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55-456: Founded in 1991, Labradford consists of bassist Robert Donne , guitarist /vocalist Mark Nelson, and keyboardist Carter Brown. Their music style is experimental ambient and post-rock , although their first releases were much more related to dark drone rock . After a début single in 1992, they were signed by Kranky (which has remained their home since) who issued their début album Prazision LP in 1993. The group's music mostly drifts on

110-491: A bass instrument such as a double bass (upright bass, contrabass, wood bass), bass guitar (electric bass, acoustic bass), synthbass, keyboard bass or a low brass instrument such as a tuba or trombone . Different musical genres tend to be associated with one or more of these instruments. Since the 1960s, the electric bass has been the standard bass instrument for funk , R&B , soul , rock , reggae , jazz fusion , heavy metal , country and pop . The double bass

165-445: A chord is a group of three or more notes played simultaneously, typically consisting of a root note, a third, and a fifth. Chords are the building blocks of harmony and form the harmonic foundation of a piece of music. They can be major, minor, diminished, augmented, or extended, depending on the intervals between the notes and their arrangement. Chords provide the harmonic support and coloration that accompany melodies and contribute to

220-488: A circumflex above the numeral: [REDACTED] , [REDACTED] , [REDACTED] , ...), the triads (three-note chords) that have these degrees as their roots are often identified by Roman numerals (e.g., I, IV, V, which in the key of C major would be the triads C major, F major, G major). In some conventions (as in this and related articles) upper-case Roman numerals indicate major triads (e.g., I, IV, V) while lower-case Roman numerals indicate minor triads (e.g., I for

275-414: A degree symbol (e.g., vii indicates a diminished seventh chord built on the seventh scale degree; in the key of C major, this chord would be B diminished seventh, which consists of the notes B, D, F and A ♭ ). Roman numerals can also be used in stringed instrument notation to indicate the position or string to play. In some string music, the string on which it is suggested that the performer play

330-458: A bass note, the figure is assumed to be 3 , which calls for a third and a fifth above the bass note (i.e., a root position triad). In the 2010s, some classical musicians who specialize in music from the Baroque era can still perform chords using figured bass notation; in many cases, however, the chord-playing performers read a fully notated accompaniment that has been prepared for the piece by

385-466: A chord is when the root and third are played but the fifth is omitted. In the key of C major, if the music stops on the two notes G and B, most listeners hear this as a G major chord. Since a chord may be understood as such even when all its notes are not simultaneously audible, there has been some academic discussion regarding the point at which a group of notes may be called a chord . Jean-Jacques Nattiez explains that, "We can encounter 'pure chords' in

440-481: A chord name and the corresponding symbol are typically composed of one or more parts. In these genres, chord-playing musicians in the rhythm section (e.g., electric guitar , acoustic guitar , piano , Hammond organ , etc.) typically improvise the specific " voicing " of each chord from a song's chord progression by interpreting the written chord symbols appearing in the lead sheet or fake book . Normally, these chord symbols include: Chord qualities are related with

495-437: A chord," though, since instances of any given note in different octaves may be taken as the same note, it is more precise for the purposes of analysis to speak of distinct pitch classes . Furthermore, as three notes are needed to define any common chord , three is often taken as the minimum number of notes that form a definite chord. Hence, Andrew Surmani , for example, states, "When three or more notes are sounded together,

550-454: A dyad with a perfect fifth has no third, so it does not sound major or minor; a composer who ends a section on a perfect fifth could subsequently add the missing third. Another example is a dyad outlining the tritone , such as the notes C and F# in C Major. This dyad could be heard as implying a D7 chord (resolving to G Major) or as implying a C diminished chord (resolving to Db Major). In unaccompanied duos for two instruments, such as flute duos,

605-579: A large part in the sound of the chord, and sometimes of the selection of the chord that follows. A chord containing tritones is called tritonic ; one without tritones is atritonic . Harmonic tritones are an important part of dominant seventh chords , giving their sound a characteristic tension, and making the tritone interval likely to move in certain stereotypical ways to the following chord. Tritones are also present in diminished seventh and half-diminished chords . A chord containing semitones , whether appearing as minor seconds or major sevenths ,

