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80-462: Before the creation of Lake Shannon, the area was used primarily for fur trapping , logging , and concrete making. The construction of Lower Baker Dam blocked salmon migration in the Baker River. An artificial fish passage system was begun in the 1950s and completed in 1959 after the construction of Upper Baker Dam , located upstream of Lake Shannon. The lake has abundant landlocked kokanee salmon ,

160-462: A 2,190-acre (8.9 km) lake. The lake occupies a cleft in the Baker River Valley between a prominent river terrace to the west and a less obvious one on the east. While the west slope directly above the lake is dissected with many canyons, the east slope is smaller and smoother. The lake is surrounded by prominent forested mountains, but the surrounding terrain is not as steep and rugged as

240-466: A body-gripping trap with bait , or the trap may be placed on an animal path to catch the animal as it passes. In any case, it is important that the animal is guided into the correct position before the trap is triggered. The standard trigger is a pair of wires that extend between the jaws of the set trap. The wires may be bent into various shapes, depending on the size and behavior of the target animal. Modified triggers include pans and bait sticks. The trap

320-601: A chance to escape. The general category of body-gripping traps may include snap-type mouse and rat traps, but the term is more often used to refer to the larger, all-steel traps that are used to catch fur-bearing animals. These larger traps are made from bent round steel bars. These traps come in several sizes including model #110 or #120 at about 5 by 5 inches (130 by 130 mm) for muskrat and mink, model #220 at about 7 by 7 inches (180 by 180 mm) for raccoon and possum, and model #330 at about 10 by 10 inches (250 by 250 mm) for beaver and otter. An animal may be lured into

400-624: A counter-example is found in the work of Jon Way, a biologist in Massachusetts. Way reported that the death or disappearance of a territorial male coyote can lead to double litters, and postulates a possible resultant increase in coyote density. Coexistence programs that take this scientific research into account are being pursued by groups such as the Association for the Protection of Fur-Bearing Animals. Animals are frequently trapped in many parts of

480-403: A door to shut; some traps with two doors have a trigger in the middle of the cage that causes both doors to shut. In either type of cage, the closure of the doors and the falling of a lock mechanism prevents the animal from escaping by locking the door(s) shut. With two doors open, the squirrel can see through the opening on the opposite end. Peanut butter is placed in the trap as bait to attract

560-518: A few other facilities, carried fish up into Lake Shannon until 1959, when the system was extended to place the fish in Baker Lake instead. On July 9, 1959, Upper Baker Dam was completed and the inflow to Lake Shannon became regulated for the first time. A major landslide in 1965 crushed the Lower Baker powerhouse and its two turbines , Units 1 and 2. Units 3 and 4 were constructed near the same spot, and

640-436: A lure applied around the hole. A flat set is another common use of the foothold trap. It is very similar to the dirt hole trap set, simply with no hole to dig. The attractant is placed on the object near the trap and a urine scent sprayed to the object. The cubby set simulates a den in which a small animal would live, but could be adapted for larger game. It could be made from various materials such as rocks, logs or bark, but

720-408: A pressure plate between two metal arms, or "jaws", lined with spiked protrusions, or "teeth". Once the plate has been stepped on, the arms close on the ensnared person or animal's foot. Blacksmiths made traps of iron in the early 1700s for trappers. By the 1800s, companies began to manufacture steel foothold traps. Traps are designed in different sizes for different sized animals. In recent decades,

800-452: A series of transverse ridges running across a valley behind a terminal moraine. They form perpendicular to the lateral moraines that they reside between and are composed of unconsolidated debris deposited by the glacier. They are created during temporary halts in a glacier's retreat. In permafrost areas an advancing glacier may push up thick layers of frozen sediments at its front. An arctic push moraine will then be formed. A medial moraine

880-502: A single moraine, and most moraines record a continuum of processes. Reworking of moraines may lead to the formation of placer deposits of gold as is the case of southernmost Chile . Moraines can be classified either by origin, location with respect to a glacier or former glacier, or by shape. The first approach is suitable for moraines associated with contemporary glaciers—but more difficult to apply to old moraines , which are defined by their particular morphology, since their origin

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960-513: A variety of purposes, including for meat , fur , sport hunting , pest control , and wildlife management . Neolithic hunters, including the members of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture of Romania and Ukraine ( c. 5500–2750 BCE ), used traps to capture their prey. An early mention in written form is a passage from the self-titled book by Taoist philosopher Zhuangzi which describes Chinese methods used for trapping animals during

