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22-644: Sip Song Chau Tai is a Tai Lü compound consisting of sibsong "twelve" and chu "master". It is a cognate to Thai สิบสองจุไท, and may be translated in English as "Twelve Tai Kingdoms" or "Chiefdoms", according to relative standing in the Southeast Asian mandala political model , in allusion to either a Chief of the Name or a tribal chief . Sibsong derives from Chinese 十 (ten) and 雙 (pair). "Chu" (rendered in Tai as จุ or in

44-450: A glottal stop [ʔ] and obstruent sounds which are [p], [t] , and [k] . Word order is usually subject–verb–object (SVO); modifiers (e.g. adjectives) follow nouns. As in Thai and Lao, Tai Lue has borrowed many Sanskrit and Pali words and affixes . Among the Tai languages in general, Tai Lue has limited intelligibility with Shan and Tai Nua and shares much vocabulary with,

66-474: A virama -like hook: Consonants have a default vowel of /a/. In the table below, '◌' represents a consonant and is used to indicate the position of the various vowels: In some words, the symbol ᦰ is just used for distinguishing homonyms or displaying onomatopoeiae . Generally, vowels in open syllables (without final) become long whereas ones in closed syllables become short (except /aː/ and /uː/ ). New Tai Lue has two tone marks which are written at

88-592: A single sound and associated tone. In many words, the initial ร ( /r/ ) in Thai is ฮ ( /h/ ) in Tai Lue, as is also the case in Lao and Tai Yuan: Aspirated consonants in the low-class consonant group(อักษรต่ำ /ʔàk sɔ̌n tàm/ ) become unaspirated: (Note that the vowels also differ greatly between Tai Lue and Thai in many words, even though they are etymologically related and share the same root.) Though many aspirated consonants often become unaspirated, when an unaspirated consonant

110-617: A survey of local businesses think that road quality is good or very good. As of 2007, there 22,100 telephone subscribers in Lai Châu, a significant increase from the 14,200 in the previous year. Only 35.59% of the respondents to a survey assessed telecommunications quality as good or very good, the lowest value among all the provinces in Vietnam. Tai L%C3%BC language Tai Lue ( New Tai Lü : ᦅᧄᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ , Tai Tham : ᨣᩴᩣᨴᩱ᩠ᨿᩃᩨ᩶ , kam tai lue , [kâm.tâj.lɯ̀] ) or Xishuangbanna Dai

132-965: Is a Tai language of the Lu people , spoken by about 700,000 people in Southeast Asia . This includes 280,000 people in China ( Yunnan ), 200,000 in Burma, 134,000 in Laos, 83,000 in Thailand and 4,960 in Vietnam . The language is similar to other Tai languages and is closely related to Kham Mueang or Tai Yuan, which is also known as Northern Thai language . In Yunnan, it is spoken in all of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture , as well as Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County in Pu'er City . In Vietnam, Tai Lue speakers are officially recognised as

154-443: Is also a road to Gejiu in China. There is neither an airport nor a railway in the province. Road transport has grown rapidly in recent years. Freight traffic increased from 1 million ton-km in 2000 to 21.3 million ton-km in 2007, while passenger traffic increased from 4.4 to 16.7 million passenger-km. Road infrastructure is still not very developed. Only 19.36% of the roads in the province are paved and only 10.53% of respondents to

176-710: Is called 老傣文 lao dai wen (Old Dai script) in Chinese. Readable by the most people in Burma, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. New Tai Lue is a modernization of the Lanna alphabet (also known as the Tai Tham script ), which is similar to the Thai alphabet , and consists of 42 initial consonant signs (21 high-tone class, 21 low-tone class), seven final consonant signs, 16 vowel signs, two tone letters and one vowel shortening letter (or syllable-final glottal stop). Vowels signs can be placed before or after

198-667: Is followed by ร ( /r/ ) the unaspirated consonant becomes aspirated: Other differences: Tai Lue is written in three different scripts. One is the Fak Kham script , a variety of the Thai script of Sukhothai . The second is the Tham script, which was reformed in the 1950s, but is still in use and has recently regained government support. The new script is a simplified version of the old script. An ancient script, also used in Kengtung , Northern Thailand and Northern Laos centuries ago. The Tham script

220-461: Is part of Japan's efforts to diversify its supply of rare earths and decrease its dependence on imports from China. Lai Châu's economy grew by 50.75% between 2000 and 2005, 12.3% in 2006 and 14.56% in 2007. Lai Châu is subdivided into eight district-level sub-divisions and 106 commune-level sub-divisions: National Road 4 connects Lai Châu to Lào Cai province , National Road 12 to Điện Biên province and National Road 32 to Yên Bái province . There

242-1423: The Lự ethnic minority, although in China they are classified as part of the Dai people , along with speakers of the other Tai languages apart from Zhuang . Tai Lue has 21 syllable-initial consonants, 9 syllable-finals and six tones (three different tones in checked syllables, six in open syllables). The initials t͡s - and s - are palatalized before front vowels (which in the language are i , e , and ɛ ) and become t͡ɕ- and ɕ- , respectively. For example, /t͡síŋ/ "hard" and /si᷄p/ "ten" are pronounced as [t͡ɕiŋ˥] and [ɕip˧˥] respectively. (Some textbooks denote t͡s as c ). Each vowel quality occurs in long-short pairs: these are distinct phonemes forming distinct words in Tai Lue. Generally, vowels in open syllables (without codas) occur as long whereas ones in closed syllables are short (except /aː/ and /uː/ ). Additionally, Tai Lue uses several diphthongs: The table below presents six phonemic tones in unchecked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in sonorant sounds such as [m], [n], [ŋ], [w] , and [j] and open syllables. There are six tones for unchecked syllables, although only three are allowed in checked syllables (those ending with -p, -t or -k). The table below presents two phonemic tones in checked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in

