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67-418: (traditional, but see below ): Coccinellidae ( / ˌ k ɒ k s ɪ ˈ n ɛ l ɪ d iː / ) is a widespread family of small beetles . They are commonly known as ladybugs in North America and ladybirds in the United Kingdom; "lady" refers to mother Mary . Entomologists use the names ladybird beetles or lady beetles to avoid confusion with true bugs . The more than 6,000 described species have

134-580: A global distribution and are found in a variety of habitats. They are oval beetles with a domed back and flat underside. Many of the species have conspicuous aposematic (warning) colours and patterns, such as red with black spots, that warn potential predators that they taste bad. Most coccinellid species are carnivorous predators, preying on insects such as aphids and scale insects . Other species are known to consume non-animal matter, including plants and fungi. They are promiscuous breeders, reproducing in spring and summer in temperate regions and during

201-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called

268-424: A median bristle or empodium , meaning the meeting place of the pulvilli. On the underside of the tarsal segments, there frequently are pulvillus-like organs or plantulae . The arolium, plantulae and pulvilli are adhesive organs enabling their possessors to climb smooth or steep surfaces. They all are outgrowths of the exoskeleton and their cavities contain blood. Their structures are covered with tubular tenent hairs,

335-625: A relatively small effect on aphid populations; at others they cause significant seasonal declines. Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to

402-502: A sample of their toxic and bitter body fluid. Predator-deterring poisons are particularly important for the immobile pupa. Access to food can affect the concentration of both pigments and toxins. The similarity of coccinellid patterning in red and orange with black markings has led to suggestions that they and some species of chrysomelids form Müllerian mimicry rings particularly to defend them from birds. Despite their chemical defenses, coccinellids are preyed on by some clerid beetles in

469-401: A shared, derived character , so uniramous arthropods were grouped into a taxon called Uniramia . It is now believed that several groups of arthropods evolved uniramous limbs independently from ancestors with biramous limbs, so this taxon is no longer used. Arachnid legs differ from those of insects by the addition of two segments on either side of the tibia, the patella between the femur and

536-508: A single series of segments attached end-to-end. A biramous limb, however, branches into two, and each branch consists of a series of segments attached end-to-end. The external branch (ramus) of the appendages of crustaceans is known as the exopod or exopodite , while the internal branch is known as the endopod or endopodite . Other structures aside from the latter two are termed exites (outer structures) and endites (inner structures). Exopodites can be easily distinguished from exites by

603-422: A tarsal claw. Myriapod legs show a variety of modifications in different groups. In all centipedes, the first pair of legs is modified into a pair of venomous fangs called forcipules. In most millipedes, one or two pairs of walking legs in adult males are modified into sperm-transferring structures called gonopods . In some millipedes, the first leg pair in males may be reduced to tiny hooks or stubs, while in others

670-407: Is adapted for running ( cursorial ), rather than for digging, leaping, swimming, predation, or other similar activities. The legs of most cockroaches are good examples. However, there are many specialized adaptations, including: The embryonic body segments ( somites ) of different arthropods taxa have diverged from a simple body plan with many similar appendages which are serially homologous, into

737-402: Is broad and convex, and can cover the back of the head. Being beetles, they have hardened, non-overlapping forewings , known as elytra , which cover up the more fragile hindwings when the insects are not in flight. Their legs are relatively short, with a tarsal formula of 4-4-4 (may appear 3-3-3 because the third segment of each tarsus is reduced). The tarsus (end of leg) has two claws at

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804-558: Is derived from the Latin word coccineus meaning ' scarlet ' . The common English name ladybird originated in Britain where the insects became known as "Our Lady's birds". Mary ("Our Lady") was often depicted wearing a red cloak in early art, and the seven spots of the species Coccinella septempunctata (the most common in Europe) were said to represent her seven joys and seven sorrows . In

871-821: Is further aided by creases in the membrane. These beetles may migrate long distances to hibernation and breeding sites, and areas with more food. They appear to be drawn to recognisable landmarks. The more crowded an area is, the more individuals leave, but will remain if there are enough prey species to feed on. "Trivial flights" refer to flying while foraging or when finding a place to lay eggs. One study of species in Britain found that coccinellids can fly as far as 120 km (75 mi). They flew at speeds of 30 km/h (19 mph) and could reach altitudes close to 1,100 m (3,600 ft). In temperate climates, coccinellids typically breed from late spring to early summer. In warmer temperate regions, reproduction may occur in spring, fall and winter; tropical species reproduce during

