Misplaced Pages

#622377

34-634: The Lairet River is a tributary of the Saint-Charles River , crossing Quebec City , Quebec, Canada. Over two kilometers long, it took its source in the vicinity of Charlesbourg and flowed in meanders in Limoilou . It has been completely channeled since the 1960s, except for a segment refitted in 2008. Last tributary of the North shore of Saint-Charles river before it flows into the Saint-Laurent river ,

68-399: A new river, to be given its own name, perhaps one already known to the people who live upon its banks. Conversely, explorers approaching a new land from the sea encounter its rivers at their mouths, where they name them on their charts, then, following a river upstream, encounter each tributary as a forking of the stream to the right and to the left, which then appear on their charts as such; or

102-400: A river or stream that branches off from and flows away from the main stream. Distributaries are most often found in river deltas . Right tributary , or right-bank tributary , and left tributary , or left-bank tributary , describe the orientation of the tributary relative to the flow of the main stem river. These terms are defined from the perspective of looking downstream, that is, facing

136-544: A subspecies of the Amazon river dolphin or a separate species, is restricted to the upper Madeira River system. It has been estimated that there are more than 900 fish species in the Madeira River Basin, making it one of the freshwater systems in the world with the highest species richness . The river is the fifth title of the 1993/1999 Philip Glass album Aguas da Amazonia . In July 2007, plans have been approved by

170-446: Is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream ( main stem or "parent" ), river, or a lake . A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean . Tributaries, and the main stem river into which they flow, drain the surrounding drainage basin of its surface water and groundwater , leading the water out into an ocean. The Irtysh is a chief tributary of the Ob river and

204-411: Is also the longest tributary river in the world with a length of 4,248 km (2,640 mi). The Madeira River is the largest tributary river by volume in the world with an average discharge of 31,200 m /s (1.1 million cu ft/s). A confluence , where two or more bodies of water meet, usually refers to the joining of tributaries. The opposite to a tributary is a distributary ,

238-620: The Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Site . This work then became part of the concreting of the banks of the Saint-Charles river, which was completed in the 1970s. Parts of the pipeline collapsed in the 2000s in Cartier-Brébeuf Park. During these same years, Quebec City undertook the demolition of the concrete walls of the Saint-Charles river as well as the renaturalization of the banks In parallel with this work,

272-746: The Brazilian Government to construct two hydroelectric dams on the Madeira River, the Santo Antônio Dam near Porto Velho and the Jirau Dam about 100 km upstream. Both the Jirau and Santo Antonio dams are run-of-the-river projects that do not impound a large reservoir. Both dams also feature some environmental re-mediation efforts (such as fish ladders). As a consequence, it has been suggested that there has not been strong environmental opposition to

306-530: The Lairet River and the Saint-Charles River , near the village St. Lawrence Iroquoians of Stadaconé . In New France , the name of the river appeared for the first time on a document in 1626 (designated "Rivière de Lairet" in 1637 and "Rivière de Larray" in 1685). The Jesuits also used the name "Jacques-Cartier river" in 1651, probably in connection with the Jacques-Cartier fort, a Jesuit residence built at

340-480: The Lairet river pipeline is removed over a length of approximately 300 meters (980 ft), at its confluence with the Saint-Charles river. However, the majority of the course of the river is still underground. The Saint-François d'Assise hospital , originally built on the banks of the river, is nowadays struggling with water infiltration. Download coordinates as: Tributary A tributary , or an affluent ,

374-407: The Lairet river was once several tens of kilometers long. It originally took its source north of seigniory Saint-Ignace , west of trait-carré de Charlesbourg . It then headed southeast towards Limoilou where it widened and consisted of small meanders. On 14 September 1535, the river was seen for the first time by French explorer Jacques Cartier . Cartier and his crew overwinter at the confluence of

SECTION 10

#1733094372623

408-713: The Madeira from many large rivers, the principal of which, (from east to west), are the Guaporé or Iténez , the Baures and Blanco , the Itonamas or San Miguel , the Mamoré , Beni , and Madre de Dios or Mayutata , all of which are reinforced by numerous secondary but powerful affluents. The climate of the upper catchment area varies from humid in the western edge with the origin of the river's main stem by volume (Río Madre de Dios, Río Beni) to semi arid in

