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57-399: The Waterworks was commissioned by Mr. Frederick Lugard , the then Governor General of Nigeria , in 1915 at Obun Eko Area of Lagos. The Lagos Water Corporation then under the federal government was established with the construction of Iju Water Works. The Iju treatment plant had an initial design capacity of 2.45 million gallon per day (MGD) and was constructed primarily to supply Water to

114-631: A Supreme Court , a standard time, a common currency, and a common civil service; he introduced all the necessities needed for infrastructure in a modern state. More importantly, he laid the foundations of continuous legislative assemblies in Nigeria by establishing the Nigerian council in 1914. It consisted of the Governor, Chief Secretary and a few nominated members who met to listen to government policies and give their advice. Unfortunately, it legislated only for

171-640: A fresh start in Africa. Around 1880, a group of Swahili traders under Mlozi bin Kazbadema established trading bases in the north-west sector of Lake Malawi , including a stockade at Chilumba on the lake from where ivory and slaves could be shipped across the lake. In 1883 the African Lakes Company set up a base in Karonga to exchange ivory for trade goods from these Swahili merchants . Relations between

228-651: A hand in the present disunity of Nigeria till today. An example is the exclusion of the North from the Legislative Council until 1947. "Thus, it can be said that Lugard sowed the seeds of separatist tendency which has still plagued Nigerian unity". Lugard was also partly responsible for the backwardness in the education and other social services of the Northerners And this is the reason for the South's advance in education over

285-635: A key role in drafting a Commission report that exonerated Richardson's governance of Western Samoa and placed the blame of the Western Samoa unrest on the anti-colonial activist Olaf Frederick Nelson . During this period he served first on the Temporary Slavery Commission and was involved in organising the 1926 Slavery Convention . He had submitted a proposal for the convention to the British government. Although they were initially alarmed by it,

342-688: A large area of the country. He also visited Lake Albert and brought away some thousands of Sudanese who had been left there by Emin Pasha and H. M. Stanley during the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition . When Lugard returned to England in 1892, he successfully dissuaded Prime Minister William Gladstone from allowing the IBEAC to abandon Uganda. In 1894, Lugard was dispatched by the Royal Niger Company to Borgu , where he secured treaties with

399-549: A late-born child in the family of nations, and must as yet be schooled in the discipline of the nursery." Lugard was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1895. He was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 1901 New Year Honours and raised to a Knight Grand Cross (GCMG) in 1911. He was appointed to the Privy Council in

456-468: A loss from the colonies in this period). In addition, these resources and inexpensive native labour (slavery having been abolished by Britain in 1833 ) would provide vital fuel for the industrial revolution in resource-depleted Britain, as well as monies for public works projects. Finally, Lugard reasoned that colonisation had become a fad and that, in order to remain a global power, Britain would need to hold colonies to avoid appearing weak. William Rappard

513-540: A military system—unlike William MacGregor , a doctor turned governor, who mixed with all ranks of people and listened to what was wanted. The Lugard who opposed "native education" later became involved in Hong Kong University , and the man who disliked traders and businessmen became a director of a Nigerian bank. When the British Government decided to raise a local militia to protect the western frontier of

570-564: A university in Hong Kong. In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria as Governor of the two protectorates . His mission was to combine the two colonies into one. Although controversial in Lagos , where it was opposed by a large section of the political class and the media, the amalgamation did not arouse passion in the rest of the country because the people were unaware of the implications. Lugard took scant notice of public opinion, neither did he feel there

627-493: A way to protect missionaries, local chiefs and local people from each other, as well as from foreign powers. For Lugard, it was also vital that Britain gain control of unclaimed areas before Germany , Portugal or France claimed the land and its resources for themselves. He realised that there were vast profits to be made through the export of resources such as rubber, and through taxation of native populations as well as importers and exporters (the British taxpayer continually made

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684-582: Is insufficient to meet current demand. Iju Waterworks is a facility in Ifako-Ijaiye , LGA, Lagos Mainland that is designed to provide drinkable water to Lagos State residents. The idea of piped water for colonial and Lagos residents emerged from medical advice noting the poor quality of water sourced from water-bodies adjoining colonial Lagos and wells used by residents. Experimental wells dug in Lagos Mainland had proved to be of higher quality that those in

