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38-705: Lagman may refer to: A lawspeaker Lagman (surname) Lagemann (surname) Lagmann Godredsson Lagmann mac Gofraid (fl. early eleventh century), King of the Isles Lǫgmaðr Guðrøðarson (fl. late eleventh century), King of the Isles Laghman (food) , a spicy Central Asia noodle soup Forward Operating Base Lagman , a former American military base in Afghanistan See also [ edit ] Laghman (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

76-550: A crusade against Novgorod, marching up the Neva , forcibly converting the tribes along that river, and briefly capturing the fortress of Orekhov for a second time, in August. The city of Pskov took advantage of the situation and was able to pressure Novgorod into granting the city its formal independence . The Novgorodians retook the fortress in February 1349 after a six-month siege, without

114-560: A descendant of Louis VIII of France . The wedding took place in October or early November 1335, possibly at Bohus castle. As a wedding gift Blanche received the province of Tunsberg in Norway and Lödöse in Sweden as fiefs. They had two sons, Eric and Haakon, plus at least two daughters who died in infancy and were buried at Ås Abbey . Opposition to Magnus' rule in Norway led to a settlement between

152-480: A founding figure and the original author of the laws. After the union with Norway in 1264, two royal lawspeakers were appointed who had an important influence on the legal processes at the thing . The office was abolished together with the Althing in 1800. Scholars are suspicious of the fact that Úlfljótur's first two successors have been assigned a period in office of exactly 20 summers each, but from Þorkell máni on,

190-474: A lot of harm, but there is no factual basis for them in historical sources. Another angle is that the epithet Caress had nothing to do with the allegations of homosexuality but was given because of his alleged foolishness and naivety, as smek at the time was an insult inferring such weakness. Russians drew up an allegedly autobiographical account known as the Testament of Magnus ( Rukopisanie Magnusha ) which

228-685: A lot of plunder with him. Either in late 1361 or early 1362 the inhabitants of Visby raised themselves against the few Danish that Valdemar left behind and killed them. In 1363, members of the Swedish Council of Aristocracy, led by Bo Jonsson Grip , arrived at the court of Mecklenburg . They had been banished from Sweden after a revolt against King Magnus. At the nobles' request, Albert of Mecklenburg launched an invasion of Sweden supported by several German dukes and counts. Several Hanseatic cities and dukes in Northern Germany expressed support of

266-514: A priest in Vidhem , in the 1320s; he must have lived around 1000. The first Swedish lawspeaker for whom we have substantial biographical information is Eskil (c. 1175–1227), the seventeenth in Laurentius's list. From the mid-13th century and onwards, the lawspeakers became more attached to the king, and it was common that lawspeakers were members of the king's council. King Magnus Eriksson decided that

304-402: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Lawspeaker Snorri Sturluson (1179–1241) of Iceland was a famous lawspeaker. He wrote about an 11th-century lawspeaker named Torgny , but historians doubt the account. In Sweden , this office was the most important one of regional governments, where each lagsaga (usually the same as

342-702: The Neva River . The treaty delineated spheres of influence among the Finns and Karelians and was supposed to be an "eternal peace", but Magnus' relations with the Russian states were not so peaceful. In 1337, religious strife between Orthodox Karelians and the Swedes led to a Swedish attack on the town of Korela (Keksholm, Priozersk) and Viborg (Viipuri in Finnish, Vyborg in Russian), in which

380-543: The Västgöta Law , the lawspeaker was appointed for life by the yeomen ( bönder ) of the province from among their number; it was also stipulated that his father should also have been a landowner. The office was not hereditary, but he was usually selected from the more powerful families. The first named Swedish lawspeaker, if the text is correct, is the Lum recorded in a register of Västergötland lawmen copied by Laurentius Dyakn,

418-412: The traditional province ) was the jurisdiction of a lawspeaker who was subordinate to the lawspeaker of Tiundaland . The lawspeaker presided over the things , worked as a judge and formulated the laws that had been decided by the people. The lawspeaker was obliged to memorize the law and to recite it at the thing . He was also responsible for the administration at the thing and for the execution of

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456-550: The Greenland run at intervals till 1369, when she sank and was apparently not replaced. King Valdemar IV of Denmark reconquered Scania in 1360. He went on to conquer Gotland in 1361. On 27 July 1361, outside the city of Visby , the main city of Gotland, the final battle took place. It ended in a complete victory for Valdemar. Magnus had warned the inhabitants of Visby in a letter and started to gather troops to reconquer Scania. Valdemar went home to Denmark again in August and took

494-494: The Novgorodian and Ladogan merchants there were slaughtered. A Swedish commander named Sten also captured the fortress at Orekhov. Negotiations with the Novgorodian mayor ( posadnik ) Fedor were inconclusive and the Swedes attacked Karelians around Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega before a peace was concluded in 1339 along the old terms of the 1323 treaty. In this treaty, the Swedes claimed that Sten and others acted on their own without