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660-477: A major chord and i for a minor chord, or using the major key, ii, iii and vi representing typical diatonic minor triads); other writers (e.g., Schoenberg ) use upper case Roman numerals for both major and minor triads. Some writers use upper-case Roman numerals to indicate the chord is diatonic in the major scale, and lower-case Roman numerals to indicate that the chord is diatonic in the minor scale. Diminished triads may be represented by lower-case Roman numerals with

715-529: A musical work", such as in the "Promenade" of Modest Mussorgsky 's Pictures at an Exhibition but, "often, we must go from a textual given to a more abstract representation of the chords being used", as in Claude Debussy 's Première arabesque . In the medieval era, early Christian hymns featured organum (which used the simultaneous perfect intervals of a fourth, a fifth, and an octave ), with chord progressions and harmony - an incidental result of

770-469: A sequence of notes separated by intervals of roughly the same size. Chords can be classified into different categories by this size: These terms can become ambiguous when dealing with non- diatonic scales , such as the pentatonic or chromatic scales . The use of accidentals can also complicate the terminology. For example, the chord B ♯ –E–A ♭ appears to be quartal, as a series of diminished fourths (B ♯ –E and E–A ♭ ), but it

825-656: A single key so that playing a melody results in parallel voice leading. These voices, losing independence, are fused into one with a new timbre. The same effect is also used in synthesizers and orchestral arrangements; for instance, in Ravel ’s Bolero #5 the parallel parts of flutes, horn and celesta, being tuned as a chord, resemble the sound of an electric organ. Chords can be represented in various ways. The most common notation systems are: While scale degrees are typically represented in musical analysis or musicology articles with Arabic numerals (e.g., 1, 2, 3, ..., sometimes with

880-452: A tuba. In some jazz groups and jam bands , the basslines are played by a Hammond organ player, who uses the bass pedal keyboard or the lower manual for the low notes. Keyboard driven bass also occurs occasionally in rock bands, such as the Doors and Atomic Rooster . Electric bassists play the bass guitar. In most rock, pop, metal and country genres, the bass line outlines the harmony of

935-452: Is enharmonically equivalent to (and sonically indistinguishable from) the tertian chord C–E–G ♯ , which is a series of major thirds (C–E and E–G ♯ ). The notes of a chord form intervals with each of the other notes of the chord in combination. A 3-note chord has 3 of these harmonic intervals, a 4-note chord has 6, a 5-note chord has 10, a 6-note chord has 15. The absence, presence, and placement of certain key intervals plays

990-539: Is a diminished fifth or an augmented fifth. In a pop or rock context, however, "C" and "Cm" would almost always be played as triads, with no sevenths. In pop and rock, in the relatively less common cases where songwriters wish a dominant seventh, major seventh, or minor seventh chord, they indicate this explicitly with the indications "C ", "C " or "Cm ". Within the diatonic scale , every chord has certain characteristics, which include: Two-note combinations, whether referred to as chords or intervals, are called dyads . In

1045-452: Is called hemitonic ; one without semitones is anhemitonic . Harmonic semitones are an important part of major seventh chords , giving their sound a characteristic high tension, and making the harmonic semitone likely to move in certain stereotypical ways to the following chord. A chord containing major sevenths but no minor seconds is much less harsh in sound than one containing minor seconds as well. Other chords of interest might include

1100-512: Is the 12 bar blues progression . Although any chord may in principle be followed by any other chord, certain patterns of chords are more common in Western music, and some patterns have been accepted as establishing the key ( tonic note ) in common-practice harmony —notably the resolution of a dominant chord to a tonic chord . To describe this, Western music theory has developed the practice of numbering chords using Roman numerals to represent

1155-935: Is the standard bass instrument for classical music , bluegrass , rockabilly , and most genres of jazz . Low brass instruments such as the tuba or sousaphone are the standard bass instrument in Dixieland and New Orleans-style jazz bands. Despite the associations of different bass instruments with certain genres, there are exceptions. Some new rock bands and bassist used a double bass, such as Lee Rocker of Stray Cats , Barenaked Ladies and Tiger Army . Larry Graham , Bernard Edwards, Mick Hogan, Andy Fraser, and Mel Schacher used an electric bass guitar. Some funk, R&B and jazz, fusion groups use synth bass or keyboard bass rather than electric bass. Bootsy Collins, Stevie Wonder, Kashif and Kevin McCord(One Way) used synth bass. Some Dixieland bands use double bass or electric bass instead of