938-515: Is limited to adult male spiders which are actively searching for females and exposed – unlike the females and young, which remain sheltered in burrows. Coccinellidae are found on every continent except Antarctica. Asian and African species are less studied than others. Coccinellids can be found in a variety of habitats, both on the ground and in the trees. They may specialise using certain plants. Some species can live in extreme environments such as high mountains, arid deserts and cold regions. Several of

1005-486: Is the fourth section of the typical insect leg. As a rule, the tibia of an insect is slender in comparison to the femur, but it generally is at least as long and often longer. Near the distal end, there is generally a tibial spur, often two or more. In the Apocrita , the tibia of the foreleg bears a large apical spur that fits over a semicircular gap in the first segment of the tarsus. The gap is lined with comb-like bristles, and

1072-404: Is the most basal diet of Coccinellidae. Aphid-eating evolved three separate times and leaf-eating evolved twice, one of which evolved from a clade that contains both aphid-eating and pollen -eating. The fungi-eating also evolved from aphid-eating. Coccinellids mostly fly during the day. Springy, cylindrical veins in the hindwings stiffen when in flight and bend when folding. Folding of the wings

1139-497: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Arthropod leg Homologies of leg segments between groups are difficult to prove and are

1206-459: The Apterygota , the legs of immature specimens are in effect smaller versions of the adult legs. A representative insect leg, such as that of a housefly or cockroach , has the following parts, in sequence from most proximal to most distal : Associated with the leg itself there are various sclerites around its base. Their functions are articular and have to do with how the leg attaches to

1273-507: The Cerylonidae have four tarsomeres on each tarsus. The distal segment of the typical insect leg is the pretarsus. In the Collembola , Protura and many insect larvae, the pretarsus is a single claw. On the pretarsus most insects have a pair of claws ( ungues , singular unguis ). Between the ungues, a median unguitractor plate supports the pretarsus. The plate is attached to the apodeme of

1340-566: The Cretaceous , the oldest fossils of the group are known from the Oise amber of France, dating to the Early Eocene ( Ypresian ) around 53 million years ago, which belong to the extant genera Rhyzobius and Nephus . The greatest number of fossils comes from the younger Eocene Baltic amber , including members of the extant genera Serangium and Rhyzobius as well as extinct genera belonging to

1407-605: The Scarabaeidae and Dytiscidae have thoracic legs, but no prolegs. Some insects that exhibit hypermetamorphosis begin their metamorphosis as planidia , specialised, active, legged larvae, but they end their larval stage as legless maggots, for example the Acroceridae . Among the Exopterygota , the legs of larvae tend to resemble those of the adults in general, except in adaptations to their respective modes of life. For example,

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1474-454: The monophyly (single ancestry) of most of these subfamilies. The monophyly of Coccinellinae has the most support. A 2021 genetic study sampling many species, identified three subfamilies, Microweiseinae (with three tribes), Coccinellinae (26 tribes) and a newly identified group, the Monocoryninae (one tribe). All three subfamilies were strongly supported, but the study noted that although

1541-473: The tarsal organ . The situation is identical in scorpions , but with the addition of a pre-tarsus beyond the tarsus. The claws of the scorpion are not truly legs, but are pedipalps , a different kind of appendage that is also found in spiders and is specialised for predation and mating. In Limulus , there are no metatarsi or pretarsi, leaving six segments per leg. The legs of crustaceans are divided primitively into seven segments, which do not follow

1608-1082: The wet season in tropical regions. Many predatory species lay their eggs near colonies of prey, providing their larvae with a food source. Like most insects, they develop from larva to pupa to adult. Temperate species hibernate and diapause during the winter; tropical species are dormant during the dry season . Coccinellids migrate between dormancy and breeding sites. Species that prey on agricultural pests are considered beneficial insects . Several species have been introduced outside their range as biological control agents, with varying degrees of success. Some species are pests themselves and attack agricultural crops, or can infest people's homes, particularly in winter. Invasive species like Harmonia axyridis can pose an ecological threat to native coccinellid species. Other threats to coccinellids include climate change and habitat destruction . These insects have played roles in folklore , religion and poetry, and are particularly popular in nursery rhymes . The name Coccinellidae , created by Pierre André Latreille in 1807,

