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87-506: The Lake County Examiner is a weekly newspaper published in Lakeview, Oregon , United States. It was founded in 1880 by Stephen P. Moss and Charles A. Cogswell . Over the years, the paper has had a number of publishers. Today, the newspaper is owned by Adams Publishing Group . In addition to the weekly newspaper, the Examiner staff publishes a number of special editions each year along with

174-405: A 1 ⁄ 3 -horsepower (250 W) 850- or 1140-revolution-per-minute motor geared to the main clutch wheel, the inner shaft engaging this wheel while the casting cycle was in operation. An external leather belt on this wheel ran a second jackshaft , which powered the distributor and keyboard matrix conveyor and escapements through additional belting off this shaft. Gas fired pots, such as in

261-407: A CD-ROM or Zip disk , or sent to the printing press (either located at the newspaper office or an off-site publication plant) by e-mail or FTP site. Often, the staff of a weekly newspaper is smaller, with employees having several duties. For instance, a news editor may also sell advertising, while reporters could also be photographers. The size of the news staff varies, depending on the size of

348-448: A municipality or other government body must designate a newspaper of record . The official newspaper is decided based on geographical area, and often more than one newspapers are given this designation. Official newspapers receive the government's public notices, and since they are considered advertising, it can be a source of revenue for newspapers. Weekly newspapers often have one or more advertising sales representatives whose job it

435-402: A spaceband from the spaceband box. Spacebands are stored separately from the matrices because they are too big to fit in the magazine. Once enough text has been entered for the line, the operator depresses the casting lever mounted on the front right corner of the keyboard. This lifts the completed line in the assembler up between two fingers in the "delivery channel", simultaneously tripping

522-489: A 90-character keyboard. The machine assembles matrices , or molds for the letter forms, in a line. The assembled line is then cast as a single piece, called a slug , from molten type metal in a process known as hot metal typesetting . The matrices are then returned to the type magazine, to be reused continuously. This allows much faster typesetting and composition than hand composition in which operators place down one pre-cast sort (metal letter, punctuation mark or space) at

609-514: A different magazine. Many models of the Linotype machine could keep several magazines (as many as four) available at a time. In some of these, the operator could shift to a different magazine by raising or lowering the stack of magazines with a crank. Such machines would not allow mixing fonts within a single line. Others, such as the Models 25 and 26 allowed arbitrary mixing of text from two magazines within

696-455: A local real estate guide and a twice-weekly news flyer . The Lake County Examiner is a weekly newspaper that serves Lake County, Oregon . The newspaper is published every Wednesday in Lakeview, the county seat of Lake County. The Examiner is a community newspaper that primarily covers local news, sports, business, and events. Most of the newspaper's advertising is local as well. As of 2014,

783-493: A local real-estate guide called Home Sweet Home . Twice a week the Examiner publishes a legal-size street flyer called the Lakeview Low Down . This offers news bullets and local advertising and is distributed through Lakeview area restaurants. The company also does job-order printing and publishing , photocopying , bookbinding , and engraving . The Examiner is registered to do contract printing and publishing work for

870-412: A long tail. The wide part of the wedge is at the bottom of the tail, so pushing the tail up expands the spaceband. Due to their size, spacebands are not held in the magazine, but in a spaceband box and released one at a time by pressing the spaceband lever at the left edge of the keyboard. As the matrices are released from the magazine, they are guided by way of partitions in the assembler front down to

957-521: A new larger print style. Around 1883, The Examiner merged with another Lakeview newspaper, the State Line Herald . While the State Line Herald was Lakeview's first newspaper, established in 1878, the combined publication kept the Lake County Examiner name. After the merger, the paper began advocating Republican politics on its editorial page. During the 1880s, the Examiner was sold