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1210-418: Is when G (G–B–D–F–A ♭ –C ♯ ) is formed from G major (G–B–D) and D ♭ major (D ♭ –F–A ♭ ). A nonchord tone is a dissonant or unstable tone that lies outside the chord currently heard, though often resolving to a chord tone. In the key of C major , the first degree of the scale, called the tonic , is the note C itself. A C major chord, the major triad built on

1265-460: The Triads, also called triadic chords , are tertian chords with three notes. The four basic triads are described below. Seventh chords are tertian chords, constructed by adding a fourth note to a triad, at the interval of a third above the fifth of the chord. This creates the interval of a seventh above the root of the chord, the next natural step in composing tertian chords. The seventh chord built on

1320-418: The qualities of the component intervals that define the chord. The main chord qualities are: The symbols used for notating chords are: The table below lists common chord types, their symbols, and their components. The basic function of chord symbols is to eliminate the need to write out sheet music. The modern jazz player has extensive knowledge of the chordal functions and can mostly play music by reading

1375-411: The root note, and intervals of a third and a fifth above the root note. Chords with more than three notes include added tone chords , extended chords and tone clusters , which are used in contemporary classical music , jazz and almost any other genre. A series of chords is called a chord progression . One example of a widely used chord progression in Western traditional music and blues

1430-691: The Baroque period. They became frequent in the Classical period, gave way to altered dominants in the Romantic period, and underwent a resurgence in the Post-Romantic and Impressionistic period. The Romantic period , the 19th century, featured increased chromaticism . Composers began to use secondary dominants in the Baroque, and they became common in the Romantic period. Many contemporary popular Western genres continue to rely on simple diatonic harmony, though far from universally: notable exceptions include

1485-453: The C major chord: Further, a four-note chord can be inverted to four different positions by the same method as triadic inversion. For example, a G chord can be in root position (G as bass note); first inversion (B as bass note); second inversion (D as bass note); or third inversion (F as bass note). Where guitar chords are concerned, the term "inversion" is used slightly differently; to refer to stock fingering "shapes". Many chords are

1540-465: The analysis. Roman numeral analysis indicates the root of the chord as a scale degree within a particular major key as follows. In the harmony of Western art music, a chord is in root position when the tonic note is the lowest in the chord (the bass note ), and the other notes are above it. When the lowest note is not the tonic, the chord is inverted . Chords that have many constituent notes can have many different inverted positions as shown below for

1595-408: The band members have apparently moved away from their former base of Richmond, Virginia . Robert Donne has joined the slow-core group Spokane , and is currently joining Gregor Samsa for their European tour. Mark Nelson continues to release records on Kranky under the name Pan American . Bassist A bassist (also known as a bass player or bass guitarist ) is a musician who plays

1650-465: The chord are always determined by the symbols shown above. The root cannot be so altered without changing the name of the chord, while the third cannot be altered without altering the chord's quality. Nevertheless, the fifth, ninth, eleventh and thirteenth may all be chromatically altered by accidentals. These are noted alongside the altered element. Accidentals are most often used with dominant seventh chords. Altered dominant seventh chords (C ) may have

1705-512: The chord symbols only. Advanced chords are common especially in modern jazz. Altered 9ths, 11ths and 5ths are not common in pop music. In jazz, a chord chart is used by comping musicians ( jazz guitar , jazz piano , Hammond organ ) to improvise a chordal accompaniment and to play improvised solos. Jazz bass players improvise a bassline from a chord chart. Chord charts are used by horn players and other solo instruments to guide their solo improvisations. Interpretation of chord symbols depends on

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1760-486: The combination is called a chord." George T. Jones agrees: "Two tones sounding together are usually termed an interval , while three or more tones are called a chord ." According to Monath, "a chord is a combination of three or more tones sounded simultaneously", and the distances between the tones are called intervals. However, sonorities of two pitches, or even single-note melodies, are commonly heard as implying chords. A simple example of two notes being interpreted as

