federal Communications Commission , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation , and US representation to the International Frequency Registration Board of

1512-588: The International Telecommunication Union . The Compact area, while outside the customs area of the United States, is mainly duty-free for imports. Most citizens of the associated states may live and work in the United States, and most US citizens and their spouses may live and work in the associated states. In 1996, the US Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act removed Medicaid benefits for resident foreigners from

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1584-651: The Marshall Islands . The proposed boundaries of Lakotah would be the Yellowstone River to the north, the North Platte River to the south, the Missouri River to the east and an irregular line marking the west. These borders coincide with those set by the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie . The Republic of Lakotah announced its provisional capital as Porcupine, South Dakota , with hopes in the long run to move

1656-610: The Pine Ridge Indian Reservation ), have shown support for the Republic of Lakotah, and that the eight-member delegation that traveled to Washington, D.C., was only a portion of some 77 tribal elders and activists taking part in the movement. The United States Department of State referred queries on the subject of Lakotah to the United States Department of the Interior , which oversees the Bureau of Indian Affairs . Gary Garrison of

1728-762: The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), and the Republic of Palau . As a result, these countries are sometimes known as the Freely Associated States ( FASs ). All three agreements next expire in 2043. These countries, together with the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands , formerly constituted the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands , a United Nations trusteeship administered by

1800-622: The United States Navy from 1947 to 1951 and by the US Department of the Interior from 1951 to 1986 (to 1994 for Palau). The compacts came into being as an extension of the US–UN territorial trusteeship agreement, which obliged the federal government of the United States "to promote the development of the people of the Trust Territory toward self-government or independence as appropriate to

1872-671: The Wetʼsuwetʼen resistance camp and other Indigenous-led movements. In July 2020, activists from NDN Collective held a protest on a highway leading to Mount Rushmore , where Donald Trump was to give a campaign speech. The site, known to the Sioux in English as "The Six Grandfathers," is on sacred, unceded land, subject to the Black Hills land claim . These protestors drafted the "Land Back Manifesto", which seeks "the reclamation of everything stolen from

1944-529: The BIA said that the group's withdrawal "doesn't mean anything." He went on to say, "These are not legitimate tribal governments elected by the people ... when they begin the process of violating other people's rights, breaking the law, they're going to end up like all the other groups that have declared themselves independent—usually getting arrested and being put in jail." Regarding the government response, or lack thereof, Russell Means stated that, "I don't expect

2016-562: The Haida people, recognizing the nation's aboriginal land title throughout Haida Gwaii . Compact of Free Association The Compacts of Free Association ( COFA ) are international agreements establishing and governing the relationships of free association between the United States and the three Pacific Island sovereign states of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM),

2088-495: The Indigenous-run Yellowhead Institute at Toronto Metropolitan University describe it as a process of reclaiming Indigenous jurisdiction. The NDN Collective describes it as synonymous with decolonisation and dismantling white supremacy . Land Back advocates for Indigenous rights, preserves languages and traditions, and works toward food sovereignty , decent housing, and a clean environment. Land Back

2160-531: The Lakota people nor the support of the elected tribal governments. He did say, however, that Means "...made some good points". Joseph Brings Plenty, chairman of the Cheyenne River Lakota , agreed that the Lakota Freedom Delegation "...are not representative of the nation I represent..." but would not say whether he agreed or disagreed with their goals and message, noting there was some value in

2232-433: The Lakota to be "...'predecessor sovereign' of Dakota Territory ..." and cited gross violations of the treaties between the Lakota and the United States as the immediate cause for withdrawal. Other reasons cited included that "...[the federal government] has failed to abide by 33 tenets that promised land, health care, education and other services." The letter invited the United States government to enter into negotiations with

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2304-408: The Lakotah Freedom Delegation handed over a formal petition, asking for recognition of the Republic of Lakotah, to the embassies of Russia , Serbia , Bolivia, Venezuela, the Republic of South Africa, Ireland , France , Nicaragua , East Timor , Chile, Turkey , India , Finland , Iceland and Uruguay . Means and Mani made the controversial claim that some 13,000 Lakota (77% of the population of

2376-435: The Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and Palau as one of the possible options. In Puerto Rico , the soberanista movement advocates for the territory to be granted a freely associated status. The 2017 status referendum presented "Independence/Free Association" as an option; if the majority of voters had chosen it, a second round of voting would have been held to choose between free association and full independence. In 2022,

2448-518: The Marshall ship Lomor and RKS  Teanoai performed a joint patrol of their waters. Other possible CFA states include Nauru . The number of CFA states so far has been limited, because it is reserved for only the closest allies of the US. Although the COFA are very expensive, support for the alliances has been popular in the US, and considered mutually beneficial, with the small island nations warning