532-615: The aid of Pskov and with minimal aid from Moscow . Magnus fell back, in large part due to the ravages of the plague farther West. While he spent much of 1351 trying to drum up support for further crusading action among the German cities in the Baltic States, he never returned to attack Novgorod. In 1355, Magnus sent a ship (or ships) to Greenland to inspect its Western and Eastern Settlements . Sailors found settlements entirely Norse and Christian. The Greenland carrier ( Groenlands Knorr ) made

570-429: The appointment remained restricted to noblemen until 1723. By then, the functions of the office had become restricted to that of a judge, a function which also became less important by time. In 1849, the office was abolished, but the title remained occasionally in use as a title of honour for governors. In 1947, the title of lagman (pl. lagmän ) was reintroduced for senior judges, namely the presidents of divisions of

608-536: The chronology is probably correct; names are given in their modern Icelandic form. Magnus Eriksson Magnus Eriksson (April or May 1316  – 1 December 1374) was King of Sweden from 1319 to 1364, King of Norway as Magnus VII from 1319 to 1355, and ruler of Scania from 1332 to 1360. By adversaries he has been called Magnus Smek ( lit.   ' Magnus the Caresser ' ). Medieval Swedish kings did not use regnal numbers as part of their title. As

646-558: The consent of the king. In 1335, Magnus outlawed thralldom (slavery) for thralls "born by Christian parents" in Västergötland and Värend , being the last parts of Sweden where slavery had remained legal. This put an end to Medieval Swedish slavery – though it was only applicable within the borders of Sweden, which left an opening – used long afterwards – for the 17th- and 18th-century Swedish slave trade . Relations were quiet between Sweden and Novgorod until 1348, when Magnus led

684-536: The courts of appeal. Since reform in 1969, presidents of the district courts ( tingsrätter ) are lagmän , while presidents of divisions of the courts of appeal are hovrättslagmän ("court of appeal lawspeakers"). Correspondingly, presidents of the district administrative courts ( förvaltningsrätter ) also carry the title of lagman and presidents of divisions of the administrative courts of appeal are kammarrättslagmän ("administrative court of appeal lawspeakers"). Finland being governed by Swedish law wholly until 1809,

722-536: The decisions, and it was his duty to safeguard the rights and liberties of the people and to speak in their behalf to the king or his representative. It was the lawspeaker who, on the behalf of the people, recognized the elected king when he passed on the Eriksgata . However, after the establishment of the province laws, c. 1350, he would participate at the Stone of Mora with twelve companions from his jurisdiction. According to

760-401: The entire kingdom, as part of the nobility . In the 14th and 15th centuries they were usually recruited from the existing higher nobility, with some holding the rank of knight, the highest rank of nobility in the kingdom. In the 16th century they were still usually recruited from the existing nobility, albeit more often from the lower nobility. Lawspeakers received fiefs. For example, Marker fief

798-402: The events were the same as in Sweden. However, the lagman offices were terminated and lagman became an honorific title only in 1868 (at that time laws were published also in Finnish and thus also the term laamanni official). In the 1993 reform, laamanni and lagman were reintroduced as the title of the chief judge of a district court or a senior judge in a court of appeal. In Norway ,

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836-556: The increase in taxes to pay for the acquisition of the Scanian province, some Swedish nobles supported by the Church attempted to oust Magnus, setting up his elder son Eric as king. Eric died supposedly of the plague in 1359, with his wife Beatrix and their son. On 12 August 1323, Magnus concluded the first treaty between Sweden and Novgorod (represented by Grand Prince Yury of Moscow ) at Nöteborg ( Orekhov ) where Lake Ladoga empties into

874-513: The king and the Norwegian nobility at Varberg on 15 August 1343. In violation of the Norwegian laws on royal inheritance, Magnus' younger son Haakon would become king of Norway, with Magnus as regent during his minority. Later the same year, it was declared that Magnus' elder son, Eric would become king of Sweden on Magnus' death. Thus, the union between Norway and Sweden would be severed. This occurred when Haakon came of age in 1355. Because of

912-600: The king of Sweden, he is sometimes referred to as Magnus II , Magnus III , or Magnus IV . He is the second longest-reigning monarch in Swedish history after the current king Carl XVI Gustaf , who surpassed Magnus in 2018. Magnus was born in Norway , either in April or May 1316. His father was Eric, Duke of Södermanland , son of King Magnus Ladulås of Sweden and his mother was Ingeborg , daughter of King Haakon V of Norway. Magnus

950-403: The king would influence the appointment of the lawspeakers. Six nobles and six yeomen would in consultation with two clergymen appoint three men from the jurisdiction among whom the king would select the one he deemed to be most fit. This procedure would be in effect until the 16th century when the whole process of selection was transferred to the king. From then on, the lawspeakers only came from

