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59-570: The river is part of the 32-mile (51 km) Lewis River – Vancouver Lake Water Trail linking Vancouver Lake to Woodland by waters suitable for kayaks and other boats. Portions of the Ridgefield National Wildlife Refuge border the river. Lake River, a "slow, flat slough of the Columbia River", loses only 1 foot (30 cm) in elevation over its entire 11-mile (18 km) course. It flows north, roughly parallel to

118-505: A population collapse as a result of an 1830 epidemic introduced by early colonizers. This is one of the reasons many early recorded observations include large shifts and changes in tribal populations. One of the first recorded sightings of the Lewis by a non Indigenous person was in 1792, when William Robert Broughton passed the mouth of the Lewis while exploring the Columbia River during

177-454: A 25.7% decline since the peak census figure, but nevertheless somewhat higher than the 1950 population. When Latvia split from the Soviet Union, it had a population of 2,666,567, which was very close to its peak population. The latest census recorded a population of 2,067,887 in 2011, while the state statistics reported an estimate of 1,986,086 for 2015. This represents a 25.5% decline since

236-482: A decline of about 38%. South Korea 's total fertility rate has been consistently lower than that of Japan, breaking below 1 in 2018, and fell to 0.778 in 2022. As a result, its population fell in 2020 for the first time in the country's history from 51.8 million in 2020 to 51.6 in 2022. The UN's Population Division, assuming that South Korea's total fertility rate will rise from 0.72 in 2023 to 1.3 by 2100, projects its population to fall to nearly 22 million by 2100,

295-459: A decline of about 56%. Though Japan's natural increase turned negative as early as 2005, the 2010 census result figure was slightly higher, at just above 128 million, than the 2005 census. Factors implicated in the puzzling figures were more Japanese returnees than expected as well as changes in the methodology of data collection. However, the official count put the population as of October 1, 2015, at 127.1 million, down by 947,000 or 0.7% from

354-460: A decline of about 57%. Thailand 's total fertility rate has been consistently lower than the replacement rate of 2.1 since the beginning of the 1990s and reached a new low in 2022, at 1. Thailand 's population decline started in 2020 and Thailand for the first time recorded more deaths than births in 2021. This negative natural population change amplified in 2022 and 2023 and, in the absence of substantial immigration, this trend will continue in

413-541: A decline of about 58%. Taiwan recorded more deaths than births for the first time in 2020, despite recording virtually no COVID-19 deaths , thus starting an era of demographic decline for the foreseeable future. Taiwan's population fell from 23.6 million in 2020 to 23.4 in 2023, while the total fertility rate decreased from 1.05 in 2020 to 0.85 in 2023. The UN's Population Division, assuming that Taiwan's total fertility rate will rise from 0.87 in 2023 to 1.33 by 2100, projects its population to fall to 10 million by 2100,

472-406: A high-low range of maximum human population possible. The lowest low estimate is less than one billion, the highest high estimate is over one trillion. A statistical analysis of these historical estimates revealed that the median of high estimates of all of the ranges would be 12 billion, and the median of low estimates would be about 8 billion. According to this analysis, this planet may be entering

531-433: A peak of 2.1% annually during the 1962–1968 period, but since then, due to the worldwide collapse of the total fertility rate , it has slowed to 0.9% as of 2023. The global growth rate in absolute numbers accelerated to a peak of 92.8 million in 1990, but has since slowed to 64.7 million in 2021. Long-term projections indicate that the growth rate of the human population of the planet will continue to slow and that before

590-458: A population explosion, has been short compared with the span of human history. It began roughly at the beginning of the industrial revolution and appears to be now drawing to a close. Predictions of the net economic (and other) effects from a slow and continuous population decline (e.g. due to low fertility rates) are mainly theoretical since such a phenomenon is a relatively new and unprecedented one. The results of many of these studies show that

649-499: A population of 3.05 million in 2011, down from 3.4 million in 2001, further falling to 2,988,000 on September 1, 2012. This represents a 23.8% decline since the peak census figure, and some 13.7% since 2001. Ukraine census in 1989 resulted in 51,452,034 people. Ukraine's own estimates show a peak of 52,244,000 people in 1993; however, this number has plummeted to 45,439,822 as of December 1, 2013. Having lost Crimean territory to Russia in early 2014 and subsequently experiencing war,