1040-404: Is unstratified and unsorted debris ranging in size from silt -sized glacial flour to large boulders. The individual rock fragments are typically sub-angular to rounded in shape. Moraines may be found on the glacier's surface or deposited as piles or sheets of debris where the glacier has melted. Moraines may form through a number of processes, depending on the characteristics of sediment,

1120-631: Is a ridge of moraine that runs down the center of a valley floor. It forms when two glaciers meet and the debris on the edges of the adjacent valley sides join and are carried on top of the enlarged glacier. As the glacier melts or retreats, the debris is deposited and a ridge down the middle of the valley floor is created. The Kaskawulsh Glacier in the Kluane National Park , Yukon , has a ridge of medial moraine 1 km wide. Supraglacial moraines are created by debris accumulated on top of glacial ice. This debris can accumulate due to ice flow toward

1200-443: Is a safe, efficient, and practical means of capturing individual animals without impairing the survival of furbearer populations or damaging the environment. Wildlife biologists also support regulatory and educational programs, research to evaluate trap performance and the implementation of improvements in trapping technology in order to improve animal welfare. Trapping is useful to control over population of certain species. Trapping

1280-426: Is accumulated at the base of the ice as lodgment till with a thin and discontinuous upper layer of supraglacial till deposited as the glacier retreats. It typically is found in the areas between end moraines. Rogen moraines or ribbed moraines are a type of basal moraines that form a series of ribs perpendicular to the ice flow in an ice sheet . The depressions between the ribs are sometimes filled with water, making

1360-587: Is also used for research and relocation of wildlife. Federal authorities in the United States use trapping as the primary means to control predators that prey on endangered species such as the San Joaquin kit fox ( Vulpes macrotis mutica ), California least tern ( Sterna antillarum browni ) and desert tortoise ( Gopherus agassizii ). Animals may be trapped for public display , for natural history displays , or for such purposes as obtaining elements used in

1440-410: Is beneficial. Another way to prevent an infestation is to thoroughly check any materials brought inside: cockroaches and their egg cases ( ootheca ) can be hidden inside or on furniture, or inside boxes, suitcases, grocery bags, etc. Upon finding an egg case, use a napkin to pick it up and then forcefully crush it; the resulting fluid leakage will then indicate the destruction of the eggs inside. Discard

1520-539: Is borrowed from French moraine [mɔ.ʁɛn] , which in turn is derived from the Savoyard Italian morena ('mound of earth'). Morena in this case was derived from Provençal morre ('snout'), itself from Vulgar Latin * murrum ('rounded object'). The term was introduced into geology by Horace Bénédict de Saussure in 1779. Moraines are landforms composed of glacial till deposited primarily by glacial ice. Glacial till, in turn,

1600-441: Is debated. Some moraine types are known only from ancient glaciers, while medial moraines of valley glaciers are poorly preserved and difficult to distinguish after the retreat or melting of the glacier. Lateral moraines are parallel ridges of debris deposited along the sides of a glacier. The unconsolidated debris can be deposited on top of the glacier by frost shattering of the valley walls or from tributary streams flowing into

1680-410: Is designed to close on the neck and/or torso of an animal. When it closes on the neck, it closes the trachea and the blood vessels to the brain, and often fractures the spinal column; the animal loses consciousness within a few seconds and dies soon thereafter. If it closes on the foot, leg, snout, or other part of an animal, the results are less predictable. Trapping ethics call for precautions to avoid

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1760-604: Is mostly accessed by following the Baker River Road. Parts of Lake Shannon are within the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest , which also contains all of Baker Lake. Swimming, boating and water-skiing are available on the lake, and kokanee salmon is abundant. However, the only access to the Lake Shannon boat launch area involves passing through privately owned land. The lake is open for fishing from

1840-770: Is normally used without bait and has a wire trigger in the middle of its square-shaped, heavy-gauge wire jaws. It is placed in places that are frequented by the fur bearing animals. Trappers can employ a variety of devices and strategies to avoid unwanted catches. Ideally, if a non-target animal (such as a domestic cat or dog) is caught in a non-lethal trap, it can be released without harm. A careful choice of set and lure may help to catch target animals while avoiding non-target animals. Although trappers cannot always guarantee that unwanted animals will not be caught, they can take precautions to avoid unwanted catches or release them unharmed. The snaring of non-target animals can be minimized using methods that exclude animals larger or smaller than

