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78-453: The lake was left in a natural state throughout the 19th century, due to the lack of fertile land around it. This changed in the mid-20th century, with the creation of Mount Orford Park and the growth of the resort industry. The shores of the lake underwent several phases of second-home construction, and two campgrounds and a summer camp were created. The lake's natural beauty has been used as a backdrop for several television series. Lake Stukely

156-447: A cap and trade system designed to control emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Both these emissions proved to cause a significant problem for U.S. citizens and their access to healthy, clean air. Title IV called for a total reduction of about 10 million tons of SO 2 emissions from power plants, close to a 50% reduction. It was implemented in two phases. Phase I began in 1995 and limited sulfur dioxide emissions from 110 of

234-627: A campaign by the Audubon Society to measure acid rain. Scientist Muki Haklay cites in a policy report for the Wilson Center entitled 'Citizen Science and Policy: A European Perspective' a first use of the term 'citizen science' by R. Kerson in the magazine MIT Technology Review from January 1989. Quoting from the Wilson Center report: "The new form of engagement in science received the name "citizen science". The first recorded example of using

312-617: A family who lived in the vicinity of the park. A 1905 postcard uses "Bonneta Lake ". In 1955, the Archdiocese of Sherbrooke applied to the Quebec Toponymy Commission to change the name to "lake Jouvence", after its summer camp. The Commission refused the request. In 1983, the association of lake residents asked the Toponymy Commission to choose between the names "Stukely" and "Bonnalay", which were also used locally. In 1985,

390-410: A lower pH, photosynthesis is impacted due to the decline in chlorophyll. Acid rain also has the ability to cause deformation to leaves at a cellular level, examples include; tissue scaring and changes to the stomatal, epidermis and mesophyll cells. Additional impacts of acid rain includes a decline in cuticle thickness present on the leaf surface. Because acid rain damages leaves, this directly impacts

468-461: A metre thick on the till near the lake's shores. The typical shoreline profile of the region's water bodies is defined by Léo Provencher of the University of Sherbrooke as "a gently sloping, boulder-strewn, sandy-gravelly beine, adjoined by a slight boulder slope and a moderately sloping till slope, all associated with a mixed tree canopy ". The lake's watershed includes some 12 tributary streams with

546-541: A notable presence at the water's surface of cladocerans and protozoa . Several species of fish inhabit the lake. Among the most common are Smallmouth Bass ( Micropterus dolomieu ), Brown Bullhead ( Ameiurus nebulosus ), Cyprinids, Sunfish ( Lepomis gibbosus ), Rainbow Smelt ( Osmerus mordax ), White Sucker ( Catostomus commersonii ) and Yellow Perch ( Perca perca ), Lake Trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) and Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). The lake's surroundings are home to five reptile species, including

624-543: A plants ability to have a strong canopy cover, a decline in canopy cover can lead plants to be more vulnerable to diseases. Dead or dying trees often appear in areas impacted by acid rain. Acid rain causes aluminum to leach from the soil, posing risks to both plant and animal life. Furthermore, it strips the soil of critical minerals and nutrients necessary for tree growth. At higher altitudes, acidic fog and clouds can deplete nutrients from tree foliage, leading to discolored or dead leaves and needles. This depletion compromises

702-576: A reduction in the food web complexity. In 1980, the US Congress passed an Acid Deposition Act . This Act established an 18-year assessment and research program under the direction of the National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). NAPAP enlarged a network of monitoring sites to determine how acidic precipitation was, seeking to determine long-term trends, and established a network for dry deposition. Using

780-406: A relatively long retention time of 4.03 years. The lake itself covers an area of 4 km, with an average depth of 13 m and a maximum depth of 32 m. Its greatest dimensions are 5.3 km in length and 1.6 km in width, with an estimated water volume of 53,100,000 m³. Lake Stukely is 285 m above sea level. The lake's main island is Miner Island (surface area 19 acres or 0.077 km), part of