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708-544: A table of natural population changes, see the list of countries by natural increase . China's population peaked at 1.41 billion in 2021 and began declining in 2022 . China recorded more deaths than births for the first time in 2022 with a net decrease of 850 thousand, and this trend continued in 2023 when deaths overnumbered births by a margin of more than 2 million. The UN's Population Division, assuming that China's total fertility rate will rise from 1 in 2022 to 1.34 by 2100, projects its population to be 633 million by 2100,

767-419: A zone where its human carrying capacity could be exceeded. However, the large variance in these studies’ estimates diminishes our confidence in them, as such estimates are very difficult to make with current data and methods. The effects of a declining population can also be negative. As a country's population declines, GDP growth may grow even more slowly or may even decline. If the decline in total population

826-572: Is a former oxbow of the North Fork. Beginning in 1940, the construction of U.S. Highway 99 (later to become the Interstate 5 corridor in this area), resulted in the construction of a dike that straightened the river to the east of the highway before it flows under what is now Interstate 5 near the Woodland southern boundary. Population decline Population decline , also known as depopulation ,

885-487: Is a reduction in a human population size. Throughout history, Earth's total human population has continued to grow ; however, current projections suggest that this long-term trend of steady population growth may be coming to an end. From antiquity until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , the global population grew very slowly, at about 0.04% per year. After about 1800, the growth rate accelerated to

944-670: Is a rough proxy for average living standards. A country can both increase its average living standard and grow its total GDP even though its population growth is low or even negative. The economies of both Japan and Germany went into recovery around the time their populations began to decline (2003–2006). In other words, both the total and per capita GDP in both countries grew more rapidly after 2005 than before. Russia 's economy also began to grow rapidly from 1999 onward, even though its population had been shrinking since 1992–93. Many Eastern European countries have been experiencing similar effects to Russia. Such renewed growth calls into question

1003-588: Is a tributary of the Columbia River , about 95 miles (153 km) long, in southwestern Washington in the United States. It drains part of the Cascade Range north of the Columbia River . The drainage basin of the Lewis River covers about 1,046 square miles (2,709 km ). The river's mean annual discharge is about 6,125 cubic feet per second (173.4 m /s). Unlike nearby Lewis County and Fort Lewis

1062-502: Is not matched by an equal or greater increase in productivity (GDP/capita), and if that condition continues from one calendar quarter to the next, it follows that a country would experience a decline in GDP, known as an economic recession . If these conditions become permanent, the country could find itself in a permanent recession. Other possible negative impacts of a declining population are: All these negative effects could be summarized under

1121-426: Is slightly greater than 2 because not all children live to adulthood). However, most societies experience a drastic drop in fertility to well below 2 as they grow more wealthy . The tendency of women in wealthier countries to have fewer children is attributed to a variety of reasons , such as lower infant mortality and a reduced need for children as a source of family labor or retirement welfare, both of which reduce

1180-467: Is the abrupt decline in the global total fertility rate , from 5.3 in 1963 to 2.3 in 2021, as the world continues to move through the stages of the Demographic Transition . The decline in the total fertility rate has occurred in every region of the world and has brought renewed concern from some for population decline. The era of rapid global population increase, and concomitant concern about

1239-429: Is to the right . About 1.5 miles (2.4 km) further downstream, Salmon Creek enters from the right. Over the next 0.5 miles (0.8 km), the river passes between Curtis Lake on the right and Round Lake on the left. About 8 miles (13 km) from the mouth , Lake River enters Ridgefield National Wildlife Refuge and passes between Green Lake on the right and Post Office Lake on the left. Whipple Creek enters from

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1298-708: The Armenian genocide caused 1.5 million deaths, the Jewish Holocaust about 6 million, and, in the 1970s, the population of Cambodia declined because of wide-scale executions by the Khmer Rouge. In modern times, the AIDS pandemic and the COVID-19 pandemic have caused short-term drops in fertility and significant excess mortality in a number of countries. Some population declines result from indeterminate causes, for example,

1357-522: The Bronze Age Collapse , which has been described as the worst disaster in ancient history. In spite of these short-term population shocks, world population has continued to grow. From around 10,000 BC to the beginning of the Early modern period (generally 1500 – 1800), world population grew very slowly, around 0.04% per year. During that period, population growth was governed by conditions now labeled