1920-509: Is often referred to as boulder clay) down to gravel and sand, in a groundmass of finely-divided clayey material sometimes called glacial flour . Lateral moraines are those formed at the side of the ice flow, and terminal moraines are those formed at the foot, marking the maximum advance of the glacier. Other types of moraine include ground moraines ( till -covered areas forming sheets on flat or irregular topography ) and medial moraines (moraines formed where two glaciers meet). The word moraine

2000-544: The Humane Society of the United States , American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals , and others to continue to lobby for stricter controls over the use of these traps in the United States. Trapping might lead to stress, pain, or death for the animal, depending on the type of trap. [snare’s] Traps that work by catching limbs can cause injuries on

2080-535: The pet trade , and zoological specimens . In the early days of the colonization settlement of North America, the trading of furs was common between the Dutch, French, or English and the indigenous populations inhabiting their respective colonized territories. Many locations where trading took place were referred to as trading posts. Much trading occurred along the Hudson River area in the early 1600s. In some locations in

2160-423: The "fish passage structure" — exists as the river flows through the town of Concrete. This concrete weir is the first stage in a fish elevator and flume that carries anadromous fish upstream to Baker Lake, where they are released into the water and allowed to swim upstream to the Baker River's remaining spawning grounds. Prior to the construction of the Baker River project, Lake Shannon did not exist and Baker Lake

2240-405: The 4th century BCE. The Zhuangzi reads: "The sleek-furred fox and the elegantly spotted leopard ... can't seem to escape the disaster of nets and traps." "Modern" steel jaw-traps were first described in western sources as early as the late 16th century. The first mention comes from Leonard Mascall 's book on animal trapping. It reads: "a griping trappe made all of yrne, the lowest barre, and

2320-579: The Rogen moraines look like tigerstripes on aerial photographs . Rogen moraines are named after Lake Rogen in Härjedalen , Sweden , the landform's type locality. Closely related to Rogen moraines, de Geer moraines are till ridges up to 5m high and 10–50m wide running perpendicular to the ice flow. They occur in large groups in low-lying areas. Named for Gerard De Geer , who first described them in 1889, these moraines may have developed from crevasses underneath

2400-601: The US and in many parts of southern and western Europe, trapping generates much controversy because it is a contributing factor to declining populations in some species, such as the Canadian Lynx. In the 1970s and 1980s, the threat to lynx from trapping reached a new height when the price for hides rose to as much as $ 600 each. By the early 1990s, the Canada lynx was a clear candidate for Endangered Species Act (ESA) protection. In response to

2480-592: The accidental killing of non-target species (including domestic animals and people) by body-gripping traps. Note on terminology: the term "body-gripping trap" (and its variations including "body gripping", "body-grip", "body grip", etc.) is often used by animal-protection advocates to describe any trap that restrains an animal by holding onto any part of its body. In this sense, the term is defined to include foothold/foothold traps, Conibear-type traps, snares, and cable restraints; it does not include cage traps or box traps that restrain animals solely by containing them inside

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2560-417: The animal are used— mousetraps for mice, or the larger rat traps for larger rodents like rats and squirrel . Specific traps are designed for invertebrates such as cockroaches and spiders. Some mousetraps can also double as an insect or universal trap, like the glue traps which catch any small animal that walks upon them. Although it is common to state that trapping is an effective means of pest control,

2640-418: The animal fighting the trap, possibly injuring itself or getting loose in the process. These include traps with offset jaws and lamination, which decrease pressure on the animals' legs, and padded jaws with rubber inserts, which reduce animal injuries. Manufacturers of traps designed to work only on raccoons are referred to as dog-proof. These traps are small, and rely on the raccoon's grasping nature to trigger

2720-469: The average 2019–2020 pelt values for a red squirrel was CA$ 0.54 and for a black bear was $ 153.41 Moraine A moraine is any accumulation of unconsolidated debris ( regolith and rock ), sometimes referred to as glacial till , that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions, and that has been previously carried along by a glacier or ice sheet. It may consist of partly rounded particles ranging in size from boulders (in which case it

2800-416: The back must be closed to control the animals approach. The bait and/or lure is placed in the back of the cubby. The water set is usually described as a body-gripping trap or snare set so that the trap jaws or snare loop are partially submerged. The conibear is a type of trap used in water trapping and can also be used on land and is heavily regulated. The regulations vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. It