858-748: A report, "Acidification of the La Cloche Mountain Lakes", documenting the gradual deterioration of fish stocks in 60 lakes in Killarney Park in Ontario, which they had been studying systematically since 1966. In the 1970s and 80s, acid rain was a major topic of research at the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) in Northwestern Ontario, Canada . Researchers added sulfuric acid to whole lakes in controlled ecosystem experiments to simulate

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936-420: A result of a change in pH, which would have an adverse effect on plants due to their dependence on soil microbes to access nutrients. To see if a plant is being affected by soil acidification, one can closely observe the plant leaves. If the leaves are green and look healthy, the soil pH is normal and acceptable for plant life. But if the plant leaves have yellowing between the veins on their leaves, that means

1014-459: A sedimentary formation composed of breccia of varying size and composition. All the rocks are of Cambrian and Ordovician age (542 to 443 million years BC). The Stukely Lake plateau separates Mount Chauve from Mount Orford . To the north of the lake are mixed deposits of sand and till, the result of glacial melting of the Cherry River . The lake deposits, covered by an organic layer, are almost

1092-501: A solution to the problem of power plant pollution that drifts from one state to another. CAIR will permanently cap emissions of SO 2 and NO x in the eastern United States. When fully implemented , CAIR will reduce SO 2 emissions in 28 eastern states and the District of Columbia by over 70% and NO x emissions by over 60% from 2003 levels. Overall, the program's cap and trade program has been successful in achieving its goals. Since

1170-436: A statistically based sampling design, NAPAP quantified the effects of acid rain on a regional basis by targeting research and surveys to identify and quantify the impact of acid precipitation on freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. NAPAP also assessed the effects of acid rain on historical buildings, monuments, and building materials. It also funded extensive studies on atmospheric processes and potential control programs. From

1248-680: A total length of 12.5 km and covers an area of 18.2 km. Lac Stukely is the head lake of the watershednotes. The lake discharges via an outlet in its northeastern part, the Lake Stukely outlet, whose flow is regulated by the Stukely dam built in 1950. After passing through the Chain of Lakes and Fraser Lake , its waters flow into the Saumon River and then the Saint-François River . The lake has

1326-527: Is also capable of detrimenting soil composition by stripping it of nutrients such as calcium and magnesium which play a role in plant growth and maintaining healthy soil. In terms of human infrastructure, acid rain also causes paint to peel, corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and weathering of stone buildings and statues as well as having impacts on human health. Some governments, including those in Europe and North America , have made efforts since

1404-595: Is low, with 82% natural or 2.5% regenerating; only a small portion is ornamental (12.5%) or degraded (2.5%). Lake Stukely lies in the humid continental climate zone of the Köppen classification . Source: Environment Canada Despite having been opened to settlement in the late eighteenth century via the townships of Stukely and Orford, the Stukely Lake area remained undeveloped due to its mountainous location and relatively unfertile land. A road linking Montreal to Sherbrooke

1482-567: Is part of the township of Stukely , whose name has been attested since at least 1795, as it appears on the Gale and Duberger map of that period. This toponym is said to have originated from a homonymous village in the Huntingdonshire region of England, whose name is a distortion of the Old English styfic-[leah] meaning "snag ". The lake was also known as "Bonnallie Lake" and "Bonnalay Lake", after

1560-700: Is produced by volcanic eruptions . "Acid rain" is rain with a pH less than 5. "Clean" or unpolluted rain has a pH greater than 5 but still less than pH = 7 owing to the acidity caused by carbon dioxide acid according to the following reactions: A variety of natural and human-made sources contribute to the acidity. For example nitric acid produced by electric discharge in the atmosphere such as lightning . The usual anthropogenic sources are sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide . They react with water (as does carbon dioxide) to give solutions with pH < 5. Occasional pH readings in rain and fog water of well below 2.4 have been reported in industrialized areas. Acid rain

