31-631: Lake Waikaremoana is located in Te Urewera in the North Island of New Zealand, 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of Wairoa and 80 kilometres (50 mi) west-southwest of Gisborne . It covers an area of 54 square kilometres (21 sq mi). From the Māori Waikaremoana translates as 'sea of rippling waters'. The lake lies within the tribal boundaries of Ngāi Tūhoe, Ngāti Ruapani and Ngāti Kahungunu ki Te Wairoa. The hamlet of Aniwaniwa and
62-868: A 1918 by-election , but lost the seat in the 1919 general election . In 1928 he won the Wellington East seat, and held it until 1946, when it was renamed Miramar . He then held Miramar until 1954, when he retired. In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal . Semple was a prolific user of "unparliamentary language" during his time as an MP, and was fond of insulting colleagues by calling or comparing them to Australian animals such as kookaburras , kangaroos and dingoes . During his term in Parliament, Semple held many important infrastructure portfolios, such as Minister of Public Works (1935–1941, 1942–1943) and Minister of Railways (1941–1949). Semple
93-661: A few times a year in the region. Numbers of visitors to the area are limited to some extent as a result of the extensive unsealed road that must be taken to reach it. This makes Lake Waikaremoana significantly less congested with tourists than the other nine Great Walks in New Zealand. The smaller Lake Waikareiti lies four kilometres to the northeast. Waikaremoana, the North Island's deepest lake (256 m deep), has its surface at 600 metres (2,000 ft) above sea level. A huge landslide dam about 250 metres (800 ft) high formed
124-527: A new legal entity simply called Te Urewera. A land settlement was signed in June 2013 after being ratified by all Tūhoe members. Under this, Tūhoe received financial, commercial and cultural redress valued at approximately $ 170 million; a historical account and Crown apology; and the co-governance of Te Urewera, put into law by enacting the Tūhoe Claims Settlement Act 2014. The protected area
155-611: A small part in the Gisborne District . All the settlements are outside the protected area. The region is isolated, with State Highway 38 being the only major arterial road crossing it, running from Waiotapu near Rotorua via Murupara to Wairoa . The name Te Urewera is a Māori phrase meaning "The Burnt Penis" (compare Māori : ure , lit. 'penis'; Māori : wera , lit. 'burnt'). Because of its isolation and dense forest, Te Urewera remained largely untouched by British colonists until
186-720: A traditional sanctuary known as the Urewera District Native Reserve, which had virtual home rule. However, between 1915 and 1926 the Crown mounted what has been called "a predatory purchase campaign", the Urewera Consolidation Scheme, which took some 70 percent of the reserve and relocated the Tūhoe to more than 200 small blocks of land scattered throughout what in 1954 became the Urewera National Park. In
217-411: Is a three- to four-day tramp which follows approximately half of the lake's circumference. The track can be walked independently, or as part of a guided group. There are huts dotted on the walk which require booking to use. Camping is permitted unless you are more than 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the track. The climate of the area is temperate In the summer and cool during the winters, snowfalls occur
248-527: Is now administered by the Te Urewera Board, which comprises joint Tūhoe and Crown membership. Te Urewera has legal personhood , and owns itself, having in 2014 become the first natural resource in the world to be awarded the same legal rights as a person. The new entity continues to meet the International Union for Conservation of Nature criteria for a Category II National Park . As of 2022,
279-501: Is the Tortum Dam in Turkey. The stability of the natural dam has been the subject of intense engineering review, both at the time of construction and subsequently. Construction of an outlet tunnel through the slip, which commenced in 1935, required extensive grouting around the control structures and throughout tunnel construction. Work was suspended at the end of 1936 because Bob Semple ,
310-522: The North Island of New Zealand , located inland between the Bay of Plenty and Hawke Bay . Te Urewera is the rohe (historical home) of Tūhoe , a Māori iwi (tribe) known for its stance on Māori sovereignty . In 1954, a large area of Te Urewera was designated Te Urewera National Park by the New Zealand Government . In 2014 after a Waitangi Tribunal settlement with Tūhoe, the national park