2880-550: The by-product of salmon spawning in lake tributaries. Fishing , boating and water skiing are popular recreational activities on the lake. The Baker River flows southeast and south for about 30 miles (50 km) to meet the Skagit River at Concrete. Less than 1 mile (1.6 km) above its mouth, a 285-foot-high (87 m) arch dam, the Lower Baker Dam, straddles an extremely tight and narrow gorge to form Lake Shannon,

2960-401: The cages or boxes without exerting pressure on the animals; it generally does not include suitcase-type traps that restrain animals by containing them inside the cages under pressure. A deadfall is a heavy rock or log that is tilted at an angle and held up with sections of branches, with one of them serving as a trigger. When the animal moves the trigger, which may have bait on or near it,

3040-517: The cost of trapping exceeds the return on the furs sold at the end of the season. Beaver castors are used in many perfumes as a sticky substance. Trappers are paid by the government of Ontario to harvest the castor sacs of beavers and are paid from 10 to 40 dollars per dry pound when sold to the Northern Ontario Fur Trappers Association. In the early 1900s, muskrat glands were used in making perfume, or women just crushed

3120-426: The dam was built, in many years, over twenty thousand salmon would return to the river to spawn. Afterwards, the returning population rarely would top 3,000 fish, and decreased even more in the 1980s, culminating in a record low of 99 fish in 1985. A structure was constructed across the lower Baker River below Lake Shannon, and this was originally used to capture returning anadromous fish and in conjunction with

3200-472: The dynamics on the ice, and the location on the glacier in which the moraine is formed. Moraine forming processes may be loosely divided into passive and active . Passive processes involve the placing of chaotic supraglacial sediments onto the landscape with limited reworking, typically forming hummocky moraines. These moraines are composed of supraglacial sediments from the ice surface. Active processes form or rework moraine sediment directly by

3280-613: The environment. In the US, non-target catches reported by users of snares in Michigan were 17 ± 3% . Snares are regulated in many jurisdictions, but are illegal in other jurisdictions, such as in much of Europe. Different regulations apply to snares in those areas where they are legal. In Iowa, snares have to have a "deer stop" which stops a snare from closing all the way. In the United Kingdom, snares must be "free-running" so that they can relax once an animal stops pulling, thereby allowing

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3360-632: The first such ban in the United Kingdom. A ban on the sale and use of rodent glue traps is due to come into force in West Hollywood, California, in January 2024, making it the first such city ban in the United States. Glue traps are also banned in the Australian Capital Territory , Tasmania , and Victoria in Australia. The most productive set for foothold traps is a dirt hole, a hole dug in

3440-486: The fry escaped the conduits that carry outmigrating young salmon into the lower Baker and the Skagit, establishing a population of kokanee. There is also a population of bull trout present in the lake. The Lake Shannon area is dominated by Douglas fir and other coniferous and deciduous woodlands. Lake Shannon is about 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Concrete and 35 miles (56 km) east of Mount Vernon . The lake itself

3520-493: The glacier is advancing, receding or at equilibrium. The longer the terminus of the glacier stays in one place, the more debris accumulate in the moraine. There are two types of end moraines: terminal and recessional. Terminal moraines mark the maximum advance of the glacier. Recessional moraines are small ridges left as a glacier pauses during its retreat. After a glacier retreats, the end moraine may be destroyed by postglacial erosion. Recessional moraines are often observed as

3600-411: The glands and rubbed them onto their body. Trapping is regularly used for pest control of beaver , coyote , raccoon , cougar , bobcat , Virginia opossum , fox , squirrel , rat, mouse and mole in order to limit damage to households, food supplies, farming, ranching, and property. Traps are used as a method of pest control as an alternative to pesticides . Commonly spring traps which holds

3680-405: The ground with a trap positioned in front. An attractant is placed inside the hole. The hole for the set is usually made in front of some type of object which is where medium-sized animals such as coyotes, fox or bobcats would use for themselves to store food. This object could be a tuft of taller grass, a stone, a stump, or some other natural object. The dirt from the hole is sifted over the trap and

3760-413: The ground, or built from stone, in order to trap animals. Like cage traps they are usually employed for catching animals without harming them. Cage traps are designed to catch live animals in a cage . They are usually baited, sometimes with food bait and sometimes with a live "lure" animal. Common baits include cat food and fish. Cage traps usually have a trigger located in the back of the cage that causes