1675-469: The wet season . Mating is promiscuous . In some species, females appear to be selective in their partners, preferring males of a certain size and colour. Males produce sperm packets each with 14,000 sperm, and insert three of them into the female, even though she can only hold 18,000 sperm. This is likely a form of sperm competition . Like other insects, coccinellids develop from egg, to larva, to pupa and finally adult. Eggs tend to be bright yellow, and

1742-465: The Odonata. In parasitic Hymenoptera, the base of the femur has the appearance of a second trochanter. In most insects, the femur is the largest region of the leg; it is especially conspicuous in many insects with saltatorial legs because the typical leaping mechanism is to straighten the joint between the femur and the tibia, and the femur contains the necessary massive bipennate musculature. The tibia

1809-888: The United States, the name was popularly adapted to ladybug . Entomologists prefer the names ladybird beetles or lady beetles to avoid confusion with true bugs . Names in some other countries may be similar; for example, in Germany they are known as Marienkäfer meaning ' Marybeetle ' or ' ladybeetle ' . Coccinellids range in size from 0.8 to 18 mm (0.03–0.7 in). They are sexually dimorphic ; adult females tend to be slightly larger than males. They are generally oval with domed backs and flattened undersides. They have large compound eyes and clubbed antennae with seven to eleven segments. The powerful mandibles (equivalent to jaws) typically have pairs of "teeth" which face each other. The coccinellid prothorax (front of thorax)

1876-461: The abdominal segments, in particular, each having six divided into pairs, and one to three segmented antennae. Their colouration varies from grey, blue-grey, grey-brown or brown and spotted with white, yellow, red or orange. They tend to brighten as they get closer to adulthood. Over 6,000 living species of Coccinellidae have been described. They are sparsely preserved in the fossil record. Although molecular clock estimates have placed their origin in

1943-445: The apices of which are moistened by a glandular secretion. The organs are adapted to apply the hairs closely to a smooth surface so that adhesion occurs through surface molecular forces. Insects control the ungues through muscle tension on a long tendon, the "retractor unguis" or "long tendon". In insect models of locomotion and motor control, such as Drosophila ( Diptera ), locusts ( Acrididae ), or stick insects ( Phasmatodea ),

2010-556: The brood of the ant Wasmannia auropunctata . Cannibalism has been recorded in several species; which includes larvae eating eggs or other larvae, and adults feeding on individuals of any life stage. Some coccinellids are mostly non-predatory, such as some species in the genera Epilachna and Henosepilachna . The majority of predatory species may also supplement their diet with other sources of food both in their larval and adult stages. Non-animal matter consumed include leaves, pollen, nectar , sap , fungi, and honeydew . Members of

2077-507: The coxa has two lobes where it articulates with the pleuron. The posterior lobe is the meron which is usually the larger part of the coxa. A meron is well developed in Periplaneta, the Isoptera, Neuroptera and Lepidoptera. The trochanter articulates with the coxa but usually is attached rigidly to the femur. In some insects, its appearance may be confusing; for example it has two subsegments in

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2144-541: The family Juglandaceae , but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to

2211-530: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and

2278-406: The females lay them close together, standing upright and near where they can access food. The number of eggs in a cluster can vary depending on the species; it is typically in the double digits but some species can lay over a thousand eggs in their lifetime. After hatching, the larvae will begin eating, including the other eggs in their clutch. Certain species lay extra infertile trophic eggs with

2345-402: The fertile eggs, providing a backup food source for the larvae when they hatch. The ratio of infertile to fertile eggs increases with scarcity of food at the time of egg laying. Larvae typically have four instar stages with three moults between them. The larva eventually transitions into a pupa; which involves the development of a hunch, the fusion of the legs to the body, and the attachment of

2412-511: The first pair may be enlarged. Insects and their relatives are hexapods, having six legs, connected to the thorax , each with five components. In order from the body they are the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. Each is a single segment, except the tarsus which can be from three to seven segments, each referred to as a tarsomere . Except in species in which legs have been lost or become vestigial through evolutionary adaptation, adult insects have six legs, one pair attached to each of