741-451: Is named after him. Lugard married, on 10 June 1902, Flora Shaw , daughter of Major-General George Shaw, and granddaughter of Sir Frederick Shaw, 3rd Baronet . She was a foreign correspondent for The Times and coined the place name Nigeria . There were no children from the marriage. She died in January 1929; Lugard survived her by sixteen years and died on 11 April 1945, aged 87. Since he

798-594: The Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria was created as an autonomous federation within the British Empire . After independence in 1960, the governor-general became the representative of the Nigerian monarch, and the office continued to exist till 1963, when Nigeria abolished its monarchy, and became a republic. This article contains a list of governors and governors-general of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, and later of

855-527: The Royal Niger Company 's territory against French advance from Dahomey , Lugard was sent and he successfully organised the West African Frontier Force , which he used successfully to defend not only the western but the northern frontiers of Nigeria from French encroachment. This saved Nigeria from the assimilation issues of the French. Lugard's greatest contribution to the making of modern Nigeria

912-694: The Third Anglo-Burmese War (November 1885) and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1887. After this promising start, his career was derailed when he fell in love with a twice married British divorcee he met in India; learning she had been injured in an accident, he abandoned his post in Burma to join her in Lucknow , then followed her to England. When she rejected him, Lugard decided to make

969-642: The War Office from 1861 to 1871. Lugard was educated at Rossall School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst . The name "Dealtry" was in honour of Thomas Dealtry , a friend of his father. Lugard was commissioned into the 9th Foot (East Norfolk Regiment) in 1878 and joined the second battalion in India; he served in the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880), the Sudan campaign (1884–1885) and

1026-473: The Zanzibar mainland . On 6 August 1890, Lugard began his caravan expedition to Uganda, accompanied by five other Europeans - George Wilson , Fenwick De Winton (son of Francis de Winton - Lugard's other chief), William Grant and Archibald Brown. Departing from Mombasa towards Uganda to secure British predominance over German influence in the area and put an end to the civil disturbances between factions in

1083-437: The kingdom of Buganda . En route, Lugard was instructed to enter into treaties with local tribes and build forts in order to secure safe passage for future IBEAC expeditions. The IBEAC employed official treaty documents that were signed by their administrator and the local leaders but Lugard preferred the more equitable blood brotherhood ceremony and entered into several brotherhood partnerships with leaders who inhabited

1140-533: The slave trade . He began developing the country by getting it surveyed, mapped, and improved transport and communications. He also re-organised the taxation system . Lugard is most importantly remembered for his political system of rule which was practised in Nigeria, called indirect rule , particularly in Igboland . About a year after he resigned as High Commissioner of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria , Lugard

1197-674: The 1920 New Year Honours. In 1928 he was further honoured when he was elevated to the peerage as Baron Lugard, of Abinger in the County of Surrey. The Royal Geographical Society awarded him the Founder's Medal in 1902 for persistent attention to African geography. A bronze bust of Lugard, created by Pilkington Jackson in 1960, is held in the National Portrait Gallery, London . Lugard Road on Victoria Peak in Hong Kong , China

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1254-797: The Arab War. The African Lakes Company depot at Karonga was evacuated at the end of the year but in May 1888, Captain Lugard, persuaded by the British Consul at Mozambique , arrived to lead an expedition against Mlozi, sponsored by the African Lakes Company but without official support from the British government . Lugard's first expedition of May to June 1888 attacked the Swahili stockades with limited success and, in

1311-750: The British government backed the proposal (after subjecting it to considerable redrafting) and it was eventually enacted. He served as one of the seven members of the Committee of Experts on Slavery (CES) of the League of Nations in 1932-1933. Lugard served on the International Labour Organization 's Committee of Experts on Native Labour from 1925 to 1941. Lugard pushed for native rule in African colonies. He reasoned that black Africans were very different from white Europeans, although he did speculate on

1368-551: The Colonial residents of Ikoyi in those days. The Lagos Water Corporation has developed a Lagos Water Supply Master Plan as a "Road Map" to take the State's water production capacity to 745 million gallons per day by 2020 in a renewed effort to solve the problem of water shortage and ensure steady supply for the growing population of Lagos. The entire installed water production capacity is currently 210 million gallons per day (MGD), which