3840-449: The ice sheet. The Kvarken has a very high density of de Geer moraines. End moraines, or terminal moraines , are ridges of unconsolidated debris deposited at the snout or end of the glacier. They usually reflect the shape of the glacier's terminus . Glaciers act much like a conveyor belt, carrying debris from the top of the glacier to the bottom where it deposits it in end moraines. End moraine size and shape are determined by whether

3920-753: The lake are Thunder Creek (which meets the lake near the promontory that nearly severs it in half) and Sulphur Creek , which flows directly into the lake during high water. The Baker River Road runs in a northerly direction along the east side of Lake Shannon, while the North Cascades Highway crosses the Baker River just below Lake Shannon. Although most of the inflow to Lake Shannon is from releases from Upper Baker Dam, it also receives inflow from 82 square miles (210 km) of adjacent watershed. The Lower Baker Dam ( 48°32′51″N 121°44′28″W  /  48.54750°N 121.74111°W  / 48.54750; -121.74111  ( Lower Baker Dam ) )

4000-452: The last Saturday of April until the 31st of October in most years. There are plans to extend the current hiking trail system surrounding the two reservoirs by 8 miles (13 km) and other general improvements within the hydroelectric project area. Download coordinates as: Fur trapping Animal trapping , or simply trapping or ginning , is the use of a device to remotely catch and often kill an animal. Animals may be trapped for

4080-465: The limbs, especially if used improperly and leave the animal unattended until the trapper comes. [depending on the laws in the state it could be 24 to 72 hours] The animal might die from the injury, starvation, or attacks from other animals. Many states employ the regulation that a trap must be checked at least every 36 hours to minimize risks to the animals. Trapping requires time, hard work, and money but can be efficient. Trapping has become expensive for

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4160-564: The lynx's plight, more than a dozen environmental groups petitioned FWS in 1991 to list lynx in the lower 48 states. Fish and Wildlife Services (FWS) regional offices and field biologists supported the petition, but FWS officials in the Washington, D.C. headquarters turned it down. In March 2000, the FWS listed the lynx as threatened in the lower 48. The prices of fur pelts have significantly declined. Some trappers have considered forgoing trapping because

4240-421: The most abundant fishes in Lake Shannon is kokanee salmon , but this population is said to differ from true kokanee. True kokanees are established in freshwater, but the kokanees of Lake Shannon may be the by-product of sockeye salmon and coho salmon that spawned in tributaries of the lake — including Sulphur Creek and Thunder Creek — either via natural spawining gravels or artificially constructed ones. Some of

4320-426: The movement of ice, known as glaciotectonism. These form push moraines and thrust-block moraines, which are often composed of till and reworked proglacial sediment. Moraine may also form by the accumulation of sand and gravel deposits from glacial streams emanating from the ice margin. These fan deposits may coalesce to form a long moraine bank marking the ice margin. Several processes may combine to form and rework

4400-635: The much shorter stick (sometimes called catch stick or trigger stick) with one of the longer sticks, plus a rock or other heavy object. Snares are anchored cable or wire nooses set to catch wild animals such as squirrels and rabbits . In the US, they are most commonly used for capture and control of surplus furbearers and especially for food collection. They are also widely used by subsistence and commercial hunters for bushmeat consumption and trade in African forest regions and in Cambodia . Snares are one of

4480-567: The napkin and the destroyed egg case as garbage. Domestic animals accidentally captured in glue traps can be released by carefully applying cooking oil or baby oil to the contact areas and gently working until the animal is free. Many animal rights groups, such as the Humane Society of the United States and In Defense of Animals , oppose the use of glue traps for their cruelty to animals. Glue traps were made illegal in Wales in October 2023, marking

4560-486: The north end of the lake, the Upper Baker Dam blocks the Baker River once again to form an expanded Baker Lake . The dominant geographical feature in the area is Mount Baker , which rises 10,781 feet (3,286 m) a few miles to the northwest of Lake Shannon. Mount Shuksan , a slightly smaller peak, rises 9,127 feet (2,782 m) further to the north-northeast. Aside from the Baker River, some major streams that feed