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1044-590: A number of times. In 1884, Fuller Snelling became Charles Cogswell's partner. Bruce Allen and Frank W. Beach then bought the newspaper in 1885. A year later, Seneca C. Beach bought out Allen's share, forming the company of Beach and Beach . It was published by Beach and Beach until 1891, when Frank Beach left to become editor and publisher of the Linkville Weekly Star . On 22 May 1900, a fire burned most of Lakeview. There were no deaths, but 64 buildings were destroyed. Only two downtown business structures survived

1131-571: A per-story rate. Many weekly newspapers started as family-owned businesses, covering one or two communities and handling all editorial and business functions. The Tribune Newspaper in Humble, Texas is one example. Typically all business functions, along with the editor-in-chief would be family members, while non family members would assume reporting positions. Another example is the Campbell County Observer published in N.E. Wyoming. The owner

1218-476: A program such as Adobe Photoshop . After the copy and advertisements have been placed on the page, the editor will print out a proof and make any changes, if necessary. Sometimes, they will consult with reporters on such things as double-checking facts, proofreading headlines and other copy, or writing cut-lines for photographs. Once everyone is satisfied, a final proof is printed out and prepared for publication. The pages can be placed on dummy sheets, burned to

1305-623: A publisher overseeing several newspapers, with a specific editor for each newspaper. Generally speaking, the staff of corporate-owned chain weeklies do not have deep connections into the communities and do not prioritize accountability for local governments. The switch from locally owned weekly newspapers to corporate chains, which is often driven by the loss of advertising revenue , is associated with increases in taxes, reduced involvement by citizens in local government , fewer citizens voting in elections, more wasteful spending, and even higher levels of corruption . At Christmas Day, depending on

1392-401: A rapidly moving belt, which brings the matrices into the assembler. The spaceband box is positioned above the assembler, the bands dropping almost directly into the assembler. At the end of the moving belt is a rapidly rotating 'star wheel' that gives each incoming matrix or spaceband a small kick to make room for the next one (the star wheel is made of a phenolic-type material to minimize wear of

1479-451: A sports reporter takes great ownership in a specific team and writes stories containing detailed accounts of games. Several photographs of the games may accompany the story. Other stories preview games, usually between traditional rivals, to build interest. Family news pages include announcements of births, engagements, weddings, landmark birthdays and anniversaries, and obituaries . In the past, correspondents often submitted stories along

1566-403: A time. The machine revolutionized typesetting and with it newspaper publishing, making it possible for a relatively small number of operators to set type for many pages daily. Ottmar Mergenthaler invented the Linotype in 1884 alongside James Ogilvie Clephane , who provided the financial backing for commercialization. In 1876, a German clock maker, Ottmar Mergenthaler , who had emigrated to

1653-466: A weekly newspaper receives most of its revenue from display advertising and classified advertising . Most weekly newspapers are laid out one or more days before the publication date. Sometimes, the layout of pages is staggered, to allow for multiple deadlines. Like larger newspapers, most weekly newspapers these days are paginated (or laid out) using computer software, using programs such as Adobe PageMaker , Adobe InDesign or Quark Xpress . Layout

1740-402: Is a "line casting" machine used in printing which is manufactured and sold by the former Mergenthaler Linotype Company and related companies. It was a hot metal typesetting system that cast lines of metal type for one-time use. Linotype became one of the mainstays for typesetting , especially small-size body text, for newspapers, magazines, and posters from the late 19th century to

1827-412: Is a shifting mechanism that controls which magazine is currently connected to the keyboard. In most machines, this is done by raising or lowering the stack of magazines. In justified text, the spaces are not fixed width; they expand to make all lines equal in width. In linotype machines this is done by spacebands. A spaceband consists of two wedges, one similar in size and shape to a type matrix, one with

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1914-404: Is automatic: once it is activated by the operator sending a completed line by raising the casting lever, a series of cams and levers move the matrices through the casting section and control the sequence of steps that produce the slug. The casting material is an alloy of lead (85%), antimony (11%), and tin (4%), and produces a one-piece casting slug capable of 300,000 impressions before