2479-470: The flexor muscle of the ungues. In the Neoptera , the parempodia are a symmetrical pair of structures arising from the outside (distal) surface of the unguitractor plate between the claws. It is present in many Hemiptera and almost all Heteroptera . Usually, the parempodia are bristly (setiform), but in a few species they are fleshy. Sometimes the parempodia are reduced in size so as to almost disappear. Above

2546-425: The genus Enoclerus , several species of which are brightly coloured in red and black, and which possibly sequester the toxins of the prey to defend themselves against other predators. As an anti-predator defense, spiders of the genus Eresus , known as ladybird spiders, have evolved to replicate the patterns of coccinellids. This is a form of Batesian mimicry , as the spiders lack the chemicals. This resemblance

2613-560: The insect cleans its antennae by drawing them through. The ancestral tarsus was a single segment and in the extant Protura , Diplura and certain insect larvae the tarsus also is single-segmented. Most modern insects have tarsi divided into subsegments (tarsomeres), usually about five. The actual number varies with the taxon , which may be useful for diagnostic purposes. For example, the Pterogeniidae characteristically have 5-segmented fore- and mid-tarsi, but 4-segmented hind tarsi, whereas

2680-488: The insects, including citizen science and education programs, habitat preservation and restoration, prevention of the spread of invasive species and a global monitoring program. Coccinellids have been valued in biological pest control , as they prey on agricultural pests such as aphids and scale insects. Their importance in controlling pests was noted as far back as 1814 in England. Their efficiency can vary: sometimes they have

2747-411: The larva stage lasts around three weeks and the pupa lasts seven to ten days. Adult coccinellids develop much of their final colouration within hours, but may not fully darken for weeks or months. The lifespan of an adult reaches up to a year. In temperate areas, coccinellids may hibernate or enter diapause during the winter. Individuals during this period gather in clumps, large or small depending on

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2814-426: The larvae of moths and other beetles, as well as mites . Since much of their prey are agricultural pests, coccinellids are considered to be beneficial insects . A 2009 metastudy by Hodek and Honěk found that aphid-eaters constituted around 68 percent of species that live in temperate areas but only 20 percent of species worldwide. Around 36 percent of total species mostly feed on scale insects. Larvae and adults eat

2881-425: The leg segments articulates with the next segment in a hinge joint and may only bend in one plane. This means that a greater number of segments is required to achieve the same kinds of movements that are possible in vertebrate animals, which have rotational ball-and-socket joints at the base of the fore and hind limbs. The appendages of arthropods may be either biramous or uniramous . A uniramous limb comprises

2948-464: The legs of larval insects, particularly in the Endopterygota , vary more than in the adults. As mentioned, some have prolegs as well as "true" thoracic legs. Some have no externally visible legs at all (though they have internal rudiments that emerge as adult legs at the final ecdysis ). Examples include the maggots of flies or grubs of weevils . In contrast, the larvae of other Coleoptera , such as

3015-465: The legs of most immature Ephemeroptera are adapted to scuttling beneath underwater stones and the like, whereas the adults have more gracile legs that are less of a burden during flight. Again, the young of the Coccoidea are called "crawlers" and they crawl around looking for a good place to feed, where they settle down and stay for life. Their later instars have no functional legs in most species. Among

3082-431: The lighter colours, and melanins create darker colours. Other parts of the body also vary in colouration. These colour patterns typically serve as warning colouration , but some can act as camouflage , attract mates or even regulate heat. Several individual species may display polymorphism and even change colour between seasons. Coccinellid larvae are elongated with square heads. They are covered in hairs or setae ,

3149-408: The long tendon courses through the tarsus and tibia before reaching the femur. Tension on the long tendon is controlled by two muscles, one in the femur and one in the tibia, which can operate differently depending on how the leg is bent. Tension on the long tendon controls the claw, but also bends the tarsus and likely affects its stiffness during walking. The typical thoracic leg of an adult insect