4640-477: The original, 990-foot (300 m)-long penstock was lengthened by 420 feet (130 m), to 1,410 feet (430 m), to reach the new powerhouse. This new structure was built with a sloped roof to minimize potential damage. In 1991, a water diversion project, the Koma Kulshan Project , diverted about 120 cubic feet per second (3.4 m/s) from two west-bank Lake Shannon tributaries to Baker Lake. One of

4720-529: The practice of traditional medicine . Trapping may also be done for hobby and conservation purposes. Most of the traps used for mammals can be divided into six types: foothold traps, body gripping traps, snares, deadfalls, cages, and glue traps. Some of the traditional kinds have changed little since the Stone Age . Foothold traps were invented in the 17th century for use against humans (see mantrap ), to keep poachers out of European estates. The device uses

4800-473: The reservoir inundated the first railroad bridge across the river, the Baker River Bridge, a 190-foot (58 m)-high wooden trestle . The first power generated at the dam was on November 19, 1925. The construction of the dam and the forming of the reservoir had serious impacts on the salmon of the Baker River — the dam left only 1 mile (1.6 km) of river accessible to returning salmon. Before

4880-404: The ring or hoope with two clickets" [ sic ]. The mousetrap , with a strong spring device mounted on a wooden base, was first patented by William C. Hooker of Abingdon, Illinois, in 1894. Trapping is carried out for a variety of reasons. Originally, it was for food, fur, and other animal products. Trapping has since been expanded to encompass pest control, wildlife management,

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4960-466: The rock or log falls, crushing the animal. The figure-four deadfall is a popular and simple trap constructed from materials found in the bush (three sticks with notches cut into them, plus a heavy rock or other heavy object). Also popular, and easier to set, is the Paiute deadfall, consisting of three long sticks, plus a much shorter stick, along with a cord or fiber material taken from the bush to interconnect

5040-474: The simplest traps and are very effective. They are cheap to produce and easy to set in large numbers. A snare traps an animal around the neck or the body; a snare consists of a noose made usually by wire or a strong string. Snares are widely criticised by animal welfare groups for their cruelty . UK users of snares accept that over 40% of animals caught in some environments will be non-target animals, although non-target captures range from 21% to 69% depending on

5120-403: The squirrel. In some locations, the traps can be placed in alignment with a building, wall, or fence (nearly under one edge of a bush). The wall does not present a threat to the squirrel, and the bush reduces the exposure and view of the squirrel. A blind area (by using natural or cardboard materials) surrounding the end of the trap presents a darker, safe hiding space near the trigger and bait of

5200-419: The surface in the ablation zone , melting of surface ice or from debris that falls onto the glacier from valley sidewalls. Washboard moraines , also known as minor or corrugated moraines , are low-amplitude geomorphic features caused by glaciers. They consist of low-relief ridges, 1 to 2 meters (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in) in height and around 100 meters (330 ft) apart, accumulated at

5280-493: The target animal. For example, deer stops are designed to avoid the snaring of deer or cattle by the leg; they are required in some parts of the US. Other precautions include setting snares at specific heights, diameters, and locations. In a study of foxes in the UK, researchers were unintentionally snaring brown hares about as frequently as the intended foxes until they improved their methods, using larger wire with rabbit stops to eliminate

5360-525: The trap. Body-gripping traps are designed to kill animals quickly. They are often called "Conibear" traps after Canadian inventor Frank Conibear who began their manufacture in the late 1950s as the Victor-Conibear trap. Many trappers consider these traps to be one of the best trapping innovations of the 20th century; when they work as intended, animals that are caught squarely on the neck are killed quickly, and are therefore not left to suffer or given

5440-417: The trap. Where two-door traps are not available, a piece of cardboard held in place with a brick can be put behind the rear of the trap. In cold climates, cockroaches may move indoors, seeking warmer environments and food. Cockroaches may enter houses via wastewater plumbing, underneath doors, or via air ducts or other openings in the walls, windows or foundation. Cockroach populations may be controlled through

5520-538: The trapper to decide whether to kill the animal or release it. Following a consultation on options to ban or regulate the use of snares, the Scottish Executive announced a series of measures on the use of snares, such as the compulsory fitting of safety stops, ID tags and marking areas where snaring takes place with signs. In some jurisdictions, swivels on snares are required, and dragging (non-fixed) anchors are prohibited. Trapping pit s are deep pits dug into