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264-562: The Chinese Dai 汉傣 . New Tai Lue alphabet New Tai Lue script , also known as Xishuangbanna Dai and Simplified Tai Lue ( Tai Lue : ᦟᦲᧅᦷᦎᦺᦑᦟᦹᧉ), is an abugida used to write the Tai Lue language . Developed in China in the 1950s, New Tai Lue is based on the traditional Tai Tham alphabet developed c.  1200 . The government of China promoted the alphabet for use as a replacement for

286-531: The end of a syllable: ᧈ and ᧉ . Because consonants come in pairs to denote two tonal registers, the two tone marks allow for representation of six specific tones: Two letters are used only for abbreviations: New Tai Lue has its own set of digits: An alternative glyph for one ( ᧚ ) is used when ᧑ might be confused with the vowel ᦱ . New Tai Lue script was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2005 with

308-414: The longer form เจ้า ,) derives from Middle Chinese 主 (ćǘ) "master." As of April 1, 2019, Lai Châu's population was 460,196 people, ranked 62/63 provinces and municipalities nationwide, above Bắc Kạn province . 17,8% of the population lived in urban areas while 82,2% lived in rural areas. Thai people : 131.822 người (34%), Kinh people: 73,233 people, accounting for 15.9% of the population, the rest are of

330-537: The older script; teaching the script was not mandatory , however, and as a result many are illiterate in New Tai Lue. In addition, communities in Burma , Laos , Thailand and Vietnam still use the Tai Tham alphabet . Similar to the Thai and Lao scripts, consonants come in pairs to denote two tonal registers (high and low). Final consonants do not have an inherent /a/ vowel. They are modified forms of initials with

352-518: The other Southwestern Tai languages . Tai Lue has 95% lexical similarity with Northern Thai (Lanna), 86% with Central Thai, 93% with Shan, and 95% with Khun . Below, some Thai Lue words are given with standard Central Thai equivalents for comparison. Thai words are shown on the left and Tai Lue words, written in New Tai Lue script , are shown on the right. Many words differ from Thai greatly: Some words differ in tone only: Some words differ in

374-535: The other ethnic groups: Hmong, Hani, Dao... This is also the least populous province in the Northwest with nearly 500,000 people. Languages (apart from Vietnamese language) spoken in Lai Châu province include the following: Lai Châu has long been the poorest province in Vietnam. It is also the least industrialised province. In 1974, the industrial output of Hanoi - the richest province in North Vietnam at that time -

396-766: The output of cassava and tea has been increasing by around 40% and 120% respectively. Tea from Lai Châu is sold to other provinces in Vietnam and also exported to other countries. Lai Châu has a relatively large forestry sector with an output of 176.3 billion đồngs in 2007. It has, however, been far overtaken by the agricultural, industrial and service sectors and contributed little to recent growth. It has grown by only 1.69% in 2006 and 1.66% in 2007, after declining by almost 19% between 2000 and 2005. There are plans to exploit rare-earth elements in Lai Châu. Vietnam 's central government signed an agreement in October 2010 to supply Japan with rare-earth elements from Lai Châu province. This

418-563: The province compared to an agriculture and forestry sector that has grown by less than 50% and a service sector that has more than doubled in the same time. Industrial products include liquor, bricks, cement and electricity. Industrial output in 2007 was 476.6 billion Vietnamese đồngs , accounting for 28.9% of the province's economy, compared to only 16.5% in 2000. Lai Châu's main agricultural products (in 2007) are rice (99,900 t), maize (35,000 t), cassava (48,900 t) and tea (16,532 t). The production of rice and maize has tripled since 2000, while

440-469: The release of version 4.1. In June 2015, New Tai Lue was changed from an ISCII -style logical ordering (where vowel modifiers are always encoded after the base consonants which they modify), as used for most Indic scripts in Unicode, to a TIS-620 -style visual ordering model (where a vowel modifier will be encoded before the base consonant if it appears before it in the line, or after it otherwise), as used for

462-638: The syllable initial consonant. Similar to the Thai alphabet, the pronunciation of the tone of a syllable depends on the class the initial consonant belongs to, syllable structure and vowel length , and the tone mark. The Bajia people ( 八甲人 ), who number 1,106 individuals in Mengkang Village ( 勐康村 ), Meng'a Town ( 勐阿镇 ), Menghai County , Yunnan, speak a language closely related to Tai Lue. There are 225 Bajia people living in Jingbo Township 景播乡, Menghai County (You 2013:270). The Bajia are also known as

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484-414: Was 47 times as high as that of Lai Châu. The province became even more backward after the more industrialised south was separated to become Điện Biên province . In 2007, Hanoi's industrial output (before its merger with Hà Tây province ) was 93 times that of Lai Châu. Industrial output has, however, grown rapidly in recent years, more than tripling between 2000 and 2007, making the fastest growing sector in

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