2520-540: The Pacific regarding the unfulfilled commitments of the United States to address the impacts of US nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands, which were included as part of the Pacific Proving Grounds . Speakers noted that while section 177 of the Compact of Free Association recognized the United States' responsibility "to address past, present and future consequences of the nuclear testing claims," less than $ 4 million

2592-513: The RMI, FSM, and Palau. The US use of Kwajalein Atoll for missile testing was renewed for the same period. The new compacts also changed certain immigration rules. RMI and FSM citizens traveling to the US are now required to have passports. The US Postal Service was given the option to apply international postage rates for mail between the US and RMI/FSM, phased in over five years. The USPS began implementing

2664-773: The Red Cliff Chippewa's desire to see their reservation boundaries restored in full. In October 2022, a 1-acre site was returned to the Tongva Taraxat Paxaavxa Conservancy by a private resident in Altadena , which marked the first time the Tongva had land in Los Angeles County in 200 years. In 2024, the Government of British Columbia transferred the title of more than 200 islands off Canada's west coast to

2736-499: The Republic of Lakotah in 2007 has been largely ignored by the US, as well as by the UN and its Member States." Rodney Bordeaux, chairman of the Rosebud Sioux , said that Rosebud Indian Reservation has no interest in joining the Republic of Lakotah and said that the Lakota Freedom Delegation never presented their plan to the tribal council. Bordeaux stated that the group does not represent

2808-510: The Republic of Lakotah would be creating an all-Lakota "grand jury" to investigate corruption by U.S. government officials on the seven reservations in the republic's claimed territory. In early 2008, Means stated that he intended to treat the result of the upcoming 2008 Pine Ridge Reservation presidential election , in which he was a candidate, as a " plebiscite / referendum " on Lakota independence. He lost that election 1,918 to 2,277. Supporters of Lakotah argue that their assertion of sovereignty

2880-535: The Republic of Palau, enshrined in US Public Law 99-658, was followed by a Compact Review Agreement signed between the US and Palau in 2018, extending certain financial provisions through September 30, 2024. In March 2022, President Joe Biden named Ambassador Joseph Yun as US Special Presidential Envoy for Compact Negotiations to take over negotiation for amendment and continuation of COFA. As of Monday, October 16, 2023, agreements to renew all three compacts for

2952-491: The US Congress introduced the Puerto Rico Status Act, which would hold a federally-sponsored referendum on the territory's status, with a free association status expected to be presented as an option. Kiribati is another state that may consider a CFA, as it would be a way to gain immigration access to escape rising sea levels, as it has been a stalwart U.S. ally in the Pacific. Kiribati is home to Tarawa atoll, which

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3024-786: The US of dangers in the Pacific regions, such as global warming and influence of foreign powers. The United States' administration of the former trust territories now covered under the Compacts of Free Association has been subject to ongoing criticism over the past several decades. A 1961 United Nations mission report initially noted deficiencies in "American administration in almost every area: poor transportation, failure to settle war damage claims; failure to adequately compensate for land taken for military purposes; poor living conditions[;] inadequate economic development; inadequate education programs; and almost nonexistent medical care." In 1971, congresswoman Patsy Mink further noted that "[A]fter winning

3096-599: The United States , other indigenous peoples and allies who seek to reestablish Indigenous sovereignty , with political and economic control of their ancestral lands. Activists have also used the Land Back framework in Mexico, and scholars have applied it in New Zealand and Fiji. Land Back is part of a broader Indigenous movement for decolonization . Land Back aims to reestablish Indigenous political authority over territories that Indigenous tribes claim by treaty. Scholars from

3168-454: The United States has led to massive unemployment, poverty, and disease among the Lakota peoples and alleges that 150 years of U.S. administration is responsible for the statistical poverty of Lakota lands. The group claims that withdrawal from the United States will reverse these problems, and help re-establish the Lakota language and culture. The group claims there have been persistent violations by

3240-659: The United States of their treaties with the Lakota. Another longstanding point of contention between the Lakota and the United States is the status of the Black Hills of South Dakota, which were part of Siouxland until they were taken—without compensation—by the US government and opened for gold mining following the collapse of the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) . In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court decision United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians awarded $ 105 million to eight tribes of Sioux Indians as compensation ($ 17.1 million for

3312-477: The United States. According to Means, Venezuela's ambassador to the United States stated to the group that his country would not recognize Lakotah's independence based on Venezuela's interpretation of what the Lakotah Freedom Delegation is doing. Land Back Land Back , also referred to with hashtag #LandBack , is a decentralised campaign that emerged in the late 2010s among Indigenous Australians , Indigenous peoples in Canada , Native Americans in