2001-464: Is automatic; as soon as the finished line has been transferred to the casting section, the operator can begin composing the next line of text. The casting section of the machine operated intermittently when triggered by the operator at the completion of a line. The full casting cycle time was less than nine seconds. Motive power for the casting section came from a clutch -operated drive running large cams (the keyboard and distributor sections ran all

2088-471: Is because the matrix is not used directly to print onto the paper—rather, it is used as part of a mold from which a metal slug will be cast. The slug has its features reversed: therefore, the matrix does not. The magazine section is the part of the machine where the matrices are held when not in use, and released as the operator touches keys on the keyboard. The magazine is a flat box with vertical separators that form "channels", one channel for each character in

2175-512: Is code 125. Code 126 is unused while code 127 is used for pi matrices (described below). In typesetting, it is sometimes necessary to use characters that are uncommon or obscure enough that it does not make sense to assign them to a magazine channel. These characters are referred to as pi characters or sorts . ("Pi" in this case refers to an obscure printer's term relating to loose or spilled type.) Footnote marks, rarely used fractions, and mathematical symbols are examples of pi characters. In

2262-630: Is estimated to be between $ 1 million and $ 2.5 million. The Examiner is a member of the Oregon Newspaper Publishers Association , Oregon's newspaper trade association. In addition to the weekly newspaper, the Examiner staff publishes up to twelve special editions each year. The special editions focus on local industries such as farming , ranching , and forestry as well as events like the Lake County Fair and Lakeview's annual hang gliding festival. The staff also publishes

2349-402: Is prevented from squeezing between the mats on cast. The crucible tilts forward, forcing the mouthpiece tightly against the back of the mold. The plunger in the well of the crucible quickly descends, forcing the molten metal up the crucible throat and injecting it into the mold cavity through the array of orifices in the mouthpiece. The jets of molten metal first contact against the casting face of

2436-400: Is the appearance of the page and includes photographs (along with cutlines, or captions identifying the photograph's content and people), copy (the text and its typefont), headlines and white space. At many newspapers, photographers, reporters and editors use digital cameras to take photographs and download selected photographs using a card reader. The photographs are cropped and edited using

2523-450: Is the lower-case letter e : that letter is used so often that the 90 channel magazine actually has 91 channels, with two channels (the leftmost two) both used for the letter e . Similarly, the 72 channel magazine actually has 73 channels, with the leftmost two being used for lower-case e . Alternate lines release matrices alternately from the two e channels in the magazine. On machines that support multiple magazines, there

2610-426: Is the origin of the old typesetting terms upper rail for italic and lower rail for Roman characters. These terms have persisted in phototypesetting technology even though the mechanics of the auxiliary rail do not exist there. The character on a Linotype matrix, when viewed, is not inverted as a letter for conventional movable type would be, and the letter is incised below the surface rather than raised above it. This

2697-522: Is the publisher who also performs advertising sales, writing, distribution, books, and other duties that may be required. His wife, Candice, is an advertising saleswoman, his nine-year-old and four-year-old children are the insert stuffers, and they all are door-to-door subscription salespeople. As newspapers became more expensive to operate and family members declined to join the business, many weekly newspapers were purchased by larger chains of weeklies. Some family-owned newspapers are operated as chains, with

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2784-422: Is to sell display advertisements. Most advertisements are from local businesses (although some larger companies from outside the coverage area may advertise). Other advertisements are called classifieds , which are placed by people who want to buy or sell something (such as a car or real estate), employers who have job openings, or property owners who have rental property available. Along with paid subscriptions,

2871-668: The Aviso started in January 1609 in Wolfenbüttel . Many weekly newspapers in North America follow a similar format: News coverage usually focuses on local events such as car accidents or house fires, plus local government meetings, such as city councils or school boards, and police blotters. A weekly newspaper often covers sports teams from one or more area schools (mostly high schools ), communities, or professional teams if any exist. Often,