1416-453: The Cowlitz , but transitioned after 1830 to a Klickitat population. Lewis and Clark encountered a tribe on the Lewis River that they referred to as "Cathlapotles," which are thought to be Chinook , but they also recorded a Sahaptin-speaking village near the mouth of the Lewis, which were likely Klickitat people. Like almost all Native tribes, Indigenous groups on the Lewis River experienced

1475-602: The Hudson's Bay Company and established a land claim near present day Woodland . Lewis became the county surveyor in 1856, and applied his own name to the river. The Lewis River rises in the Cascades in northeastern Skamania County , high on the west flank of Mount Adams , approximately 75 miles (121 km) northeast of Portland, Oregon . It flows generally southwest through Gifford Pinchot National Forest , across central Skamania County, passing south of Mount St. Helens . It forms

1534-686: The Vancouver Expedition . He named it Rushleigh's River at that time. At the time Lewis and Clark crossed the river, they had already named the Snake River the Lewis, and referred to the present-day Lewis as the Cathlapoote. Other historically recorded names include the Kattlepoutal and Washington River. The Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 brought an influx of colonizers to the region, but just prior to that in 1845, Adolphus Lee Lewis retired from

1593-425: The 25 years after 1989, some 20 million people from Eastern Europe are estimated to have migrated to Western Europe or the United States. Belarus's population peaked at 10,151,806 in the 1989 Census and declined to 9,480,868 as of 2015 as estimated by the state statistical service. This represents a 7.1% decline since the peak census figure. In the last Soviet census of 1989, it had a population of 1,565,662, which

1652-459: The Columbia until curving slightly northwest to join it. At times, tidal fluctuations and high flows along the Columbia cause Lake River to flow backwards into the lake, sometimes for long periods. Flowing out of the lake and Vancouver Lake Park, the river receives Buckmire Slough from the left . Beyond the confluence, Shillapoo Wildlife Area is to the left, and the unincorporated community of Felida

1711-534: The East, Hungary peaked almost a decade earlier yet the rate has been far more modest, averaging −0.23% a year over the period. Albania's population in 1989 recorded 3,182,417 people, the largest for any census. Since then, its population declined to an estimated 2,893,005 in January 2015. The decline has since accelerated with a 1.3% drop in population reported in 2021 leaving a total population of 2.79 million. This represents

1770-597: The Lewis River is at Columbia river mile (RM) 87 or river kilometer (RK) 140. Near the confluence with the Columbia River, the Lewis River is joined by the East Fork Lewis River . The main Lewis River, sometimes called the North Fork Lewis River, forms the boundary between Clark and Cowlitz counties, while the East Fork divides Clark County in half. The East Fork flows westward from headwaters on

1829-410: The Lewis River was not named for Meriwether Lewis , but rather for A. Lee Lewis, an early colonizer who homesteaded near the mouth of the river. The first inhabitants of the Lewis drainage were a number of Native American tribes. Tribal listings compiled by anthropologist Verne F. Ray mention a village about 5 miles (8.0 km) upstream from the mouth of the Lewis, which was originally populated by

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1888-400: The abrupt decline in the global total fertility rate , from 5.3 in 1963 to 2.3 in 2021. The decline in the total fertility rate has occurred in every region of the world and is a result of a process known as demographic transition . To maintain its population, ignoring migration, a country on average requires a minimum fertility rate of 2.2 children per woman of childbearing age (the number

1947-472: The boundary, along the Dark Divide on its north side, between Cowlitz County , to the north, and Clark County , to the south. Towns along the river include Cougar , Ariel , and Woodland . In its lower 10 miles (16 km), it turns sharply south, then west, and enters the Columbia from the east, opposite St. Helens, Oregon , approximately 15 miles (24 km) north of Vancouver, Washington . The mouth of

2006-458: The coming years due to the very low fertility rate. Population in the ex-USSR and Eastern Europe is rapidly shrinking due to low birth rates, very high death rates (linked to alcoholism and high rates of infectious diseases such as AIDS and TB ), as well as high emigration rates. In Russia and the former communist bloc, birth rates fell abruptly after the fall of the Soviet Union , and death rates generally rose sharply. In addition, in

2065-425: The components of a country's national power. More recently, the "human capital" theory has emerged. This view holds that the quality and skill level of a labor force and the technology and resources available to it are more important than simply a nation's population size. While there were in the past advantages to high fertility rates, that " demographic dividend " has now largely disappeared. The table below shows