1815-408: The context of a specific section in a piece of music, dyads can be heard as chords if they contain the most important notes of a certain chord. For example, in a piece in C Major, after a section of tonic C Major chords, a dyad containing the notes B and D sounds to most listeners as a first inversion G Major chord. Other dyads are more ambiguous, an aspect that composers can use creatively. For example,

1870-405: The emphasis on melodic lines during the medieval and then Renaissance (15th to 17th centuries). The Baroque period, the 17th and 18th centuries, began to feature the major and minor scale based tonal system and harmony, including chord progressions and circle progressions . It was in the Baroque period that the accompaniment of melodies with chords was developed, as in figured bass , and

1925-535: The familiar cadences (perfect authentic, etc.). In the Renaissance, certain dissonant sonorities that suggest the dominant seventh occurred with frequency. In the Baroque period, the dominant seventh proper was introduced and was in constant use in the Classical and Romantic periods . The leading-tone seventh appeared in the Baroque period and remains in use. Composers began to use nondominant seventh chords in

1980-541: The fifth step of the scale (the dominant seventh) is the only dominant seventh chord available in the major scale: it contains all three notes of the diminished triad of the seventh and is frequently used as a stronger substitute for it. There are various types of seventh chords depending on the quality of both the chord and the seventh added. In chord notation the chord type is sometimes superscripted and sometimes not (e.g., Dm7, Dm , and D are all identical). Extended chords are triads with further tertian notes added beyond

2035-433: The genre of music being played. In jazz from the bebop era or later, major and minor chords are typically realized as seventh chords even if only "C" or "Cm" appear in the chart. In jazz charts, seventh chords are often realized with upper extensions , such as the ninth, sharp eleventh, and thirteenth, even if the chart only indicates "A ". In jazz, the root and fifth are often omitted from chord voicings , except when there

2090-488: The guitar effects and the keyboard passages, with the vocals, when present, in the background. In 1999, they started a tour with Godspeed You! Black Emperor and their Festival of Drifting series, which featured appearances from Pole , Robin Guthrie , Matmos , Papa M , and Sigur Rós . Though the group has not officially disbanded, they have not released another album since 2001's critically acclaimed Fixed::Context , and

2145-566: The music being performed, while simultaneously indicating the rhythmic pulse. In addition, there are many different standard bass line types for different genres and types of song (e.g. blues ballad, fast swing, etc.). Bass lines often emphasize the root note, with a secondary role for the third, and fifth of each chord being used in a given song. In addition, pedal tones (repeated or sustained single notes), ostinatos , and bass riffs are also used as bass lines. While most electric bass players rarely play chords (three or more notes all sounded at

2200-489: The music of film scores , which often use chromatic, atonal or post-tonal harmony, and modern jazz (especially c.  1960 ), in which chords may include up to seven notes (and occasionally more). When referring to chords that do not function as harmony, such as in atonal music, the term "sonority" is often used specifically to avoid any tonal implications of the word "chord" . Chords are also used for timbre effects. In organ registers, certain chords are activated by

2255-457: The music publisher. Such a part, with fully written-out chords, is called a "realization" of the figured bass part. Chord letters are used by musicologists , music theorists and advanced university music students to analyze songs and pieces. Chord letters use upper-case and lower-case letters to indicate the roots of chords, followed by symbols that specify the chord quality. In most genres of popular music, including jazz , pop , and rock ,

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2310-577: The note C (C–E–G), is referred to as the one chord of that key and notated in Roman numerals as I. The same C major chord can be found in other scales: it forms chord III in the key of A minor (A→B→C) and chord IV in the key of G major (G→A→B→C). This numbering indicates the chords's function . Many analysts use lower-case Roman numerals to indicate minor triads and upper-case numerals for major triads, and degree and plus signs ( and ) to indicate diminished and augmented triads respectively. Otherwise, all

2365-415: The note is indicated with a Roman numeral (e.g., on a four-string orchestral string instrument, I indicates the highest-pitched, thinnest string and IV indicates the lowest-pitched, thickest bass string). In some orchestral parts, chamber music and solo works for string instruments, the composer tells the performer which string to use with the Roman numeral. Alternately, the composer starts the note name with

2420-492: The number of diatonic steps up from the tonic note of the scale . Common ways of notating or representing chords in Western music (other than conventional staff notation ) include Roman numerals , the Nashville Number System , figured bass , chord letters (sometimes used in modern musicology ), and chord charts . The English word chord derives from Middle English cord , a back-formation of accord in