1425-555: The Iju and Adiyan rivers. Construction started in 1910, commissioning occurred on July 1, 1915, and supply of water began in August 1915. The total cost of Iju Waterworks was estimated at just over £300,000. The initial capacity of the waterworks was close to 2.5 million gallons per day. It had three engines pumping 5,000 gallons of water per minute. After completion about 200 water fountains and 250 water hydrants were established all over Lagos. Water

1482-522: The Island. The Iju scheme was conceived to supply better quality water to old Lagos which at the time primarily meant Lagos Island , Ikoyi and its immediate environs such as Iddo , Apapa , and Ebute Metta . To commence the scheme colonial authorities acquired 151 acres of land at Iju on Aworiland from the Egba United Government on a lease for 999 years. The site was situated at the confluence of

1539-468: The North. To sum it up, Lugard's attitude to Nigeria implied that he did not envisage self-government for Nigeria. He planned for perpetual British colonialism . "His system of Indirect Rule , his hostility towards educated Nigerians in the South, and his system of education for the North which aimed at training only the sons of the chiefs and emirs as clerks and interpreters show him as one of Britain's arch-imperialists", says K. B. C. Onwubiko. Regarding

1596-467: The South. It could be referred to as a mock parliament because it set pace for the Legislative Council of later years. In spite of his contributions, Lugard's work was not without faults. "He aimed at creating in Nigeria one administrative unit but he did not intend to create a Nigerian nation". Instead, his policy of isolating the North from the South, a policy which his successors maintained had

1653-590: The admixture of Aryan or Hamitic blood arising from the advent of Islam among the Hausa and Fulani . He considered that natives should act as a sort of middle manager in colonial governance. This would avoid revolt because, he believed, the people of Africa would be more likely to follow someone who looked like them, spoke their languages and shared their customs. Olúfẹmi Táíwò argues that Lugard blocked Africans who had been educated in Europe from playing an active role in

1710-575: The areas between Mombasa and Uganda. One of his famed blood partnerships was sealed in October 1890 during his journey to Uganda when he stopped at Dagoretti in Kikuyu territory and entered into an alliance with Waiyaki Wa Hinga . Lugard was Military Administrator of Uganda from 26 December 1890 to May 1892. While administering Uganda, he journeyed round the Rwenzori Mountains to Lake Edward , mapping

1767-455: The coast of east Africa that December. A year earlier in 1888, the IBEAC had been granted a royal charter by Queen Victoria to colonise the 'British sphere of influence' between Zanzibar and Uganda and were keen to open a trading route between Lake Victoria in Uganda and the coastal port of Mombasa. Their first interior trading post was established at Machakos 240 miles in from the coast. But

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1824-620: The colonial government). He defended British colonial practices, in particular the system of indirect rule that he introduced in Nigeria. The task of the British, he wrote, was ‘to promote the commercial and industrial progress of Africa without too careful a scrutiny of the material gains to ourselves’. In this work, Lugard outlined the reasons and methods that he recommended for the colonisation of Africa. Some of his justifications for establishing colonial rule included spreading Christianity and ending barbaric practices by Africans such as human sacrifice . He also saw state-sponsored colonisation as

1881-749: The course of one attack, Lugard was wounded and withdrew south. Lugard's second expedition in December 1888 to March 1889 was larger and included a 7-pounder gun , which, however, failed to breach the stockade walls. Following this second failure, Lugard left the Lake Malawi region for Britain in April 1889. After leaving Nyasaland in April 1889, Lugard accepted a position with the Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEAC) and arrived in Mombasa on

1938-401: The development of Colonial Nigeria; he distrusted white "intellectuals" as much as black ones, believing that the principles they were taught in the universities were often wrong. Lugard preferred to advance prominent Hausa and Fulani leaders from traditional structures. Lugard was an advocate for European paternalist governance over Africans. He described Africans as holding "the position of

1995-528: The established traditional route to Machakos was a treacherous journey through the large Taru Desert —93 miles of scorching dust bowl. Lugard's first mission was to determine the feasibility of a route from Mombasa to Machakos that would bypass the Taru Desert. He explored the Sabaki River and the neighbouring region, in addition to elaborating a scheme for the emancipation of the slaves held by Arabs in