3384-431: The Wiyot had purchased. The council transferred another 60 acres (24 ha) in 2006. The Mashpee Wampanoag have lived in Massachusetts and eastern Rhode Island for thousands of years. In 2007, about 300 acres (1.2 km ) of Massachusetts land was put into trust as a reservation for the tribe. Since then, a legal battle has left the tribe's status—and claim to the land—in limbo. In 2016 Dr. Mohan Singh Virick,

3456-585: The administration closer to Rapid City, South Dakota . Citizenship in the proposed republic would be open to people of all races and to any resident of the land Lakotah claims. The group said they planned to issue their own passports and driver licenses in the name of the proposed nation. The group proposed that the nation be organized as a confederation that would respect the libertarian principles of posse comitatus and caveat emptor ; would offer "individual liberty through community rule;" and would collect no nationwide taxes. Individual communities within

3528-402: The associated states may serve in America's armed forces, and there is a high level of military enlistment by Compact citizens. For example, in 2008, the Federated States of Micronesia had a higher per-capita enlistment rate than any US state, and had more than five times the national per-capita average of casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan: nine soldiers out of a population of 107,000. In 2003,

3600-440: The change in January 2006, but decided to resume domestic services and rates in November 2007. The renewed compact, commonly called "Compact II", took effect for FSM on June 25, 2004, and for RMI on June 30, 2004. The economic provisions of the Compact for Palau which provided $ 18 million in annual subsidies and grants, expired on September 30, 2009, and the renewal talk was concluded in late 2010. US financial support for Palau

3672-405: The compacts with the RMI and FSM were renewed for 20 years. These new compacts provided US$ 3.5 billion in funding for both countries. US$ 30 million will also be disbursed annually among American Samoa , Guam , Hawaii , and the Northern Mariana Islands in "Compact Impact" funding. This funding helps the governments of these localities cope with the expense of providing services to immigrants from

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3744-523: The decision in the case of Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock , 187 U.S. 553 (1903) shows that the United States Government does not adequately protect Indian rights. Means cited the Enabling Act of 1889 , that contained clauses protecting Indian sovereignty on the lands comprising the states where the Lakota historically reside and have been ignored. The group has pursued international recognition for Lakotah at several embassies, including those of Venezuela , Bolivia , Chile , and South Africa . In February 2008,

3816-409: The federal government to do anything. I don't believe they even know what to do." Contrary to Means' claims, none of the existing Lakota tribal governments supported the proposed republic, and they were not consulted about the proposal. Rapid City Journal reporter Bill Harlan reported on his blog that "...most folks I talk to hadn't heard about the declaration. The ones who had heard the news, to

3888-458: The group can be found in the Oglala 1974 Declaration of Continuing Independence : "The United States of America has continually violated the independent Native Peoples of this continent by Executive action, Legislative fiat and Judicial decision. By its actions, the U.S. has denied all Native people their International Treaty rights, Treaty lands and basic human rights of freedom and sovereignty. This same U.S. Government, which fought to throw off

3960-402: The group's actions in raising awareness for the history of the Lakota people. The Alaskan Independence Party , in an announcement dated December 21, 2007, "applauded" the independent Lakota nation and granted it "full recognition". The secessionist movement Second Vermont Republic has also announced its support, and encouraged other American Indian groups to similarly declare independence from

4032-435: The island government previously requesting to advance their date more in line with the other two countries. On May 23, 2023, FSM negotiator Leo Falcam and a State Department representative signed Micronesia's extension at the U.S. embassy in Pohnpei. Marshall Islands' Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Jack Ading alongside Ambassador Yun signed RMI's agreement on October 16, 2023. Approval by each legislature, to include

4104-476: The issue of numerous derelict war ships and oil tankers abandoned or destroyed by the US military in atolls and islands throughout the compact area. In 2009, the state of Hawaii, under the administration of then-Governor Linda Lingle , attempted to restrict health care access for Compact citizens by eliminating all Compact residents of Hawaii from Med-QUEST, the state's comprehensive Medicaid coverage plan. COFA residents were instead subject to Basic Health Hawaii,

4176-419: The market value of the land in 1877 and $ 88 million in 5% per annum simple interest between 1877 and 1980), but the court did not award land. The tribal governments of the Lakota have refused the settlement. Four activists , calling themselves the Lakota Freedom Delegation, traveled to Washington, D.C. and contacted the State Department, on December 17, 2007. Their leader was Russell Means , who had been

4248-545: The newly declared "Lakotah". It threatened that if good-faith negotiations were not begun, then "Lakotah" would begin to administer liens against real estate transactions within the claimed five state area of Lakotah." The Lakota Freedom Delegation also stated that they did not recognize the tribal governments or tribal presidents as were recognized by the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs . They referred to these groups as " stay-by-the-fort Indians ". The Lakota Freedom Movement founders cited their motivation for founding