1638-413: Is protected by the national park. Although agriculture and later logging were practiced in the 20th century, in 2008 forest cover occupied around 70% of the watershed, and water cover around 25%. Settled areas on the western edge of the lake account for around 3.5% of its surface area, wetlands for around 1%, and the remainder is made up of wasteland and cultivated land. Artificialization of the lake's shores

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1716-737: Is sulfur and nitrogen compounds from human sources, such as electricity generation , animal agriculture , factories, and motor vehicles . These also include power plants, which use electric power generators that account for a quarter of nitrogen oxides and two-thirds of sulfur dioxide within the atmosphere. Industrial acid rain is a substantial problem in China and Russia and areas downwind from them. These areas all burn sulfur-containing coal to generate heat and electricity. The problem of acid rain has not only increased with population and industrial growth, but has become more widespread. The use of tall smokestacks to reduce local pollution has contributed to

1794-413: Is sulfur dioxide. Emissions of nitrogen oxides which are oxidized to form nitric acid are of increasing importance due to stricter controls on emissions of sulfur compounds. 70 Tg(S) per year in the form of SO 2 comes from fossil fuel combustion and industry, 2.8 Tg(S) from wildfires , and 7–8 Tg(S) per year from volcanoes . The principal natural phenomena that contribute acid-producing gases to

1872-766: Is the low pH of rain which falls in Scandinavia . Regarding low pH and pH imbalances in correlation to acid rain, low levels, or those under the pH value of 7, are considered acidic. Acid rain falls at a pH value of roughly 4, making it harmful to consume for humans. When these low pH levels fall in specific regions, they not only affect the environment but also human health. With acidic pH levels in humans comes hair loss, low urinary pH, severe mineral imbalances, constipation, and many cases of chronic disorders like Fibromyalgia and Basal Carcinoma. Combustion of fuels and smelting of some ores produce sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides. They are converted into sulfuric acid and nitric acid. In

1950-635: The Appalachian mountain range. Most of the lake's subsoil is composed of ophiolites derived from an obduction (overthrusting of an oceanic plate onto a continental plate) of the Iapetus Ocean , which occurs discontinuously in the Appalachians from the US border to Baie Verte on the island of New Foundland. It is composed of volcanic rocks, pyroxenite and gabbro . The eastern and western ends are located in

2028-477: The Mount Orford National Park territory. The lake's water is considered very soft and slightly acidic, making it susceptible to pollution from acid rain . Its chemical and biological characteristics classify it as an oligotrophic to mesotrophic lake . The eastern portion of its shoreline is occupied by Mount Orford National Park for approximately 12 km. Two sectors of the park are involved:

2106-465: The National Science Board . Nierenberg selected scientists including Gene Likens to serve on a panel to draft a report on acid rain. In 1983, the panel of scientists came up with a draft report, which concluded that acid rain is a real problem and solutions should be sought. White House Office of Science and Technology Policy reviewed the draft report and sent Fred Singer 's suggestions of

2184-1674: The Snapping Turtle ( Chelydra serpentina ) and Painted Turtle ( Chrysemys picta ). It is also inhabited by sixteen species of amphibians, including the Green Newt ( Notophthalmus viridescens ), the Green Frog ( Lithobates clamitans ), the Northern Frog ( Lithobates septentrionalis ) and the Bullfrog ( Lithobates catesbeianus ). Aquatic birds include the Bald Eagle ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ), Osprey ( Pandion haliaetus ), Canada Goose ( Branta canadensis ), Wood Duck ( Aix sponsa ), Mallard ( Anas platyrhynchos ), Black Duck ( Anas rubripes ). Green-winged Teal ( Anas crecca ), Ring-necked Duck ( Aythya collaris ), Bufflehead ( Bucephala albeola ), Common Goldeneye ( Bucephala clangula ), Common Merganser ( Mergus merganser ), common Merganser ( Lophodytes cucullatus ), common Loon ( Gavia immer ), Pied-billed Grebe ( Podilymbus podiceps ), Double-crested Cormorant ( Phalacrocorax auritus ), American Bittern ( Botaurus lentiginosus ), Green Heron ( Butorides virescens ), Great Blue Heron ( Ardea herodias ), Spotted Redhorse ( Actitis macularius ), Solitary Redhorse ( Tringa solitaria ), Wilson's Snipe ( Gallinago delicata ), American Woodcock ( Scolopax minor ), Hudsonian Gull ( Larus smithsonianus ), Ring-billed Gull ( Larus delawarensis ) and American Kingfisher ( Megaceryle alcyon ). Among