2052-559: The future of British colonialism in Africa, he stated, "For two or three generations we can show the negro what we are, then we shall be asked to go away. Then we shall leave the land to those it belongs to with a feeling that they have better business friends in us than in other white men." Lugard's The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa was published in 1922 and discussed indirect rule in colonial Africa. He argued that administration of Africa could simultaneously promote

2109-529: The hinterland of the Lagos Colony and Nigeria against French aggression. In August 1897, Lugard organised the West African Frontier Force and commanded it until the end of December 1899, when the disputes with France were settled. After relinquishing command of the West African Frontier Force, Lugard was appointed High Commissioner of the newly created Protectorate of Northern Nigeria . He

2166-516: The kings and chiefs who acknowledged the sovereignty of the British company, while reducing the influence of other colonial powers. From 1896 to 1897, Lugard took charge of an expedition to Lake Ngami , in modern-day Botswana , on behalf of the British West Charterland Company. He was recalled from Ngami by the British government and sent to West Africa, where he was commissioned to raise a native force to protect British interests in

2223-457: The scheme was from the Iju and Adiyan streams. Further increase in capacity occurred in 1954 to serve Ikorodu rd, Ikeja and Eastern Lagos and abstraction of water was extended to the Ogun River. In the years 1962, 1965, 1973 and 1985 capacity was further increased. In 1985, capacity had reached 45 million gallons per day. After the creation of Lagos State in 1967, the responsibility of Iju Waterworks

2280-438: The suppression of slave raiding and slavery. Lugard, assisted by his indefatigable wife, Flora Shaw , concocted a legend which warped understanding of him, Nigeria and colonial rule for decades. He believed that "the typical African ... is a happy, thriftless, excitable person, lacking in self control, discipline and foresight, naturally courageous, courteous and polite, full of personal vanity, with little of veracity; in brief,

2337-472: The two groups deteriorated, partly because of the company's delays or unwillingness to provide guns, ammunition and other trade goods, and also because the Swahili traders turned more to slaving , attacking communities that the company had promised to protect, and hostilities broke out in mid-1887. The series of intermittent armed clashes that took place up to mid-1889 is known as the Karonga War , or sometimes

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2394-456: The university was to have it serve as a bearer of Western culture in East Asia . He expected the university, however, to adopt a politically conservative framework supportive of the colonial authorities and refrain from teaching ideas such as democracy or equality . He was financially backed by his personal friend Sir Horsusjee Naorojee Mody who shared the same vision for the establishment of

2451-476: The virtues and defects of this race-type are those of attractive children." Funding of the colony of Nigeria in the development of state's infrastructure such as harbours, railways and hospitals in Southern Nigeria came from revenue generated by taxes on imported alcohol. In Northern Nigeria, the revenue that allowed state development projects was less because the taxes was absent and thus funding of projects

2508-404: The well-being of the inhabitants and develop the resources of the continent for the benefit of mankind. According to Lugard, there were three principles of colonial administration: decentralization (granting power to local district officers in colonies), continuity (extensive record-keeping so that successors would build upon the policies of predecessors), and cooperation (building local support for

2565-552: The whole protectorate was made possible by a successful campaign against the emir of Kano and the sultan of Sokoto . By the time Lugard resigned as commissioner in 1906, the entire region of what would eventually be transformed into modern-day Nigeria was being peacefully administered under the supervision of British residents . Lugard was knighted in the 1901 New Year Honours for his service in Nigeria. Lugard restored peace and order, and suppressed Fulani despotism . He also stopped slave raiding and abolished slavery and

2622-504: Was a British soldier, explorer of Africa and a colonial administrator. He was Governor of Hong Kong (1907–1912), the last Governor of Southern Nigeria Protectorate (1912–1914), the first High Commissioner (1900–1906) and last Governor (1912–1914) of Northern Nigeria Protectorate and the first Governor-General of Nigeria (1914–1919). Lugard was born in Madras (now Chennai ) in India , but