4320-446: The original Peoples". Also in 2020, Haudenosaunee people from the Six Nations of the Grand River blockaded 1492 Land Back Lane to shut down a housing development on their unceded territory. In 2021, Nicholas Galanin ( Tlingit / Unangax ) created a gigantic "Indian Land" sign – in letters reminiscent of southern California's Hollywood sign – at the entry for the Desert X festival. On July 4, 2021, in Rapid City, South Dakota ,

4392-451: The particular circumstances of the Trust Territory and its peoples and the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned". Under the compacts, the US federal government provides guaranteed financial assistance over a 15-year period administered through its Office of Insular Affairs in exchange for full international defense authority and responsibilities. The Compacts of Free Association were initiated by negotiators in 1980 and signed by

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4464-513: The parties in the years 1982 and 1983. They were approved by the citizens of the Pacific states in plebiscites held in 1983. Legislation on the compacts was adopted by the U.S. Congress in 1986 and signed into law on November 13, 1986. Each of the associated states actively participates in all Office of Insular Affairs technical assistance activities. The US gives only these countries access to many US domestic programs, including disaster response and recovery and hazard mitigation programs under

4536-403: The proposed nation, however, would be allowed to levy taxes with the consent of the taxed. Means suggested that the proposed nation should not use fiat currency but instead adopt a gold standard . Means stated that this system of government is derived from the traditional Lakota government system, saying, "...we are going to implement how we lived prior to the Invasion . Each community will be

4608-464: The right to control Micronesia, [the US] proceeded to allow the islands to stagnate and decay through indifference and lack of assistance. . . . [T]he people are still largely impoverished and lacking in all of the basic amenities which we consider essential – adequate education, housing, good health standards, modern sanitation facilities." After the compacts, criticism was also received by the United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Asia and

4680-474: The state's appeal of the injunction to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit , which ruled in favor of the state. When the United States Supreme Court refused to hear the case, the Abercrombie administration removed most COFA residents from Med-QUEST and transferred them onto Affordable Care Act plans. In other states, notably Arkansas, which has a significant population of Marshallese, COFA residents have not been eligible for Medicaid. In 2020,

4752-608: The states, even after the five-year waiting period that most other resident aliens have. However, in December 2020, Congress restored Medicaid for Compact of Free Association communities. The COFA allows the United States to operate armed forces in Compact areas and to demand land for operating bases, subject to negotiation, and excludes the militaries of other countries without US permission. The US in turn becomes responsible for protecting its affiliate countries and responsible for administering all international defense treaties and affairs, though it may not declare war on their behalf. It

4824-433: The testing. In 2011, lawmakers further noted that the US Congress had continuously failed to cover the costs of promised medical care and services to displaced compact citizens who migrate to the United States for health care, education, and employment opportunities, particularly since the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act . Questions regarding US responsibility have also been raised regarding

4896-406: The title of " Itacan of Lakota" in a contemporaneous press release. The delegation delivered a statement declaring that the Lakota were unilaterally withdrawing from several treaties that their ancestors had signed with the US; and that they were setting up their own independent nation. They identified themselves as members of the 'provisional government of Lakotah.' The document further declared

4968-429: The yoke of oppression and gain its own independence, has now reversed its role and become the oppressor of sovereign Native people." In a news release on January 15, 2008, the Republic of Lakotah proposed that independence from the United States might follow a Compact of Free Association , and suggested that the independence process could resemble that of the Philippines , Palau , the Federated States of Micronesia , or

5040-583: Was awarded out of a $ 2.2 billion judgment rendered by a Nuclear Claims Tribunal created under the RMI Compact, and the United States Court of Claims had dismissed two lawsuits to enforce the judgment. With respect to these unaddressed claims, medical practitioners also noted the potential widespread impacts of nuclear testing within the Pacific Proving Grounds, indicated by the prevalence of both radiogenic diseases, as well as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity associated with "[a] forced change in dietary patterns and lifestyle" resulting from US administration after

5112-496: Was introduced in 2018 by Arnell Tailfeathers, a member of the Blood Tribe , a nation within the Blackfoot Confederacy . It then quickly became a hashtag (#LandBack), and now appears in artwork, on clothes and in beadwork . These creations are often used to raise funds to support water protectors and land defenders who protest against oil pipelines in North America. The Black Hills land claim and protests at Mount Rushmore during Donald Trump's 2020 presidential campaign were

5184-651: Was transferred from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service back to the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes in 2021. In August 2022, the Red Cliff Chippewa in northern Wisconsin had 1,500 acres (6.1 km ) of land along the Lake Superior shoreline returned to them from the Bayfield County government. This came after the tribe signed a 2017 memorandum of understanding with the county, acknowledging

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