442-676: The Madeira to the ports of Itacoatiara , near the mouth of the Madeira, just upstream on the left bank of the Amazon, or further down the Amazon, to the port of Santarem , at the mouth of the Tapajos River. From these two ports, Panamax -type ships then export the grains - mainly soy and corn - to Europe and Asia. The Madeira waterway is also used to take fuel from the REMAN refinery ( Petrobras ) in Manaus , state capital of Amazonas , to Porto Velho , from where

476-592: The Wood River, is formed by two great rivers, which join near its mouth. It was by this River, that the Nation of Topinambes passed into the River Amazon. The mean inter-annual precipitations on the great basins vary from 75 to 300 cm (2.5–9.8 ft), the entire upper Madeira basin receiving 170.5 cm (5.6 ft). The greatest extremes of rainfall are between 49 and 700 cm (1.6–23 ft). Even just below

510-413: The confluence of Madre de Dios and Mamoré rivers and downstream to Abuna River the Madeira flows northward forming border between Bolivia and Brazil . Below its confluence with the latter tributary the flow of river changes to north-eastward direction, inland of Rondônia state of Brazil. The section of the river from the border to Porto Velho has notable drop of bed and was not navigable. Before 2012

544-527: The confluence that forms it, the Madeira is one of the largest rivers by discharge of the world, with a mean inter-annual discharge of 18,000 cubic metres per second (640,000 cu ft/s), i.e., 568 km (136 cu mi) per year, approximately half the discharge of the Congo River . On the further course towards the Amazon, the mean discharge of the Madeira increases up to 31,200 m /s (1,100,000 cu ft/s). Between Guajará-Mirim and

578-421: The direction the water current of the main stem is going. In a navigational context, if one were floating on a raft or other vessel in the main stream, this would be the side the tributary enters from as one floats past; alternately, if one were floating down the tributary, the main stream meets it on the opposite bank of the tributary. This information may be used to avoid turbulent water by moving towards

612-764: The dry months, from June to November, it is only navigable for the same distance for craft drawing about 2 meters (7 ft) of water. The Madeira-Mamoré Railroad runs in a 365 km (227 mi) loop around the unnavigable section to Guajará-Mirim on the Mamoré River, but is not functional, limiting shipping from the Atlantic at Porto Velho. Today, it is also one of the Amazon basin 's most active waterways, and helps export close to four million tons of grains, which are loaded onto barges in Porto Velho , where both Cargill and Amaggi have loading facilities, and then shipped down

646-621: The falls of Teotônio and of San Antônio existed here, they had higher flow rate and bigger level drop than more famous Boyoma Falls in Africa. Currently these rapids are submerged by the reservoir of Santo Antônio Dam . Below Porto Velho the Madeira meanders north-eastward through the Rondônia and Amazonas states of north west Brazil to its junction with the Amazon . The 283,117 hectares (2,800 km ; 1,100 sq mi) Rio Madeira Sustainable Development Reserve , created in 2006, extends along

680-571: The falls of Teotônio, the Madeira receives the drainage of the north-eastern slopes of the Andes from Santa Cruz de la Sierra to Cuzco , the whole of the south-western slope of Brazilian Mato Grosso and the northern slope of the Chiquitos sierras. In total, this catchment area, which is slightly more than the combined area of all headwaters, is 850,000 km (330,000 sq mi), almost equal in size to France and Spain combined. The waters flow into

714-482: The first-order tributary being typically the least in size. For example, a second-order tributary would be the result of two or more first-order tributaries combining to form the second-order tributary. Another method is to list tributaries from mouth to source, in the form of a tree structure , stored as a tree data structure . Madeira River The River of Cuyari, called by the Portuguese Madeira or

SECTION 20

#1733094372623

748-449: The handedness is from the point of view of an observer facing upstream. For instance, Steer Creek has a left tributary which is called Right Fork Steer Creek. These naming conventions are reflective of the circumstances of a particular river's identification and charting: people living along the banks of a river, with a name known to them, may then float down the river in exploration, and each tributary joining it as they pass by appears as