2958-431: The Examiner had a circulation of approximately 2,400. The newspaper maintains an online presence through www.lakecountyexam.com , a web-site that features local news, commentary, sports, obituaries, and community announcements. The Examiner normally has between five and nine employees. As of 2014, there were six full-time staff members plus one part-time employee working at the Examiner . The newspaper's annual revenue

3045-462: The Examiner used extremely small print type . The newspaper's front page often included anecdotes and fiction along with feature stories and news. When the newspaper began, a one-year subscription cost $ 3.00. However, the newspaper's main source of income was legal notices for land claims, which homesteaders were required to post publicly. After a few years in business, the Examiner installed an Eight-Medium Gordon-Franklin job press and changed to

3132-472: The Examiner was sold to Dave and Micke Trussell, who sold it in 1976 to Earl G. Parsons. In 1979, Parsons sold the paper to Ifft-Scripps Newspaper, Inc., which was acquired by Pioneer Newspapers, Inc. in 1983. The company was renamed to Pioneer News Group in 2013 and sold its papers to Adams Publishing Group in 2017. Weekly newspaper Most weekly newspapers follow a similar format as daily newspapers (i.e., news, sports, obituaries , etc.). However,

3219-556: The United States in 1872, was approached by James O. Clephane and his associate Charles T. Moore, who sought a quicker way of publishing legal briefs . By 1884, he conceived the idea of assembling metallic letter molds, called matrices , and casting molten metal into them, all within a single machine. His first attempt proved the idea feasible and a new company was formed. Improving his invention, Mergenthaler further developed his idea of an independent matrix machine. In July, 1886,

3306-428: The ejector blades and aligned with the knife block assembly a pair of honed knives with a fixed knife, and a knife which is set to the point thickness of the mold liners being cast with. The knives are set to dead parallel. The fixed knife on the left bears against the smooth side of the slug (the mold body face of the slug) as it brushes next to it, and the right knife trims the ribs on the slug (the mold cap face of

3393-503: The federal government . It was created by the Oregon State Legislature in 1874, and founded by Charles A. Cogswell and Stephen P. Moss in 1880. The town of Lakeview was established two years later and became the county seat for Lake County. It was started as a weekly newspaper published in Lakeview. The newspaper's first editor was Frank Coffin. The first edition was published on February 5, 1880. In its early editions,

3480-435: The 1970s and 1980s, when it was largely replaced by phototypesetting and digital typesetting . The name of the machine comes from producing an entire line of metal type at once, hence a line-o'-type . It was a significant improvement over the previous industry standard of letter-by-letter manual typesetting using a composing stick and shallow subdivided trays, called "cases". The Linotype machine operator enters text on

3567-533: The 1970s and 1980s, replacing them with phototypesetting equipment and later computerized typesetting and page composition systems. As of 2023 , the last-known newspaper still using Linotype in the United States is The Saguache Crescent . Le Démocrate de l'Aisne  [ fr ] is the last one in Western Europe. The linotype machine consists of four major sections: The operator interacts with

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3654-457: The Intertype, a machine closely resembling the Linotype, using the same matrices as the Linotype, which started production around 1914. Where Mergenthaler prided themselves on intricately formed cast-iron parts on their machine, Intertype machined many of their similar parts from steel and aluminum . Major newspaper publishers retired Linotype and similar "hot metal" typesetting machines during

3741-414: The assembler — a "matrix transposition". When these machines were in heavy use, it was not uncommon for an operator to set type at the rate of over 4,000  ems per hour. The fastest operators could exceed 10,000 ems per hour (approximately 10 to 30 words per minute in today's units), hence careful lubrication and regular cleaning were essential to keep these machines operating at full potential. In

3828-525: The assembler. The slug with the run down is removed once it has been cast, or by the proofreader. The linotype keyboard has the same alphabet arrangement given twice, once for lower-case letters, the keys in black, on the left side of the keyboard, and once for upper-case letters, the keys in white, located on the right side of the keyboard. The blue keys in the middle are punctuation, digits, small capital letters and fixed-width spaces. In proper keyboard operation, an experienced operator's left hand operates only