341-624: The Rangitaiki River and west of a line along the lower Waimana River and the upper reaches of the Waioeka River . Its southern boundary was marked by Maungataniwha Mountain , the Waiau River , and Lake Waikaremoana ." Much of it is mountainous country, covered with native forest, and it includes the Huiarau , Ikawhenua , and Maungapohatu ranges. There are a few flat mountain valleys, chiefly
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#1733094181294372-620: The weka , live in the area. The crown fern ( Blechnum discolor ) is a widespread understory plant. Bob Semple Robert Semple (21 October 1873 – 31 January 1955) was a union leader and later Minister of Public Works for the first Labour Government of New Zealand. He is also known for creating the Bob Semple tank . He was born in Sofala, New South Wales , Australia. He started working at an early age as gold miner in Australia. In 1903 he
403-525: The Ahikereru valley, where the settlements of Minginui and Te Whaiti are, and the Ruatāhuna valley. In the north, towards Whakatāne and the coast, are lowland areas, where the settlements of Tāneatua , Ruatoki and Waimana are located. Lake Waikaremoana and Lake Waikareiti are in the south-eastern part. Most of Te Urewera is in the eastern Bay of Plenty Region and northern Hawke's Bay Region , with
434-405: The North Island occur in the area. A possum -hunting programme operates in the area to help protect the forest. Numerous understory species grow within the forested area of the catchment basin, crown fern ( Lomaria discolor ), for example. Since at least the early 1900s lake-bottom molluscs have been studied by Colenso (1811-1899) and others. The climate of Lake Waikaremoana is temperate during
465-571: The President of the Labour Party from 1926 to 1928. Semple was a member of the Wellington City Council for a decade between 1925 and 1935. In 1935 he unsuccessfully stood for Mayor of Wellington , coming runner-up to Thomas Hislop . His wife Margaret was also a Wellington City Councillor from 1938 to 1941. Semple was elected to the seat of Wellington South Parliament for Labour in
496-628: The Te Urewera inquiry district. Part One of its report, covering the period up to 1872, was published in July 2009 and found that the Crown had treated Tūhoe unfairly, especially with regard to the confiscation of a large area of land in the Eastern Bay of Plenty in 1866. In 1954 much of Te Urewera was designated as the Te Urewera National Park , but that was disestablished in 2014, to be replaced by
527-472: The Waikaremoana Holiday Park are located on the lakeshore, along SH38 (from Wai-O-Tapu via Murupara to Wairoa), which connects the lake to the central North Island (Rotorua) and Gisborne. There is a Department of Conservation office at Aniwaniwa. Several walks start here, including a short stroll to Āniwaniwa Falls . The village of Onepoto is located on the lake's southern shores, close to
558-628: The early 20th century Rua Kenana Hepetipa formed a religious community at Maungapōhatu . In 1999, the Waitangi Tribunal published a 520-page working paper which analysed the history of the region and concluded that the Crown had never intended to allow Tūhoe self-government. Between 2003 and 2005, a panel of the Waitangi Tribunal consisting of Judge Pat Savage, Joanne Morris , Tuahine Northover, and Ann Parsonson heard evidence on land claims in Te Urewera and designated an area which it called
589-549: The early 20th century; in the 1880s it was still in effect under Māori control. Te Kooti , a Māori leader, found refuge from his pursuers among Tūhoe, with whom he formed an alliance. As with the King Country at the time, few Pākehā risked entering Te Urewera. Between 1894 and 1912, with the approval of a Crown statute, the Urewera District Native Reserve Act 1896, leaders of Tūhoe were able to establish
620-501: The head of water through the three power stations, Kaitawa, Tuai, and Piripaua is around 450 metres (1,500 ft), allowing the stations to potentially generate 138 megawatts all up. The 250-metre (800 ft) head of water for the Kaitawa station is the highest for a power station in New Zealand and among the highest in the world. Te Urewera Te Urewera is an area of mostly forested, sparsely populated rugged hill country in
651-504: The lake around 2,200 years ago. Before the landslip was sealed, around 1950, much of the lake outflow flowed through the landslip rather than out of an overflow at a low point in the slip. Other geographical features include Panekiri Bluff and Puketukutuku Peninsula , which is the site of a kiwi -conservation programme. Surrounded by mountains clad with native forest which has never been logged, Waikaremoana retains ecological importance. Many native bird-species scarce in most other parts of