2475-515: The numerals may be upper-case and the qualities of the chords inferred from the scale degree. Chords outside the scale can be indicated by placing a flat/sharp sign before the chord—for example, the chord E ♭ major in the key of C major is represented by ♭ III. The tonic of the scale may be indicated to the left (e.g., "F ♯ :") or may be understood from a key signature or other contextual clues. Indications of inversions or added tones may be omitted if they are not relevant to

2530-496: The only combinations of notes that are possible are dyads, which means that all of the chord progressions must be implied through dyads, as well as with arpeggios. Chords constructed of three notes of some underlying scale are described as triads . Chords of four notes are known as tetrads , those containing five are called pentads and those using six are hexads . Sometimes the terms trichord , tetrachord , pentachord , and hexachord are used—though these more usually refer to

2585-522: The original sense of agreement and later, harmonious sound . A sequence of chords is known as a chord progression or harmonic progression. These are frequently used in Western music. A chord progression "aims for a definite goal" of establishing (or contradicting) a tonality founded on a key, root or tonic chord. The study of harmony involves chords and chord progressions and the principles of connection that govern them. Ottó Károlyi writes that, "Two or more notes sounded simultaneously are known as

2640-453: The overall sound and mood of a musical composition. For many practical and theoretical purposes, arpeggios and other types of broken chords (in which the chord tones are not sounded simultaneously) may also be considered as chords in the right musical context. In tonal Western classical music (music with a tonic key or "home key"), the most frequently encountered chords are triads , so called because they consist of three distinct notes:

2695-474: The pitch classes of any scale, not generally played simultaneously. Chords that may contain more than three notes include pedal point chords, dominant seventh chords, extended chords, added tone chords, clusters , and polychords. Polychords are formed by two or more chords superimposed. Often these may be analysed as extended chords; examples include tertian , altered chord , secundal chord , quartal and quintal harmony and Tristan chord . Another example

2750-467: The same time), chords are used in some styles, especially funk , R&B , soul music, jazz , Latin and heavy metal music . See the List of contemporary classical double bass players . See the List of jazz bassists , which includes both double bass and electric bass players. See the List of double bassists in popular music , which includes blues, folk, country, etc. Chord (music) In music ,

2805-418: The scale are present in the chord, so adding more notes does not add new pitch classes. Such chords may be constructed only by using notes that lie outside the diatonic seven-note scale. Other extended chords follow similar rules, so that for example maj , maj , and maj contain major seventh chords rather than dominant seventh chords, while m , m , and m contain minor seventh chords. The third and seventh of

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2860-439: The seventh: the ninth , eleventh , and thirteenth chords. For example, a minor eleventh chord such as A consists of the notes A–C–E–G–B–D: The upper structure or extensions, i.e., notes beyond the seventh, are shown here in red. This chord is just a theoretical illustration of this chord. In practice, a jazz pianist or jazz guitarist would not normally play the chord all in thirds as illustrated. Jazz voicings typically use

2915-423: The staff indicate the intervals above the bass note to play; that is, the numbers stand for the number of scale steps above the written note to play the figured notes. For example, in the figured bass below, the bass note is a C, and the numbers 4 and 6 indicate that notes a fourth and a sixth above (F and A) should be played, giving the second inversion of the F major triad . If no numbers are written beneath

2970-501: The string to use—e.g., "sul G" means "play on the G string". Figured bass or thoroughbass is a kind of musical notation used in almost all Baroque music ( c. 1600–1750), though rarely in music from later than 1750, to indicate harmonies in relation to a conventionally written bass line . Figured bass is closely associated with chord-playing basso continuo accompaniment instruments, which include harpsichord , pipe organ and lute . Added numbers, symbols, and accidentals beneath

3025-422: The third, seventh, and then the extensions such as the ninth and thirteenth, and in some cases the eleventh. The root is often omitted from chord voicings, as the bass player will play the root. The fifth is often omitted if it is a perfect fifth. Augmented and diminished fifths are normally included in voicings. After the thirteenth, any notes added in thirds duplicate notes elsewhere in the chord; all seven notes of

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