3915-420: The auxiliary, the slanted ( Italic ) form of that character will be used, but this can also be the boldface form or even a different font entirely. The machine operator can select which of the two faces will be cast by operating the auxiliary rail of the assembler , or, when setting entire lines of italics, by using the flap , which is a piece that can be turned under a portion of the first elevator column. This

4002-460: The casting begins to develop deformities and imperfections, and the type must be cast again. The continuous heating of the molten alloy causes the tin and antimony in the mixture to rise to the top and oxidize along with other impurities into a substance called "dross" which must be skimmed off. Excessive dross formation leads to the alloy softening as the proportion of lead increases. The mixture must then be assayed and tin and antimony added back (in

4089-407: The catch holding it in position. The spring-operated delivery channel then transports the line into the casting section of the machine, and engages the clutch that drives the casting section and the subsequent transfer into the distribution section. The operator is now finished with the line; the remaining processing is automatic. While the line is being cast, the operator can continue entering text for

4176-648: The community). Others may be recent college graduates early in their career, and are trying to gain experience and/or clips. Many newspapers have at least one news clerk or editorial assistant who is responsible for typing family news and obituaries , as well as news releases announcing upcoming events. A circulation manager keeps track of subscribers (this can range from only a couple hundred to tens of thousands of subscribers), and may also be in charge of classified advertising . As well as full-time staff reporters and photographers, many weekly newspapers also employ correspondents (sometimes called stringers), often paid on

4263-406: The composing section, the operator enters the text for a line on the keyboard. Each keystroke releases a matrix from the magazine mounted above the keyboard. The matrix travels through channels to the assembler where the matrices are lined up side by side in the order they were released. When a space is needed, the operator touches the spaceband lever just to the left of the keyboard. This releases

4350-423: The correct place in their respective magazines. This is done by the distributor . After casting is completed, the matrices are pushed to the second elevator which raises them to the distributor at the top of the magazine. The space bands are separated out at this point and are returned to the spaceband box. The matrices have a pattern of teeth at the top, by which they hang from the distributor bar . Some of

4437-456: The day of the week that Christmas Day is on, weekly newspapers would change the day in many countries. For example, Sunday newspapers are moved to Christmas Eve or Saturday when Christmas Day is on Sunday, and other weekly newspapers are expected to change their day at Christmas to save outlets and businesses from opening on Christmas Day by law. Linotype machine The Linotype machine ( / ˈ l aɪ n ə t aɪ p / LYNE -ə-type )

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4524-402: The distributor screws, they will hang on only so long as there are teeth to hold them. As soon as the matrix reaches the point where each of its teeth corresponds to a cut-away tooth on the distributor bar, it is no longer supported and will drop into the matrix channel below that point. The pattern of teeth is a 7-bit binary code, with the innermost pair of teeth at the bottom of the notch being

4611-425: The editor , written by readers on a specific topic. The public-record section usually includes summaries of police-incident reports, fire-department calls and court dispositions (or, the outcome of a criminal proceeding). Many newspapers also publish a list of building permits that have been issued in its circulation area. Public notices typically fall into one of two categories: Laws in many US states dictate that

4698-518: The electric models). The temperature was precisely adjusted to keep the lead and tin type metal liquified just prior to being cast. Newer machines, and the larger machines above 36 EM Matrix size typically used the more standardized 1 ⁄ 2 -horsepower (370 W) motor after v-belts came into common use in the 1930s. The large machines also had the so-called 'double pot', with either larger gas burners, or else 2250-watt pot heaters and larger mouth and throat heaters. The most modern Linotypes had

4785-410: The face of the mold disk . The mold disk has rectangular openings which correspond to the line length and point thickness of the slugs (cast lines) to be made. Mold liners fit into these openings for specific slug dimensions. The maximum line length of the typical linecaster is 30 picas . A less common variant was fitted with 42 pica molds, though these are now rare to non-existent. Directly behind