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#1733094181294682-492: The lake was only done after tunnelling was completed otherwise it would have caused the lake level to rise and make tunnelling more difficult. As it was, the lake level had to be lowered by temporary syphons to enable the construction of the headworks and make sealing of the natural dam easier. Although the Waikaretaheke River carries a flow of about 17 cubic metres per second (600 cu ft/s) from Lake Waikaremoana,
713-489: The lake's old overflow channel and the intake of the Waikaremoana hydroelectric power scheme. The name Onepoto means short beach , and refers to the small bay to the north of the village with a beach only 60 metres (200 ft) long. Lake Waikaremoana is a holiday destination for people who use the lake for fishing, tramping and other recreational activities. The Lake Waikaremoana Track , one of New Zealand's "Great Walks" ,
744-495: The members of the Te Urewera Board are Jim Bolger of Te Kūiti , a former prime minister of New Zealand, Maynard Manuka Apiata of Rūātoki, Lance Winitana of Waikaremoana, Marewa Titoko of Waimana, Te Tokawhakāea Tēmara of Rotorua, Tāmati Kruger of Taneatua, Dave Bamford, a sustainable tourism consultant, John Wood , previously a chief Crown negotiator, and Jo Breese, a former chief executive of World Wildlife Fund New Zealand . All North Island native-forest bird species, except for
775-406: The natural dam was sealed for leaks on the lake side by removing submerged timber, a task that took a year and then applying 40,000 cubic metres (1,400,000 cu ft) of crushed rock and clay-like pumice in six layers, then covering those layers with a top layer of larger rock and spalls to protect the material from wave action. This sealing reduced the natural flow by about 80%. The sealing of
806-407: The newly elected Minister for Public Works, wanted the tunnelling project reconsidered for "risk, cost and value". A new tunnelling scheme was devised in 1941 based on what had been learned from initial exploratory tunnelling and work recommenced in 1943 and continued for about five years because of continual problems with dewatering the tunnels. After the tunnels and intake headworks had been completed
837-505: The settlements of Ruatoki North , Waimana , Tāneatua , and privately owned land. The extent of Te Urewera is not formally defined, but is shown by Te Urewera Board as extending from the shores of the Ōhiwa Harbour of the Bay of Plenty to south of Lake Waikaremoana , and includes the Huiarau Range and Ikawhenua Range . According to An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand (1966), "The Urewera Country originally included all lands east of
868-437: The summer months and cool in the winter where snow events are not unheard of. Heavy rains affect the region, especially about late winter and early spring. The weather in the area is very changeable, trampers in the region need to be on the look out for dangerous weather conditions. The Waikaremoana Hydroelectric Power Scheme is a rare example of a hydroelectric power station being built on a natural landslide dam. Another example
899-464: Was disestablished and the former area was given environmental personhood . This area is now managed by Te Urewera Board, a body composed of both members who represent Tūhoe and the New Zealand Government. Outside of the protected area, Te Urewera includes land administered as Whirinaki Te Pua-a-Tāne Conservation Park , Onekawa Te Mawhai Regional Park , customary private land owned by Tūhoe,
930-704: Was involved in a miner's strike in Victoria , Australia. The strike was defeated and Semple ended up being blacklisted. To avoid the blacklist Semple moved to the West Coast of the South Island of New Zealand. By 1907 he was president of the Runanga Miner's Union and earned himself nickname 'Fighting Bob Semple'. He was jailed in 1913 for supporting the general strike and again in 1916 after fighting conscription for overseas service during World War I. Semple served as
961-585: Was seen by many as the public face of the first Labour government's infrastructure investment. He reshaped the Public Works Department by resuming its original function as the development arm of the government by phasing out its focus on relief work from the Great Depression . During World War II he had built the ' Bob Semple tank ', made from corrugated iron and a tractor base. The tank had numerous design flaws and other practical problems and