2262-481: The atmosphere are emissions from volcanoes. Thus, for example, fumaroles from the Laguna Caliente crater of Poás Volcano create extremely high amounts of acid rain and fog, with acidity as high as a pH of 2, clearing an area of any vegetation and frequently causing irritation to the eyes and lungs of inhabitants in nearby settlements. Acid-producing gasses are also created by biological processes that occur on

2340-404: The chemical reaction between acid rain and aluminium leads to an increasing rate of soil weathering. Experimental research examined the effects of increased acidity in streams on ecological species. In 1980, scientists modified the acidity of Norris Brook, New Hampshire, and observed the change in species' behaviors. There was a decrease in species diversity, an increase in community dominants, and

2418-464: The gas phase sulfur dioxide is oxidized to sulfuric acid : Nitrogen dioxide reacts with hydroxyl radicals to form nitric acid: The detailed mechanisms depend on the presence water and traces of iron and manganese . A number of oxidants are capable of these reactions aside from O 2 , these include ozone , hydrogen peroxide , and oxygen . Wet deposition of acids occurs when any form of precipitation (rain, snow, and so on) removes acids from

Lake Stukely - Misplaced Pages Continue

2496-441: The "Monbel" - took place to the west. Its 37 lots were completed in 196431. The last development - "Le Domaine des Étoiles" - is located to the west and comprises around 47 residences starting in 1995. A private campground with 164 sites, "Camping Normand", was built southwest of the lake in 1959. A riverside owners' association was created in 1968. In 2002–2003, around 15 species of aquatic plants were recorded. The most common are

2574-563: The 1960s. As the Quiet Revolution brought about a number of changes in Quebec, Camp Jouvence's mission underwent a change, as groups with a non-Christian nature, such as the Cercles des jeunes naturalistes , began to be welcomed both during the summer and winter months. Management of the site was handed over to a secular non-profit organization , which took over from the episcopate in 1970. In 1974,

2652-474: The 1970s to reduce the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere through air pollution regulations. These efforts have had positive results due to the widespread research on acid rain starting in the 1960s and the publicized information on its harmful effects. The main source of sulfur and nitrogen compounds that result in acid rain are anthropogenic , but nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by lightning strikes and sulfur dioxide

2730-595: The 1990s, SO 2 emissions have dropped 40%, and according to the Pacific Research Institute , acid rain levels have dropped 65% since 1976. Conventional regulation was used in the European Union, which saw a decrease of over 70% in SO 2 emissions during the same period. In 2007, total SO 2 emissions were 8.9 million tons, achieving the program's long-term goal ahead of the 2010 statutory deadline. In 2007

2808-522: The Adirondack Mountains of the United States. However, the extent to which acid rain contributes directly or indirectly via runoff from the catchment to lake and river acidity (i.e., depending on characteristics of the surrounding watershed) is variable. The United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) website states: "Of the lakes and streams surveyed, acid rain caused acidity in 75% of

2886-568: The EPA estimated that by 2010, the overall costs of complying with the program for businesses and consumers would be $ 1 billion to $ 2 billion a year, only one-fourth of what was initially predicted. Forbes says: "In 2010, by which time the cap and trade system had been augmented by the George W. Bush administration's Clean Air Interstate Rule, SO 2 emissions had fallen to 5.1 million tons." The term citizen science can be traced back as far as January 1989 to