4872-403: The family business operating weekly newspapers in multiple towns. The chain newspapers can be either regional or national chains. Sometimes all advertising functions are combined, with a weekly newspaper containing both ads for local businesses and for businesses in the chains area. This larger circulation can assist in bringing in national advertising to weeklies. Weeklies in chains may also have

4959-400: The fire. However, the Examiner staff rescued enough equipment and material to publish a special edition the day after the fire. In 1905, C. Oscar Metzker became the newspaper's publisher. Metzker installed a linotype machine to streamline the typesetting process. At about the same time, the Examiner began publishing eight pages per issue with eight columns per page. In the early 1900s,

5046-686: The first commercially used Linotype was installed in the printing office of the New York Tribune . Here, it was immediately used on the daily paper and a large book. The book, the first ever composed with the new Linotype method, was titled The Tribune Book of Open-Air Sports . Initially, the Mergenthaler Linotype Company was the only company (led by Ottmar Mergenthaler and eventually also James O. Clephane) producing linecasting machines, but in time, other companies would begin manufacturing similar machines. The Intertype Company produced

5133-417: The font. Most main magazines have 90 channels, but those for larger fonts carried only 72 or even 55 channels. The auxiliary magazines used on some machines typically contained 34 channels or, for a magazine carrying larger fonts, 28 channels. The magazine holds a particular font of type; i.e., a particular type design in a particular size. If a different size or style was needed, the operator would switch to

5220-413: The form of a specially proportioned alloy) to restore the original strength and properties of the alloy. From the assembler, the assembled line moves via the first elevator to the justification vise . The vise has two jaws (1 and 2 in the illustration) which are set to the desired line width. The spacebands are now expanded to justify the line. When the line is justified, the matrices fit tightly between

5307-409: The illustration below, were most common in the earlier years, with the pot being thermostatically controlled (high flame when under temperature and low flame when up to temperature), and then a second smaller burner for the mouth and throat heating, with the more modern installations running on 1500 watt electric pots with an initially rheostat controlled mouth and throat heaters (several hundred watts on

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5394-404: The knife block, which trims off any small irregularities in the casting and produces a slug of exactly the desired point thickness. From there, the slug drops into the galley tray which holds the lines in the order in which they were cast. The most significant innovation in the linotype machine was that it automated the distribution step; i.e., returning the matrices and space bands back to

5481-402: The letter form for a single character of a font of type; i.e., a particular type face in a particular size. The letter forms are engraved into one side of the matrix. For sizes up to 14 points , and in some matrices of size 16 to 24 points, the matrix has two letter forms on it, the normal and auxiliary positions. The normal position has the upright (Roman) form of a given character, and on

5568-545: The lines of "Mr. and Mrs. John Jones had company from out-of-town last week", although these types of stories – commonly called "Neighborhood News" or some similar name – are largely a thing of the past. Larger weeklies, especially those that are part of chains, also offer lifestyle features, reviews of local theater and arts, restaurant reviews and a food section that may concentrate on local recipes. Like daily newspapers, weekly newspapers often have an editorial page. Editorial pages also include letters to

5655-460: The machine via the keyboard, composing lines of text. The other sections are automatic; they start as soon as a line is completely composed. Some Linotype machines included a paper tape reader. This also allowed the text to be typeset to be supplied over a telegraph line ( TeleTypeSetter ). Perforator operators produced paper tape text at a much higher speed which then was cast by more productive tape-controlled Linotype machines. Each matrix contains

5742-440: The machine, it is necessary that oil not be allowed anywhere near the matrix path. Oil in the matrix's path (due to careless maintenance or over-lubrication of nearby parts) can combine with dust, forming a gummy substance that is eventually deposited in the magazine by the matrices. This can cause the matrix to be released from the magazine slower than its usual speed, and usually results in a letter or two arriving out of sequence in

