114-640: The Labour Appellate Tribunal is a specialized court that is responsible for hearing appeals against verdicts of labour courts in Bangladesh. The tribunal must hear cases within 180 days. All decisions of the tribunal can be appealed at the High Court Division. There are 13 labour courts in Bangladesh. As of April 2024, there were 23,571 pending cases with the labour courts and the Labour Appellate Tribunal. Since March it had been operating without
228-721: A Fulbright scholarship to study in the United States. He obtained his PhD in economics from the Vanderbilt University Graduate Program in Economic Development (GPED) in 1971. From 1969 to 1972, Yunus was the assistant professor of economics at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro . During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, Yunus founded a citizen's committee and ran
342-588: A major civil war erupt between West Pakistan and Bengali nationalists in East Pakistan . After a full-scale military intervention by India in support of the Bengali freedom fighters and after West Pakistan's subsequent defeat, the exclave of East Pakistan seceded from its union with the Islamic Republic of Pakistan as the new People's Republic of Bangladesh . At the time of the state establishment in 1947,
456-610: A 23% interest rate (comparable to the inflation rate). Also see what annual interest do NGOs earn from a fixed initial capital? In December 2010, Grameen Bank was quickly cleared by the Norwegian government of all allegations surrounding misused or misappropriated funds. Yet, in March 2011, the Bangladeshi government launched a three-month investigation of all Grameen Bank's activities. This inquiry prevented Muhammad Yunus from participating in
570-529: A Grameen Phone employee. However, this long relationship ended in 2007 after Yunus disclosed his intention to form a political party, Nagorik Shakti . The Awami League government of Sheikh Hasina campaigned against Grameen and Yunus. The New York Times reported, "Her actions appear to be retaliation for Mr. Yunus's announcement in 2007 that he would seek public office, even though he never went through with his plans". According to Times of India , one other factor contributed to her decision against Yunus:
684-535: A Sikh and Hindu population and vice versa. The communal violence spread to all over the Indian subcontinent . Economic rehabilitation efforts needing the attention of Pakistan's founding fathers further escalated the problems. The division also divided the natural resources , industries , economic infrastructure , manpower , and military might , with India as the larger share owner. India retained 345 million in population (91%) to Pakistan's 35 million (9%). Land area
798-402: A chairman. The court was hearing an appeal filed by Nobel Peace Prize winner Professor Dr Muhammad Yunus . Muhammad Yunus Muhammad Yunus (born 28 June 1940) is a Bangladeshi economist, entrepreneur, politician, and civil society leader, who has been serving as Chief Adviser (interim head of government ) of the interim government of Bangladesh since 8 August 2024. Yunus
912-613: A context where some people began to question the effectiveness of microfinance, prompted by the actions of some for-profit microfinance institutions (MFIs) in India and Mexico. Coercion, peer pressure and physical harassment were reportedly used as loan repayment practices in some specific MFIs. Commercialisation of microcredit prompted Yunus to state that he "never imagined that one day microcredit would give rise to its own breed of loan sharks ." The lure of profits attracted some for-profit MFIs to hold initial public offerings (IPOs), including
1026-661: A continental type of climate without extensive rainfall. Due to its low rainfall, the main crops of West Pakistan were wheat, millets, and cotton and any crop that did not require much water. West Pakistan Province Comprises in 12 divisions, 45 districts and 6 agencies. The administration of West Pakistan Province is given below: During West Pakistan's conflict with India, East Pakistan's military government remained silent and did not send any troops to exert pressure on Eastern India . West Pakistan accused East Pakistan of not taking any action, and their inaction caused West Pakistani resentment against East Pakistan's government. In fact,
1140-514: A failure in West Pakistan, and its survival was seen as improbable. However, with the military coup of 1958, trouble loomed for the province when the office of Chief Minister was abolished and the President took over executive powers for West Pakistan. Due to West Pakistan's close relations with the United States and the capitalist states , the influence of socialism had far more deeper roots in
1254-421: A fresh investigation into Yunus's activities and financial transactions in his later years as managing director of Grameen, but people saw the move as an attempt to destroy his image. The prime minister also alleged that Yunus had received his earnings without the necessary permission from the government, including his Nobel Peace Prize earnings and book royalties. On 4 October 2013, Bangladesh's cabinet approved
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#17330858575221368-559: A graft case filed by the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) just four days after getting acquittal for the labour violations case. For many years, Yunus remained a follower of Hasina's father, Sheikh Mujib , the country's founding father. While, teaching at Middle Tennessee State University , Yunus founded the Bangladesh Citizens' Committee (BCC) as a response to West Pakistan's aggression against Bangladesh. After
1482-500: A letter that Yunus had been removed from Grameen, citing old age. Backed by nine boards of directors, 22 thousand employees, and 8.3 million Grameen borrowers, Yunus defied the government order, returned to Grameen's headquarters in Dhaka, and lodged an appeal at Dhaka High Court against the decision. However, Justice Mohammad Momtazuddin Ahmed and Justice Gobinda Chandra Tagore delivered
1596-492: A loan from the government Janata Bank to lend to the poor in Jobra. The institution continued to operate, securing loans from other banks for its projects. By 1982, it had 28,000 members. On 1 October 1983, the pilot project began operation as a full-fledged bank for poor Bangladeshis and was renamed Grameen Bank ("Village Bank"). By July 2007, Grameen had issued US$ 6.38 billion to 7.4 million borrowers. To ensure repayment,
1710-462: A marginally faster growing population than East Pakistan. The literacy rate in Pakistan was 19.2%, in which East Pakistan had a literacy rate of 21.5% while West Pakistan had a literacy rate of 16.9%. The major ethnic groups of West Pakistan was made up of Punjabis (who made up the overall majority of the province), Pashtuns, Sindhis, Muhajirs, and Balochis. During British India's partition, it