2964-527: The Jouvence sector and the Lac-Stukely sector. The latter includes a 358-site campground, some of which are lakeside, as well as a popular beach. Its 2,500-person capacity is often reached. There is also a boat launch for small craft. The Jouvence sector surrounds the resort of the same name, where outdoor activities with accommodation are practiced. Land use in the watershed is predominantly forested, much of which

3042-606: The Municipality of Stukely and the Village of Eastman on May 30, 2001. Mother tongue (2021) Acid rain Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic , meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH ). Most water, including drinking water, has a neutral pH that exists between 6.5 and 8.5, but acid rain has a pH level lower than this and ranges from 4–5 on average. The more acidic

3120-570: The US increased in the 1970s after The New York Times reported on these findings. In 1972, a group of scientists, including Gene Likens , discovered the rain that was deposited at White Mountains of New Hampshire was acidic. The pH of the sample was measured to be 4.03 at Hubbard Brook. The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study followed up with a series of research studies that analyzed the environmental effects of acid rain. The alumina from soils neutralized acid rain that mixed with stream water at Hubbard Brook. The result of this research indicated that

3198-533: The United Kingdom to Norway – a problem systematically studied by Brynjulf Ottar in the 1970s. Ottar's work was strongly influenced by Swedish soil scientist Svante Odén , who had drawn widespread attention to Europe's acid rain problem in popular newspapers and wrote a landmark paper on the subject in 1968. The earliest report about acid rain in the United States came from chemical evidence gathered from Hubbard Brook Valley; public awareness of acid rain in

Lake Stukely - Misplaced Pages Continue

3276-587: The acid rain is, the lower its pH is. Acid rain can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide , which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests, freshwaters , soils, microbes, insects and aquatic life-forms. In ecosystems , persistent acid rain reduces tree bark durability, leaving flora more susceptible to environmental stressors such as drought, heat/cold and pest infestation. Acid rain

3354-566: The acid. The hydronium ions of acid rain also mobilize toxins , such as aluminium, and leach away essential nutrients and minerals such as magnesium . Soil chemistry can be dramatically changed when base cations, such as calcium and magnesium, are leached by acid rain, thereby affecting sensitive species, such as sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ). Soil acidification Impacts of acidic water and soil acidification on plants could be minor or in most cases major. Most minor cases which do not result in fatality of plant life can be attributed to

3432-535: The acidic lakes and about 50% of the acidic streams". Lakes hosted by silicate basement rocks are more acidic than lakes within limestone or other basement rocks with a carbonate composition (i.e. marble) due to buffering effects by carbonate minerals, even with the same amount of acid rain. Soil biology and chemistry can be seriously damaged by acid rain. Some microbes are unable to tolerate changes to low pH and are killed. The enzymes of these microbes are denatured (changed in shape so they no longer function) by

3510-423: The algae Chara and Nitella . Among the most common plants, there are also Eriocaulon Septangularis ( Eriocaulon septangulare ), Eurasian Water Milfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum ), American Vallisneria ( Vallisneria americana ), Isoetes sp. and Dwarf Pondweed ( Potamogeton pusillus ). The forest canopy along its banks is located in the bioclimatic domain of the eastern basswood maple stand, bordering on

3588-573: The atmosphere and delivers it to the Earth's surface. This can result from the deposition of acids produced in the raindrops (see aqueous phase chemistry above) or by the precipitation removing the acids either in clouds or below clouds. Wet removal of both gases and aerosols are both of importance for wet deposition. Acid deposition also occurs via dry deposition in the absence of precipitation. This can be responsible for as much as 20 to 60% of total acid deposition. This occurs when particles and gases stick to

3666-679: The baseline conditions. This research showed both that acidification was linked to declining fish populations and that the effects could be reversed if sulfuric acid emissions decreased, and influenced policy in Canada and the United States. In 1985, seven Canadian provinces (all except British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan ) and the federal government signed the Eastern Canada Acid Rain Program. The provinces agreed to limit their combined sulfur dioxide emissions to 2.3 million tonnes by 1994. The Canada-US Air Quality Agreement