3216-476: The main exoskeleton of the insect. Such sclerites differ considerably between unrelated insects. The coxa is the proximal segment and functional base of the leg. It articulates with the pleuron and associated sclerites of its thoracic segment, and in some species it articulates with the edge of the sternite as well. The homologies of the various basal sclerites are open to debate. Some authorities suggest that they derive from an ancestral subcoxa. In many species,

3283-539: The most famous species have wide ranges, but others are more endemic and possibly threatened. Threats to coccinellids include climate change , agriculture, urbanisation, and invasive species . Coccinellid biodiversity will likely be affected by the rising of both average temperatures and heat fluctuations. Climate change may lead to smaller larvae, as well as increase energy and metabolic needs and interspecific predation. Agriculture and urbanisation threatens these insects though habitat destruction and homogenisation and

3350-572: The naming system used in the other groups. They are: coxa, basis, ischium, merus, carpus, propodus, and dactylus. In some groups, some of the limb segments may be fused together. The claw ( chela ) of a lobster or crab is formed by the articulation of the dactylus against an outgrowth of the propodus. Crustacean limbs also differ in being biramous, whereas all other extant arthropods have uniramous limbs. Myriapods ( millipedes , centipedes and their relatives) have seven-segmented walking legs, comprising coxa, trochanter, prefemur, femur, tibia, tarsus, and

3417-417: The possession of internal musculature. The exopodites can sometimes be missing in some crustacean groups ( amphipods and isopods ), and they are completely absent in insects. The legs of insects and myriapods are uniramous. In crustaceans, the first antennae are uniramous, but the second antennae are biramous, as are the legs in most species. For a time, possession of uniramous limbs was believed to be

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3484-479: The posterior to the surface. Pupae may be uncovered, partially covered or fully covered by larval skin depending on the species. The pupa is mostly immobile, but the head can move in response to irritation. When the adult emerges, it has its hindwings, while the elytron starts out softer and lighter in colour, with no patterns. The length of each development stage varies based on climate and between species. For Adalia bipunctata , eggs hatch after four to eight days,

3551-969: The same foods, unlike in other insect groups. Ladybird species vary in dietary specificity . An example of a specialist species is those of the genus Stethorus , which feed on spider mites . Aphid-eaters tend to be generalist; they have a high voracity and can multiply quickly in response to outbreaks, and switch to other prey when the ephemeral aphids become scarce. Predators of scale insects tend to be less voracious and are slower breeders and developers; matching their prey. Under pressure from coccinellid predation, aphid species have evolved to become more toxic, forcing coccinellids to develop immunities. Coccinellid predators of aphids need to defend themselves against ants that tend and defend aphids for their honeydew, and coccinellid eggs laid near aphids are disposed of. Some species including Coccinella magnifica and Diomus have adapted to grow within ant nests as larvae, and some like Diomus thoracicus are predators of

3618-501: The same structure as modern adult insect legs, and there has been a great deal of debate as to whether they are homologous with them. Current evidence suggests that they are indeed homologous up to a very primitive stage in their embryological development, but that their emergence in modern insects was not homologous between the Lepidoptera and Symphyta . Such concepts are pervasive in current interpretations of phylogeny. In general,

3685-567: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted

3752-410: The source of much argument. Some authors posit up to eleven segments per leg for the most recent common ancestor of extant arthropods but modern arthropods have eight or fewer. It has been argued that the ancestral leg need not have been so complex, and that other events, such as successive loss of function of a Hox -gene , could result in parallel gains of leg segments. In arthropods, each of

3819-628: The species. Overwintering insects can be found both in lowland areas, aggregating under dead vegetation, and at the tops of hills, hibernating under rocks and on grass tussocks . In areas with particularly hot summers, the insects experience summer dormancy or aestivation ; in the tropics, coccinellids enter dormancy during the dry season . Coccinellids act both as predators, prey and parasitic hosts in food webs . The majority of coccinellids are carnivorous and predatory , typically preying on Sternorrhyncha insects like aphids, scale insects, whiteflies , psyllids and adelgids . Some species feed on

3886-438: The three segments of the thorax. They have paired appendages on some other segments, in particular, mouthparts , antennae and cerci , all of which are derived from paired legs on each segment of some common ancestor . Some larval insects do however have extra walking legs on their abdominal segments; these extra legs are called prolegs . They are found most frequently on the larvae of moths and sawflies. Prolegs do not have