2679-486: Was appointed Governor of Hong Kong , a position he held until March 1912. During his tenure, Lugard proposed to return Weihaiwei to the Chinese government, in return for the ceding of the rented New Territories in perpetuity. However, the proposal was neither well received nor acted upon. Some believed that if the proposal were carried through, Hong Kong might forever have remained in British hands. Lugard's chief interest

2736-587: Was brought up in Worcester , England . He was the son of the Reverend Frederick Grueber Lugard, a British Army chaplain at Madras, and his third wife Mary Howard (1819–1865), the youngest daughter of Reverend John Garton Howard (1786–1862), a younger son of landed gentry from Thorne and Melbourne near York. His paternal uncle was Sir Edward Lugard , Adjutant-General in India from 1857 to 1858 and Permanent Under-Secretary of State for War at

2793-593: Was childless, the barony became extinct. He was cremated at Woking Crematorium. List of governors and governors-general of Nigeria The Governor-General of Nigeria was the representative of the monarch of the United Kingdom in Colonial Nigeria from 1954 to 1960, and after Nigerian independence in 1960, the representative of the Nigerian head of state . The office was created on 1 October 1954, when

2850-560: Was covered from revenue generated in the south. The Adubi War occurred during his governorship . In Northern Nigeria, Lugard permitted slavery within traditional native elite families. He loathed the educated and sophisticated Africans living in the coastal regions. Lugard ran the country whilst spending half each year in England, where he could promote himself and was distant from realities in Africa, where subordinates had to delay decisions on many matters until he returned. He based his rule on

2907-403: Was distributed to colonial Lagos through a cast iron trunks mains pipeline with a 28-inch diameter. The initial beneficiaries were European residents of Ikoyi and then Lagos Island but gradually pipe water reached others areas including Ijora , Apapa, Iddo, and Ebute Metta. The distribution capacity was increased in 1943 with the addition of a second pipeline. Prior to 1954, the source of water for

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2964-564: Was education and he was largely remembered for his efforts to the founding of the University of Hong Kong in 1911. He became the first chancellor, despite a cold reception from the Colonial Office and local British companies, such as the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation . The Colonial Office called the idea of a university "Sir Frederick's pet lamb". Lugard's chief impetus from founding

3021-724: Was influenced by Lugard's book. He sought to get Lugard appointed to the Permanent Mandates Commission of the League of Nations . Between 1922 and 1936, Lugard was the British representative on the League of Nations ' Permanent Mandates Commission. Lugard saw imperial administration in moral terms and advocated for humane principles of colonial rule. He saw the role of the Permanent Mandates Commission as involving standard-setting and oversight, whereas actual administration should be left to national powers. Lugard supported General George Spafford Richardson 's repressive rule of Western Samoa. Lugard criticized European settlers and Samoans who engaged in "interracial mobilization." Lugard played

3078-421: Was need for consensus among the locals on such a serious political subject which had such key implications for the two colonies. From 1914 to 1919, Lugard served as Governor General of the now combined colony of Nigeria. Throughout his tenure, he sought strenuously to secure the amelioration of the condition of the native people, among other means by the exclusion, wherever possible, of alcoholic liquors, and by

3135-416: Was present at Mount Patti , Lokoja and read the proclamation that established the protectorate on 1 January 1900. At that time, the portion of Northern Nigeria under effective control was small, and Lugard's task in organising this vast territory was made more difficult by the refusal of the sultan of Sokoto and many other Fula princes to fulfill their treaty obligations. In 1903, British control over

3192-496: Was the successful amalgamation of the North and South in 1914. Even after the amalgamation, the two parts remained as two separate countries with separate administrations. "Though in doing this, he aimed primarily at making the wealth and seaport facilities of the South available to the North, he had in fact fashioned the political unity of the Giant of Africa ." As noted earlier, amalgamation of Nigeria helped in making Nigeria to have common telegraphs, railways, customs and excise,

3249-584: Was transferred to the state. Water supply from Iju is dependent on power supply and incessant power outages affects the productivity of the plant. In 2010, the state government commissioned an independent power plant to supply electricity to the facility. Lagos state water cooperation Recommissioned a waterwork in Baruwa community in Lagos. Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard Frederick John Dealtry Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard GCMG CB DSO PC (22 January 1858 – 11 April 1945), known as Sir Frederick Lugard between 1901 and 1928,

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