3744-490: The commission decided in favor of "Stukely", deemed older and more predominant; the association finally opted for "lac Stukely" in 1998. The lake is located at 45° 22' 31" north latitude and 72° 15' 07" west longitude. It lies 7 km northeast of the urbanized area of Eastman. It straddles the territories of the municipalities of Orford, Bonsecours and Eastman. It is located in the Sutton Mountains natural region, in

3822-683: The effects of acid rain. Because its remote conditions allowed for whole-ecosystem experiments, research at the ELA showed that the effect of acid rain on fish populations started at concentrations much lower than those observed in laboratory experiments. In the context of a food web , fish populations crashed earlier than when acid rain had direct toxic effects to the fish because the acidity led to crashes in prey populations (e.g. mysids ). As experimental acid inputs were reduced, fish populations and lake ecosystems recovered at least partially, although invertebrate populations have still not completely returned to

3900-432: The ground, plants or other surfaces. Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests, freshwaters and soils, killing insect and aquatic life-forms as well as causing damage to buildings and having impacts on human health. Sulfuric acid and nitric acid have multiple impacts on aquatic ecosystems, including acidification, increased nitrogen and aluminum content, and alteration of biogeochemical processes . Both

3978-626: The lake landscape as a background setting. The series Le Courrier du roy and Rue de l'anse use it for their outdoor scenes. The Radisson series and Jean Pierre Lefebvre's movie Mon amie Pierrette may also have used the lake for a few scenes. Stukely, Quebec Eastman is a municipality of about 2,300 people, part of the Memphrémagog Regional County Municipality in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec , Canada. Population trend: (+) Amalgamation of

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4056-477: The lakes were unsuitable for the survival of many minnow species. Subsequent Reports to Congress have documented chemical changes in soil and freshwater ecosystems, nitrogen saturation, soil nutrient decreases, episodic acidification, regional haze, and damage to historical monuments. Meanwhile, in 1990, the US Congress passed a series of amendments to the Clean Air Act . Title IV of these amendments established

4134-431: The land, in wetlands , and in the oceans . The major biological source of sulfur compounds is dimethyl sulfide . Nitric acid in rainwater is an important source of fixed nitrogen for plant life, and is also produced by electrical activity in the atmosphere such as lightning . Acidic deposits have been detected in glacial ice thousands of years old in remote parts of the globe. The principal cause of acid rain

4212-675: The largest power plants to 8.7 million tons of sulfur dioxide. One power plant in New England (Merrimack) was in Phase I. Four other plants (Newington, Mount Tom, Brayton Point, and Salem Harbor) were added under other program provisions. Phase II began in 2000 and affects most of the power plants in the country. During the 1990s, research continued. On March 10, 2005, the EPA issued the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR). This rule provides states with

4290-469: The lower pH and higher aluminium concentrations in surface water that occur as a result of acid rain can cause damage to fish and other aquatic animals. At pH lower than 5 most fish eggs will not hatch and lower pH can kill adult fish. As lakes and rivers become more acidic, biodiversity is reduced . Acid rain has eliminated insect life and some fish species, including the brook trout in some lakes, streams, and creeks in geographically sensitive areas, such as

4368-619: The mammals found on the lake in the Mont-Orford National Park sector are the Muskrat ( Ondatra zibethicus ), River Otter ( Lontra canadensis ), Moose ( Alces alces ) and Canadian Beaver ( Castor canadensis ). Beavers are very abundant in the area between the lake and Mount Chauve, and this region was given the name La Castorie , a name still attributed to a nearby pond. As the shores of Lake Stukely are sparsely populated, it has been featured in several Canadian TV series. CF-RCK uses