3953-418: The tibia, and the metatarsus (sometimes called basitarsus) between the tibia and the tarsus (sometimes called telotarsus), making a total of seven segments. The tarsus of spiders have claws at the end as well as a hook that helps with web-spinning. Spider legs can also serve sensory functions, with hairs that serve as touch receptors, as well as an organ on the tarsus that serves as a humidity receptor, known as

4020-443: The tip. As adults, these beetles differ from their closest relatives with the following morphological characteristics: Coccinellids are often distinctively coloured and patterned. The elytron may be light with dark spots or dark with light spots. Light areas are typically yellow, red, orange or brown, and the spots vary in size and shape and numbers. Some species have striped or checkered patterns . The pigment carotene creates

4087-741: The tribe Halyziini of the subfamily Coccinellinae are obligate fungus feeders. Coccinellids of any lifestage are preyed on by predators such as birds, spiders, ants and lacewings . They are also hosts for parasites, including some flies , ticks , mites, hymenopterans and nematodes , and pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and protozoa . Wolbachia bacteria infects eggs and kills male zygotes. The promiscuity of Coccinellids has led to their being affected by sexually transmitted infections . The bright warning colouration of many coccinellids discourage potential predators , warning of their toxicity . A 2015 study of five ladybird species found that their colouration honestly signalled their toxicity, implying

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4154-1189: The tribes Microweiseini ( Baltosidis ) and Sticholotidini ( Electrolotis ). The Coccinellidae are within the superfamily Coccinelloidea , which in turn is part of the infraorder Cucujiformia , a group containing most of the plant-eating beetles. The ladybirds form the majority of the species in the Coccinelloidea; many of the rest are fungus-feeding beetles or scavengers . Lymexyloidea [REDACTED] Tenebrionoidea [REDACTED] Cleroidea [REDACTED] Chrysomeloidea [REDACTED] Curculionoidea [REDACTED] Cucujoidea [REDACTED] Bothrideridae and allies [REDACTED] Latridiidae [REDACTED] Akalyptoischiidae [REDACTED] Alexiidae [REDACTED] Corylophidae and allies [REDACTED] Endomychidae [REDACTED] Coccinellidae [REDACTED] Coccinellidae have historically been divided into up seven subfamilies ( Chilocorinae , Coccidulinae , Coccinellinae , Epilachninae , Microweiseinae , Scymninae and Sticholotidinae ) and 35 tribes based on morphology. However, genetics studies have called into question

4221-760: The tribes are mostly monophyletic, their relationships are only weakly supported. The study suggests that the crown group appeared some 143 Mya in the Early Cretaceous , and that the group diversified rapidly during the Late Cretaceous, perhaps because the growth in diversity of angiosperm plants then encouraged the radiation of insects of the clade Sternorrhyncha such as aphids , on which ladybirds could feed. Microweiseinae [REDACTED] Monocoryninae Stethorini [REDACTED] Coccinellini [REDACTED] other tribes [REDACTED] An earlier 2009 study concluded that consumption of scale insects

4288-492: The unguitractor plate, the pretarsus expands forward into a median lobe, the arolium . Webspinners ( Embioptera ) have an enlarged basal tarsomere on each of the front legs, containing the silk -producing glands. Under their pretarsi, members of the Diptera generally have paired lobes or pulvilli, meaning "little cushions". There is a single pulvillus below each unguis. The pulvilli often have an arolium between them or otherwise

4355-544: The use of pesticides . Invasive threats include other coccinellids, particularly C. septempunctata in North America and H. axyridis globally. These invaders outcompete the native species as well as eat their eggs. As of 2022, the IUCN Red List does not list the conservation status for any coccinellid, though there is an IUCN SSC Ladybird Specialist Group. Conservationists have suggested several measures for protecting

4422-493: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,

4489-463: The warning is genuine. Species with more contrast with the background environment tended to be more toxic. Coccinellid haemolymph (blood) contains toxic alkaloids , azamacrolides and polyamines , as well as foul-smelling pyrazines . Coccinellids can produce at least 50 types of alkaloids. When disturbed, ladybirds further defend themselves with reflex bleeding , exuding drops from their tibio-femoral (knee) joints, effectively presenting predators with

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