988-412: The lawspeakers remained counselors versed in the law until king Sverre I of Norway (1184–1202) made them into his officials. In the laws of Magnus VI of Norway (1263–1280), they were given the right to function as judges and to preside at the lagtings (the Norwegian superior courts). Modern historians regard the lawspeakers in ancient times (especially before around 1600), of which there were 10–12 in

1026-507: The new king. Stockholm and Kalmar , with large Hanseatic populations, also welcomed the intervention. Albert was proclaimed King of Sweden and crowned on 18 February 1364. Magnus found refuge with his younger son in Norway. According to Icelandic annals, he drowned in a shipwreck at Lyngholmen in Bømlafjorden on 1 December 1374. He had retained his sovereignty over Iceland until his death. In spite of his many formal expansions his rule

1064-506: The nobility, and it had turned into a pension, in which a member of the Privy Council of Sweden was selected and received a salary, but had other people taking care of the work. This privilege was abolished during the Reduction of 1680 , after which the lawspeakers were obliged to take care of the work themselves, and there were checks on the appointment of members of the privy council. Still,

1102-527: The pawn for the eastern Danish provinces for a huge amount of silver, and thus became ruler also of Scania . On 21 July 1336, Magnus was crowned king of both Norway and Sweden in Stockholm . This caused further resentment in Norway, where the nobles and magnates desired a separate Norwegian coronation. A second rising by members of the high nobility of Norway ensued in 1338. In 1335, he married Blanche , daughter of John I, Marquis of Namur , and Marie of Artois,

1140-416: The president of the thing , his duties were restricted to counselling and to reciting the law. It was the sole government office of the medieval Icelandic Commonwealth . The lawspeaker was elected for a term of three years and was supposed to declaim the law at the Althing, a third of it each summer. In fact, Grímr Svertingsson's term was cut short, not because of incompetence or illness, but because his voice

1178-436: The province of Scania . Because homosexuality was a mortal sin and vehemently scorned at that time, rumours about the king's alleged love relationship with Algotsson, and other erotic escapades, were spread by his enemies, particularly by some noblemen who referred to mystical visions of St. Bridget . Bridget and these allegations caused Magnus in posterity to be given the epithet of Magnus smek (Magnus Caress) and caused him

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1216-409: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Lagman . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagman&oldid=1246284689 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1254-480: Was by tradition held by the lawspeaker of Oslo. They were also treated as equal to the nobility on formal occasions. The historical lagtings and the office of lawspeaker were abolished in 1797, but the title was reinstituted in 1887 together with the introduction of the jury system. In Iceland , the office was introduced in 930, when the Althing was established. He was elected for three years. Besides his function as

1292-485: Was considered a period of decline both for the Swedish royal power and for Sweden as a whole. Foreign nations like Denmark (after its recovery in 1340) and Mecklenburg intervened and Magnus does not seem to have been able to counter internal opposition that arose. He was regarded as a weak king and criticised for giving favourites too much power. Magnus's young favourite courtier was Bengt Algotsson , whom he elevated to Duke of Finland and Halland , as well as Viceroy of

1330-512: Was declared to have come of age at 15 in 1331. This provoked resistance in Norway, where a statute from 1302 stipulated that a king came of age at the age of 20, and a rising by Erling Vidkunsson and other Norwegian nobles ensued. In 1333, the rebels submitted to King Magnus. In 1332, the king of Denmark, Christopher II , died as a "king without a country" after he and his older brother and predecessor had pawned Denmark piece by piece. King Magnus took advantage of his neighbour's distress, redeeming

1368-461: Was elected king of Sweden on 8 July 1319 at Mora Thing to prevent the previous king Birger Magnusson , his uncle, from returning to power. Magnus was also acknowledged as the hereditary king of Norway at Haugating in Tønsberg in August of the same year. After his mother Ingeborg was removed from the regency in 1322–1323, the countries were ruled by local magnates until Magnus came of age. Magnus

1406-655: Was inserted into the Russian Sofia First Chronicle , composed in Novgorod; it claimed that Magnus did not, in fact, drown at sea, but saw the errors of his ways and converted to Orthodoxy , becoming a monk in a Novgorodian monastery in Karelia . The account is apocryphal . Most of the Kristin Lavransdatter trilogy by Sigrid Undset takes place in Norway during Magnus's reign. He appears in one scene, and

1444-427: Was too weak for the job. Apart from his function as a lawsayer and chairman of the court, the lǫgsǫgumaðr had no formal power, but he would often be appointed as an arbitrator in the frequently arising disputes. The office lingered on for a few years in the transitional period after 1262, after which it was replaced with a lǫgmaðr . The traditional date for the founding of the Althing is 930 with Úlfljótr appearing as

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