4446-418: The northern sector of the park, including the Jouvence resort, north of the lake. From 1958 onwards, the eastern shore of the lake underwent significant development with the construction of secondary residences. Over the years, three real-estate projects followed one another; the first, known as "Développement Normand", began in 1959 and comprised around 150 residences to the south-west of the lake. The second -

4524-520: The outdoor center employed 60 full-time and 125 casual workers. In 1920, George Austin Bowen, a physician from Magog , sought to convince regional authorities to create a park to preserve the beauty of Mount Orford , thereby creating a place of tourism and recreation for the region. In 1929, just before the Great Depression , 1,200 acres (485 ha) were secured for this purpose, but the financial crisis put

4602-403: The park to build a second home. The rest of the lake was mainly used for hunting and fishing until the 1950s. Also in 1944, the Archdiocese of Sherbrooke purchased a hunting and fishing lodge near the lake outlet, to be used as a summer camp . Camp Jouvence initially welcomed young people from Catholic organizations for their human and Christian formation, and underwent several expansions until

4680-428: The plant is suffering from acidification and is unhealthy. Moreover, a plant suffering from soil acidification cannot photosynthesize; the acid-water-induced process of drying out of the plant can destroy chloroplast organelles. Without being able to photosynthesize, a plant cannot create nutrients for its own survival or oxygen for the survival of aerobic organisms, which affects most species on Earth and ultimately ends

4758-428: The plants being less susceptible to acidic conditions and/or the acid rain being less potent. However, even in minor cases, the plant will eventually die due to the acidic water lowering the plant's natural pH. Acidic water enters the plant and causes important plant minerals to dissolve and get carried away; which ultimately causes the plant to die of lack of minerals for nutrition. In major cases, which are more extreme,

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4836-411: The project on hold for the short term. On April 8, 1938, the park creation act was passed, and it took the government more than four years to secure the park's original 41 km2. In 1967, to meet tourist demand for the 1967 World's Fair, the government built a 300-site campground southeast of the lake. An artificial beach was created out of a sand pit near Stukely . In 1975, the government acquired land in

4914-700: The public. In 1981, the National Academy of Sciences was looking into research about the controversial issues regarding acid rain. President Ronald Reagan dismissed the issues of acid rain until his personal visit to Canada and confirmed that the Canadian border suffered from the drifting pollution from smokestacks originating in the US Midwest . Reagan honored the agreement to Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau 's enforcement of anti-pollution regulation. In 1982, Reagan commissioned William Nierenberg to serve on

4992-495: The purpose of the plant's existence.   Adverse effects may be indirectly related to acid rain, like the acid's effects on soil (see above) or high concentration of gaseous precursors to acid rain. High altitude forests are especially vulnerable as they are often surrounded by clouds and fog which are more acidic than rain. Plants are capable of adapting to acid rain. On Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing , plant species were seen adapting to new environmental conditions. The affects on

5070-523: The report, which cast doubt on the cause of acid rain. The panelists revealed rejections against Singer's positions and submitted the report to Nierenberg in April. In May 1983, the House of Representatives voted against legislation controlling sulfur emissions. There was a debate about whether Nierenberg delayed the release of the report. Nierenberg denied the saying about his suppression of the report and stated that it

5148-410: The same process of damage occurs as in minor cases, which is removal of essential minerals, but at a much quicker rate. Likewise, acid rain that falls on soil and on plant leaves causes drying of the waxy leaf cuticle, which ultimately causes rapid water loss from the plant to the outside atmosphere and eventually results in death of the plant. Soil acidification can lead to a decline in soil microbes as

5226-534: The site hosted the National Scout Rally. In 1976, the Quebec government acquired the site, which became Base de plein air Jouvence and was subsequently integrated into Mount Orford National Park. From the 1980s onwards, the site's usage continued to evolve, becoming open all four seasons and diversifying its range of leisure activities and accommodation types, welcoming youth groups and the general public. In 2010,