2124-573: The conventional wisdom that economic growth requires population growth, or that economic growth is impossible during a population decline. More recently (2009–2017) Japan has experienced a higher growth of GDP per capita than the United States, even though its population declined over that period. In the United States, the relationship between population growth and growth of GDP per capita has been found to be empirically insignificant. This evidence shows that individual prosperity can grow during periods of population decline. Attempting to better understand

2183-516: The cost of providing capital for a growing labor force is taken into account. A focus on productivity growth that leads to an increase in both per capita GDP and total GDP can bring other benefits to: Another approach to possible positive effects of population decline is to consider Earth's human carrying capacity . Global population decline would begin to counteract the negative effects of human overpopulation . There have been many estimates of Earth's carrying capacity, each generally predicting

2242-491: The countries that have been affected by population decline between 2010 and 2020. The term "population" used here is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship, except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of the country of origin. This means that population growth in this table includes net changes from immigration and emigration. For

2301-513: The country's demographic crisis. The birth rate in Ukraine was 28% lower in the first six months of 2023 compared to the same period in 2021. A July 2023 study by the Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies stated that "[r]egardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of

2360-530: The economic impact of these pluses and minuses, Lee et al. analyzed data from 40 countries. They found that typically fertility well above replacement and population growth would be most beneficial for government budgets. Fertility near replacement and population stability, however, would be most beneficial for standards of living when the analysis includes the effects of age structure on families as well as governments. Fertility moderately below replacement and population decline would maximize per capita consumption when

2419-426: The end of the 21st century, it will reach zero . Examples of this emerging trend are Japan , whose population is currently (2022–2026) declining at the rate of 0.5% per year, and China , whose population has peaked and is currently (2022 – 2026) declining at the rate of about 0.04%. By 2050, Europe's population is projected to be declining at the rate of 0.3% per year. Population growth has declined mainly due to

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2478-949: The environment, can be net positive. If it cannot increase workforce productivity faster than its population's decline, the results can be negative. National efforts to confront a declining population to date have been focused on the possible negative economic consequences and have been centered on increasing the size and productivity of the workforce. A reduction over time in a region's population can be caused by sudden adverse events such as outbursts of infectious disease , famine , and war or by long-term trends, for example, sub-replacement fertility , persistently low birth rates , high mortality rates , and continued emigration . Historical episodes of short-term human population decline have been common and have been caused by several factors. High mortality rates caused by: Less frequently, short-term population declines are caused by genocide or mass execution . For example, it has been estimated that

2537-428: The estimated impact of population growth on economic growth is generally small and can be positive, negative, or nonexistent. A recent meta-study found no relationship between population growth and economic growth. The effects of a declining population can be positive. The single best gauge of economic success is the growth of GDP per person, not total GDP. GDP per person (also known as GDP per capita or per capita GDP)

2596-484: The first concerns about overpopulation . After World War I birth rates in the United States and many European countries fell below replacement level. This prompted concern about population decline. The recovery of the birth rate in most western countries around 1940 that produced the "baby boom", with annual growth rates in the 1.0 – 1.5% range, and which peaked during the period 1962 -1968 at 2.1% per year, temporarily dispelled prior concerns about population decline, and

2655-570: The heading of “Underpopulation”.  Underpopulation is usually defined as a state in which a country's population has declined too much to support its current economic system. Population decline can cause internal population pressures that then lead to secondary effects such as ethnic conflict, forced refugee flows, and hyper-nationalism . This is particularly true in regions where different ethnic or racial groups have different growth rates. Low fertility rates that cause long-term population decline can also lead to population aging , an imbalance in

2714-415: The incentive to have many children. Better access to education for young women, which broadens their job prospects, is also often cited. Possible consequences of long-term national population decline can be net negative or positive. If a country can increase its workforce productivity faster than its population is declining, the results, in terms of its economy, the quality of life of its citizens, and

2773-456: The left, and Carty Lake is on the right as the stream re-enters the wildlife refuge. Lake River enters the Columbia River at the north tip of Bachelor Island, about 0.5 miles (0.8 km) upstream of the mouth of the Lewis River and about 87.5 miles (140.8 km) from the Columbia's mouth on the Pacific Ocean. Lake River drains more than 100 square miles (260 km). The watershed includes