5829-450: The matrices and bands). The assembler itself is a rail that holds the matrices and spacebands, with a jaw on the left end set to the desired line width. When the operator judges that the line is close enough to full (some machines have an attached bell to accomplish the same thing), he raises the casting lever on the bottom of the keyboard to send the line to the casting section of the linotype machine. The remaining processing for that line

5916-408: The matrices, and then fills the mold cavity to provide a solid slug body. These have character shapes punched into them, so the result is a cast slug with the character shapes of the line on its top face. The mold disk is sometimes water-cooled, and often air-cooled with a blower, to carry away the heat of the molten type metal and allow the cast slugs to solidify quickly. When casting is complete,

6003-427: The mold disk is the crucible, which contains molten type metal at an optimal 535 °F. At the moment before casting, the mold disk moves forward on its slide. Studs in the mold disc engage with blocks on the vise so that the mold disc seats gently, yet tightly and squarely against the line of matrices held in the first elevator jaws and between the vise jaws. The vise jaws compress the line of matrices so molten metal

6090-401: The most frequently used letters on the left. The first two columns of keys are: e, t, a, o, i, n; and s, h, r, d, l, u. A Linotype operator would often deal with a typing error by running his fingers down these two columns, thus filling out the line with the nonsense words etaoin shrdlu , in what is known as a "run down". It is often quicker to cast a bad slug than to hand-correct the line within

6177-482: The most significant bit. The codes count up from the left side of the main magazine. Code 0 (no teeth) is for spacebands, which are not carried up to the distributor. Code 1 is skipped (no reason for this is given in the Linotype manual). Codes 2 through 92 are for the 91-channel main magazine, and the codes above that are for the auxiliary magazine, if one is installed on the machine. The widest auxiliary magazine has 34 channels, so its rightmost channel

6264-427: The mouth and throat heaters thermostatically controlled, an improvement over the manual rheostat adjustment, or gas flame adjustment. The Linotype company supplied kerosene heaters and line-shaft operated machines for use in locales without electricity. The casting section receives completed lines from the assembler, and uses these to cast the type slugs that are the product of the linotype machine. The casting section

6351-503: The newspaper added political cartoons and a regular "Candidate Column" to discuss political candidates. Upbeat business articles about Lake County were common along with announcements for community events and meetings. Editorials offered opinions on politics, economic issues, and legal decisions. During this period, the Examiner also printed short stories and poems along with advice on women's fashions. However, public notices for land and mining claims remained an important revenue source for

6438-643: The newspaper and its circulation area. Some papers have a staff of several reporters , with each reporter having a specific beat (much like a daily newspaper, with beats including schools, local government, business, police, etc.). Many smaller newspapers, however, may have as few as one reporter to cover the entire circulation area, meaning they are responsible for the entire content of the newspaper (e.g., government, business, schools, crime, features, etc.). The experience of weekly newspaper reporters varies. Some may have years of experience (either they are satisfied where they are employed, and/or may be well-established in

6525-625: The newspaper. In 1911, the Examiner was purchased by Fred P. Cronemiller, who also owned the Evening Herald in Klamath Falls, Oregon . His son, G. D. Cronemiller, became editor and publisher of the Examiner when his father died in 1924. In 1935, Cronemiller sold the Examiner to C. J. Gillette and Hugh McGilvra. In 1940, the owners of the Examiner purchased the Lake Country Tribune and absorbed it into their publication. In 1967,

6612-399: The next line. The keyboard has 90 keys. The usual arrangement is that black keys on the left were for small letters, white keys on the right were for capital letters, and blue keys in the center for numbers, punctuation marks, spaces, small caps and other items. There is no shift key of the kind found on typewriters. The arrangement of letters corresponds roughly to letter frequency, with

6699-404: The number of blades engaged on ejection are set based on the line length being cast. All blades are engaged for a 30 pica slug, fewer are engaged as the measure of the slug body is narrowed by the use of progressively longer mold liners. This prevents the ejector blades from striking the back of a mold liner on narrow slugs. As the slug is pushed from the mold, the slug passes a set of knife edges in