782-530: The implementation of the Madeira river complex. Yet, if the fish ladders fail, "several valuable migratory fish species could suffer near-extinction as a result of the Madeira dams." There are also concerns with deforestation and pressure on conservation areas and indigenous peoples' territories. The Worldwatch institute has also criticized the fast-track approval process for "kindler, gentler dams with smaller reservoirs, designed to lessen social and environmental impacts", claiming that no project should "fast-track

816-644: The impounded reservoir and the downstream river. If the project is completed, "more than 4,000 km [2,500 mi] of waterways upstream from the dams in Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru would become navigable." As typical of Amazonian rivers with the primary headwaters in the Andes, the Madeira River is turbid because of high sediment levels and it is whitewater , but some of its tributaries are clearwater (e.g., Aripuanã and Ji-Paraná ) or blackwater (e.g., Manicoré ). The Bolivian river dolphin , variously considered

850-413: The mouth of the river from 1625. Jean-Baptiste Larue used the toponym "Rivière à la Rez" in 1821. Until XXth, the course of the river retains its natural state and crosses agricultural land. The industrialization of Limoilou reveals several industries and institutions near the Lairet river in the first half of XXth Century. In this urbanized segment, the river gradually becomes an open sewer. In addition,

884-447: The north bank of the river opposite the town of Novo Aripuanã . At its mouth is Ilha Tupinambaranas , an extensive marshy region formed by the Madeira's distributaries. The Madeira river rises more than 15 m (50 ft) during the rainy season , and ocean vessels may ascend it to the Falls of San Antonio, near Porto Velho , Brazil, 1,070 km (660 mi) above its mouth; but in

918-461: The opposite bank before approaching the confluence. An early tributary is a tributary that joins the main stem river closer to its source than its mouth, that is, before the river's midpoint ; a late tributary joins the main stem further downstream, closer to its mouth than to its source, that is, after the midpoint. In the United States, where tributaries sometimes have the same name as

952-545: The rest of the country are concerned, to bring in part of its raw materials, and export its produce to the major consumer centres of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro . In 2012, the cargo amounted to 287,835 tons (both directions). The total tonnage shipped in 2012 on the Madeira accounted to 5,076,014. Two large dams (see below) are under construction as part of the IIRSA regional integration project. The dam projects include large ship-locks capable of moving oceangoing vessels between

986-643: The river into which they feed, they are called forks . These are typically designated by compass direction. For example, the American River in California receives flow from its North, Middle, and South forks. The Chicago River 's North Branch has the East, West, and Middle Fork; the South Branch has its South Fork, and used to have a West Fork as well (now filled in). Forks are sometimes designated as right or left. Here,

1020-417: The smaller stream designated the little fork, the larger either retaining its name unmodified, or receives the designation big . Tributaries are sometimes listed starting with those nearest to the source of the river and ending with those nearest to the mouth of the river . The Strahler stream order examines the arrangement of tributaries in a hierarchy of first, second, third and higher orders, with

1054-494: The southernmost part with the Andine headwaters of the main stem by length ( Río Caine , Río Rocha , Río Grande , Mamoré). All of the upper branches of the river Madeira find their way to the falls across the open, almost level Mojos and Beni plains, 90,000 km (35,000 sq mi) of which are yearly flooded to an average depth of about one meter (3 ft) for a period of from three to four months. From its source in

Lairet River - Misplaced Pages Continue

1088-450: The states of Acre , Rondônia and parts of Mato Grosso are supplied mainly with gasoline (petrol) refined in Manaus . Cargo barges also use the Madeira on the route between Manaus and Porto Velho, which is 1,225 km (760 mi) along the Rio Negro , Amazon and Madeira, connecting Manaus' industrial district with the rest of Brazil, as Manaus is land-locked as far as logistics with

1122-432: The streams are seen to diverge by the cardinal direction (north, south, east, or west) in which they proceed upstream, sometimes a third stream entering between two others is designated the middle fork; or the streams are distinguished by the relative height of one to the other, as one stream descending over a cataract into another becomes the upper fork, and the one it descends into, the lower ; or by relative volume:

1156-403: The winding course is an obstacle in the construction of grid lines streets. The pipeline is requested by different owners. On 15 March 1960, the member for Québec-Est , Armand Maltais , announced the start of work on pipeline from the river. This work will take place in three phases (1960, 1965 and 1967). Finally, the river is channeled to its mouth with the Saint-Charles River passing under

#622377