2832-429: The mostly urban 28-square-mile (73 km) catchment of Burnt Bridge Creek , which empties into Vancouver Lake. Also parts of the watershed are the lake and its surrounds, land along the main stem , and the urban, suburban, rural lands along tributary streams, principally Salmon, Whipple, and Flume creeks. The water quality of all these water bodies is relatively poor. Lewis River (Washington) The Lewis River

2891-416: The new Russian citizenship law. An editorial projects significant gender and age imbalance in the population in Ukraine as a substantial problem if most refugees, as in other cases, do not return over time. Approximately 3.8 million more people have left the country during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , and thousands have died in the conflict. The Russian invasion of Ukraine considerably deepened

2950-434: The peak census figure, with only one of two nations worldwide falling below 1950 levels. The decline is caused by both a negative natural population growth (more deaths than births) and a negative net migration rate . As of 1 May 2024, Latvia had a total population of 1,862,700. When Lithuania split from the Soviet Union, it had a population of 3.7 million, which was close to its peak population. The latest census recorded

3009-486: The population age structure. Population aging in Europe due to low fertility rates has given rise to concerns about its impact on social cohesion. A smaller national population can also have geo-strategic effects, but the correlation between population and power is a tenuous one. Technology and resources often play more significant roles. Since World War II , the "static" theory saw a population's absolute size as being one of

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3068-411: The population dropped to 42,981,850 as of August 2014. This represents a 19.7% decrease in total population since the peak figure, but 16.8% above the 1950 population even without Crimea. Its absolute total decline (9,263,000) since its peak population is the highest of all nations; this includes loss of territory and heavy net emigration. Eastern Ukraine may yet lose many Russian-speaking citizens due to

3127-587: The previous quinquennial census. The gender ratio is increasingly skewed; some 106 women per 100 men live in Japan. In 2019, Japan's population fell by a record-breaking 276,000; if immigration is excluded from the figures, the drop would have been 487,000. Given the population boom of the 1950s and 1960s, the total population is still 52% above 1950 levels. The UN's Population Division, assuming that Japan's total fertility rate will rise from 1.2 in 2023 to 1.47 by 2100, projects its population to fall to 77 million by 2100,

3186-402: The right at RM 7 (RK 11). Over the next 2 miles (3 km), Campbell Lake is on the left. Flume Creek enters from the right about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from the mouth. The river exits the wildlife refuge, and about 3 miles (5 km) from the mouth, the stream curves to the northwest and enters Ridgefield, which is on the right. A mile or so later, Bachelor Island Slough enters from

3245-443: The war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching." Hungary's population peaked in 1980, at 10,709,000, and has continued its decline to under 10 million as of August 2010. This represents a decline of 7.1% since its peak; however, compared to neighbors situated to

3304-623: The western flanks of Lookout Mountain in Skamania County. Parks along the East Fork include Moulton Falls, Lucia Falls, Lewisville, and Paradise Point. A variant name of the East Fork is the South Fork Lewis River. The North Fork is impounded for hydroelectricity and flood control in its middle course by Swift Dam , forming Swift Reservoir ; Yale Dam , forming Yale Lake ; and Merwin Dam , forming Lake Merwin . Horseshoe Lake in Woodland

3363-497: The world was once again fearful of overpopulation . But after 1968 the global population growth rate started a long decline, and in the period 2022–2027 the UN estimates it to be about 0.9%, less than half of its peak during the period 1962 - 1968. Although still growing , the UN predicts that global population will level out around 2086, and some sources predict the start of a decline before then. The principal cause of this phenomenon

3422-401: The “ Malthusian Trap ”. After 1700, driven by increases in human productivity due to the Industrial Revolution , particularly the increase in agricultural productivity , population growth accelerated to around 0.6% per year, a rate that was over ten times the rate of population growth of the previous 12,000 years. This rapid increase in global population caused Malthus and others to raise

3481-456: Was close to its peak population. The state statistics reported an estimate of 1,314,370 for 2016. This represents a 19.2% decline since the peak census figure. In the last Soviet census of 1989, it had a population of 5,400,841, which was close to its peak population . The state statistics reported an estimate of 4,010,000 for the 2014 Census, which includes estimated numbers for quasi-independent Abkhazia and South Ossetia . This represents

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