6786-414: The operator to grab the hell bucket and catch the flowing lead. It was so called because the bucket would often "go to hell", or melt, while holding the molten lead that was still extremely hot. Also, in conjunction with possible hazards facing an operator, toxic lead fumes were possible, as they were the result of melting the lead ingots for casting. The justification vise holds the assembled line against

6873-453: The plunger is drawn upward, pulling the metal back down the throat from the mouthpiece. The pot pulls backward away from the mold. The mold disk retracts from the vise studs which held it in perfect relation to the mold, thus breaking the slug away from the matrices. The mold disc then rotates counter-clockwise. In its travel, the slug base is trimmed by the back knife for height to paper (.918") and then returns to its neutral position in front of

6960-1188: The primary focus is on news within a coverage area. The publication dates of weekly newspapers in North America vary, but often they come out in the middle of the week (Wednesday or Thursday). However, in the United Kingdom where they come out on Sundays, the weeklies which are called Sunday newspapers , are often national in scope and have substantial circulations (20 to 50% higher on average than their daily sister publications). Other types of news publications come out weekly on newsprint but are not considered general newspapers. These cover specific topics, such as sports (e.g., The Sporting News ) or business (e.g., Barron's ), and have larger circulations and cover much larger geographic-coverage areas. Alternatively, other news publications come out weekly on magazine-style print but are still considered general newspapers (e.g. The Economist ). The first weekly newspapers were Relation and weekly newspaper Aviso , which were published at beginning of 17th century. The Relation started around 1605 in Straßburg by Johann Carolus and

7047-451: The same line, and the Model 9 extended this capability to mixing from up to four magazines within a single line. In a linotype machine, the term escapements refers to the mechanisms at the bottom of the magazine that release matrices one at a time as keys are pressed on the keyboard. There is an escapement for each channel in the magazine. To keep the matrices circulating smoothly throughout

7134-427: The slug). The disk stops when the mold is vertical, on the right, directly in front of the ejector . The ejector is a stacked series of narrow blades that push the completed slug from the mold aperture in the mold disk. The blades are narrow enough to pass through a mold set to 6-points in thickness with .004" clearance between the fixed mold face and the left side of the blades. The blades are each 2 picas in width and

7221-441: The spaceband key and the left column of keys. The operator's right hand strokes the remaining keys on the entire keyboard. The keys of the keyboard are connected by vertical pushrods to the escapements. When a key is pressed, the corresponding escapement is actuated, which releases a matrix from the magazine. With one exception, each key corresponds directly to a channel in the standard ( 90 channel ) magazine. The one exception

7308-403: The spacebands expanded all the way, the matrices are not tight. A safety mechanism in the justification vise detects this and blocks the casting operation. Without such a mechanism, the result would be a squirt of molten type metal spraying out through the gaps between the matrices, creating a time-consuming mess and a possible hazard to the operator. If a squirt did occur, it was generally up to

7395-403: The teeth are cut away; which pattern of teeth is cut away depends on the character on the matrix; i.e., which channel in the magazine it belongs in. Similarly, teeth are cut away along portions of the distributor bar. The bar on the elevator has all teeth, so it will hold any matrix (but not the space bands, which have no teeth at all). As the matrices are carried along the distributor bar by

7482-411: The time, since distribution may take much longer; however, the front part of the distributor completed its job before the next line of matrices was distributed). The construction of the machine was such that both the return of the former line to the magazine and the composition of the next line could occur while the current line was being cast, enabling very high productivity. Older machines typically had

7569-423: The vise jaws, forming a tight seal that will prevent the molten type metal from escaping when the line is cast. Justification is done by a spring-loaded ram (5) which raises the tails of the spacebands, unless the machine was equipped with a Star Parts automatic hydraulic quadding attachment or Linotype hydraquadder. If the operator did not assemble enough characters, the line will not justify correctly: even with

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