5600-651: The trapper, and in modern times it has become controversial. In part to address these concerns, in 1996, the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, an organization made up of U.S. state and federal fish and wildlife agency professionals, began testing traps and compiling recommendations "to improve and modernize the technology of trapping through scientific research" known as Best Management Practices. As of February 2013, twenty best management practice recommendations have been published, covering nineteen species of common furbearers across North America. Trapping in Manitoba, Canada

5680-596: The unwanted catch of the brown hares. Any type of trap—whether it be a foothold/leghold, conibear, or snare/cable restraint—can get an unwanted catch, including endangered species and pets. Wildlife Services , a branch of the U.S. Department of Agriculture , estimated that between 2003 and 2013 hundreds of pets were killed by body-gripping traps, and that the agency itself has killed thousands of non-target animals in several states, from pet dogs to endangered species. The number of non-target animals killed has caused national and regional animal-protection organizations such as

5760-416: The upper watershed. The reservoir is widest in the lower half and especially in a stretch about 3 miles (5 km) upstream of the dam. Near the middle, the lake narrows dramatically as it squeezes between the west shore and a narrow promontory that juts out into the valley. The upper half of the lake is very narrow, and the far upper end protrudes into the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest . Just above

5840-637: The use of glue board traps or insecticides . Glue board traps (also called adhesive or sticky traps) are made using adhesive applied to cardboard or similar material. Bait can be placed in the center or a scent may be added to the adhesive. Inexpensive glue board traps are normally placed in warm indoor locations readily accessible to insects but not likely to be encountered by people: underneath refrigerators or freezers, behind trash cans, etc. Covering any cracks or crevices through which cockroaches may enter, sealing food inside insect-proof containers, and quickly cleaning any spills or messes that have been made

5920-425: The use of foothold traps in trapping and hunting has become controversial. Anti-fur campaigns have protested foothold traps as inhumane, with some claiming that an animal caught in a foothold trap will frequently chew off its leg to escape the trap. The practice has been banned in 101 countries as well as 10 states in the United States. Modern variations of the foothold trap have been designed to reduce instances of

6000-580: The valley, or may be subglacial debris carried to the surface of the glacier, melted out, and transported to the glacier margin. Lateral moraines can rise up to 140 meters (460 ft) over the valley floor, can be up to 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) long, and are steeper close to the glacier margin (up to 80 degrees) than further away (where slopes are typically 29 to 36 degrees. Ground moraines are till-covered areas with irregular topography and no ridges, often forming gently rolling hills or plains, with relief of less than 10 meters (33 ft). Ground moraine

6080-439: The water to the river just downstream of the dam. This results in a stretch of river that is nearly dry most of the time. The full pool elevation of the lake is 438 feet (134 m), while the minimum lake level for power generation is 370 feet (110 m) and dead pool elevation is 355 feet (108 m). The lake holds 161,470 acre-feet (199,170,000 m) of water at full pool. Below the Lower Baker Dam, another structure —

6160-464: The world to prevent damage to personal property, including the killing of livestock by predatory animals . Many wildlife biologists support the use of regulated trapping for the sustained harvest of some species of furbearers. Research shows that trapping can be an effective method of managing or studying furbearers, controlling damage caused by furbearers, and at times reducing the spread of harmful diseases. The research shows that regulated trapping

6240-451: Was a smaller lake formed by a glacial moraine . Anadromous fish would migrate up the Baker in numbers of up to 20,000 each spring. In the 19th century, the Baker River area was primarily used for the timber industry . Large deposits of lime around the mouth of the Baker River were taken advantage of by a cement plant built in present-day Concrete. On April 1, 1924, the Lower Baker Dam

6320-515: Was constructed in 1925 as the first of two dams that generate power for the Baker River Hydroelectric Project, owned by Puget Sound Energy . It is a thick-arch dam 285 feet (87 m) high and 550 feet (170 m) in length. The spillways are over the crest, consisting of about twenty-four openings. A penstock diverts water from the lake to a powerhouse on the left bank of the river, which generates 79 MW of power, and returns

6400-551: Was official begun by the Stone & Webster Company , in a site known as Eden Canyon. At first, 150 men worked on the project, which grew to a workforce of 900 by the next year. In early 1925, the Lower Baker Dam was completed to a height of 230 feet (70 m) by a construction crew of 1,300, and in November of that year, the reservoir first filled to capacity. (The dam was later raised 55 feet (17 m) to its present height.) The filling of

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