5304-410: The species ranged from being beneficial to detrimental. With natural rainfall or mild acid rainfall, the biochemical and physiological characteristics of plant seedlings were enhanced. Once the pH increases reaches the threshold of 3.5, the acid rain can no longer be beneficial and begins to have negative affects. Acid rain can negatively impact photosynthesis in plant leaves, when leaves are exposed to

5382-402: The spread of acid rain by releasing gases into regional atmospheric circulation; dispersal from these taller stacks causes pollutants to be carried farther, causing widespread ecological damage. Often deposition occurs a considerable distance downwind of the emissions, with mountainous regions tending to receive the greatest deposition (because of their higher rainfall). An example of this effect

5460-464: The start, policy advocates from all sides attempted to influence NAPAP activities to support their particular policy advocacy efforts, or to disparage those of their opponents. For the US Government's scientific enterprise, a significant impact of NAPAP were lessons learned in the assessment process and in environmental research management to a relatively large group of scientists, program managers, and

5538-505: The term is from 1989, describing how 225 volunteers across the US collected rain samples to assist the Audubon Society in an acid-rain awareness-raising campaign. The volunteers collected samples, checked for acidity, and reported to the organization. The information was then used to demonstrate the full extent of the phenomenon." Canadian Harold Harvey was among the first to research a "dead" lake. In 1971, he and R. J. Beamish published

5616-420: The trees' ability to absorb sunlight, weakening them and diminishing their capacity to endure cold conditions. Other plants can also be damaged by acid rain, but the effect on food crops is minimized by the application of lime and fertilizers to replace lost nutrients. In cultivated areas, limestone may also be added to increase the ability of the soil to keep the pH stable, but this tactic is largely unusable in

5694-486: The yellow birch maple stand, and dominated by Sugar Maple ( Acer saccharum ). There are also eastern Hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis ), Eastern White Cedar ( Thuya occidentalis ), Balsam Fir ( Abies balsamea ) and Black Spruce ( Picea mariana ) on the shoreline on the Mont Chauve side, and White Pine ( Pinus strobus ) on Miner Island and the opposite shoreline. The lake's zooplankton consists mainly of copepods , with

5772-539: Was eventually built between 1834 and 1836 near the lake outlet; a coach service opened in 1837, stopping at "Bonnalie Mills", near the lake outlet. In 1905, a branch line of the Eastman-Valcourt railroad was built along the south shore of the lake to the present-day national park campground. The campground was used mainly for logging until 1920. In 1944, the Miner family of Granby bought a large parcel of land northeast of

5850-615: Was first systematically studied in Europe in the 1960s and in the United States and Canada in the following decade. The corrosive effect of polluted, acidic city air on limestone and marble was noted in the 17th century by John Evelyn , who remarked upon the poor condition of the Arundel marbles . Since the Industrial Revolution , emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere have increased. In 1852, Robert Angus Smith

5928-548: Was signed in 1991. In 1998, all federal, provincial, and territorial Ministers of Energy and Environment signed The Canada-Wide Acid Rain Strategy for Post-2000, which was designed to protect lakes that are more sensitive than those protected by earlier policies. Increased risk might be posed by the expected rise in total sulphur emissions from 4,400 kilotonnes (kt) in 1990 to 6,500 kt in 2000, 10,900 kt in 2010 and 18,500 in 2020. The most important gas which leads to acidification

6006-491: Was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester , England. Smith coined the term "acid rain" in 1872. In the late 1960s, scientists began widely observing and studying the phenomenon. At first, the main focus in this research lay on local effects of acid rain. Waldemar Christofer Brøgger was the first to acknowledge long-distance transportation of pollutants crossing borders from

6084-491: Was withheld after the House's vote because it was not ready to be published. In 1991, the US National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) provided its first assessment of acid rain in the United States. It reported that 5% of New England Lakes were acidic, with sulfates being the most common problem. They noted that 2% of the lakes could no longer support Brook Trout , and 6% of

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