1824-450: A military coup. Meanwhile, Yunus turned down his request to become the nation's fourth Chief Advisor after Khaleda Zia 's term ended. Yunus, however, suggested the general pick Fakhruddin Ahmed for the job. Fakhruddin took office on 11 January 2007 and made it clear on his first day that he intended not only to arrange a free and fair election but also to clean up corruption. While Khaleda and Hasina criticised Fakruddin and claimed that it
1938-485: A mission to enter the political arena in his nation in hope of changing its identity from "bottomless basket" to "rising tiger". However, on 3 May, Yunus published a third open letter and put his political ambitions to rest. The Bangladesh government launched the first trial against Yunus in December 2010, alleging that in 1996 he had transferred approximately $ 100 million to a sister company of Grameen Bank. Yunus denied
2052-564: A number of efforts, including the founding of a formal network of supporters known as "Friends of Grameen". On 15 February 2011, the Finance Minister of Bangladesh , Abul Maal Abdul Muhith , declared that Yunus should "stay away" from Grameen Bank while it is being investigated. On 2 March 2011, Muzammel Huq, a former Bank employee, whom the government had appointed chairman in January, announced that Yunus had been fired as managing director of
2166-564: A position he held until 2018. Previously, he was a professor of economics at Chittagong University in Bangladesh. He published several books related to his finance work. He is a founding board member of Grameen America and Grameen Foundation , which support microcredit. Yunus also served on the board of directors of the United Nations Foundation , a public charity to support UN causes, from 1998 to 2021. In 2022, he partnered with Global Esports Federation to build esports for
2280-555: A resource center for related initiatives. The centre's activities include poverty eradication campaigns, research and publications, support for social business start-ups , organizing the Global Social Business Summit, and developing academic programs on social business with international universities. Yunus was awarded the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize , along with Grameen Bank, for their efforts to create economic and social development: West Pakistan West Pakistan
2394-530: A second petition. U.S. Senator John Kerry expressed his support to Yunus in a statement on 5 March 2011 and declared that he was "deeply concerned" by this affair. The same day in Bangladesh, thousands of people protested and formed human chains to support Yunus. The High Court hearing on the petitions, was planned for 6 March 2011 but postponed. On 8 March 2011, the Court confirmed Yunus's dismissal. The allegations against Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank were made in
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#17330858575222508-506: A seemingly homogeneous block, but in reality it comprised marked linguistic and ethnic distinctions. The four provinces did not quite fit official definitions of a single nation. The Sindhi and Urdu-speaking class in Sindh Province revolted against the One Unit policy. The violence spread to Balochistan Province , Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab Province . The One Unit policy was
2622-414: A series of trials against Yunus. The former put the latter on trial in 2010 and ultimately removed him from Grameen Bank , citing his age. In 2013, he was tried a second time, because he had supposedly received earnings without the necessary government permission, including his Nobel Peace Prize earnings and royalties from his book sales. The series of trials against Yunus puzzled figures worldwide, from
2736-466: A stake in Grameenphone (GP), the biggest private phone company in Bangladesh. From its start in March 1997 to 2007, GP's Village Phone ( Polli Phone ) project had brought cell-phone ownership to 260,000 rural poor in over 50,000 villages. In 1974 we ended up with a famine in the country. People were dying of hunger and not having enough to eat. And that's a terrible situation to see around you. And I
2850-549: A state-backed smear campaign that accused him of being un-Islamic and promoting homosexuality, after he signed a joint statement criticising the prosecution of gay people in Uganda in 2012 with three other nobel laureates. On 27 January 2011, Yunus appeared in court in a food-adulteration case filed by the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) Food Safety Court, accusing him of producing an "adulterated" yogurt whose fat content
2964-469: Is one of the most attractive places in Islamabad, yet the most largely beautiful building in the state capital. This provisional parliament had no lasting effects of West Pakistan's affairs but it was a ceremonial legislature where the lawmakers would gather around to discuss non-political matters. In 1965, the legislative parliament was moved to Islamabad after Ayub Khan built a massive capitol. The assembly
3078-527: Is willing to launch a political party tentatively called Nagorik Shakti ( lit. ' Citizens' Power ' ) on 18 February 2007. There was speculation that the army supported a move by Yunus into politics. On 3 May, however, Yunus declared that he had decided to abandon his political plans following a meeting with the head of the caretaker government , Fakhruddin Ahmed . Amid the Student–People's uprising in Bangladesh, Yunus expressed support for
3192-802: The Africa Progress Panel (APP), a group of ten distinguished individuals who advocate at the highest levels for equitable and sustainable development in Africa. Every year, the Panel releases a report, the Africa Progress Report, that outlines an issue of immediate importance to the continent and suggests a set of associated policies. In July 2009, Yunus became a member of the SNV Netherlands Development Organisation International Advisory Board to support
3306-646: The Baluchistan States Union , several independent princely states (notably Bahawalpur , Chitral , Dir , Hunza , Khairpur and Swat ), the Karachi Federal Capital Territory , and the autonomous tribal areas adjoining the North-West Frontier Province. The eastern wing of the new country—known as East Pakistan —comprised the single province of East Bengal (which included the former Assamese district of Sylhet and
3420-558: The Baluchistan States Union , several other princely states (notably Bahawalpur , Chitral , Dir , Hunza , Khairpur and Swat ), the Federal Capital Territory (around Karachi ) and the tribal areas . The eastern wing of the new country – East Pakistan – formed the single province of East Bengal , including the former Assam district of Sylhet and the Hill Tracts . West Pakistan experienced great problems related to
3534-625: The Chief Advisor of the 2024 Bangladesh interim government . After the oath he visited injured peoples in Dhaka Medical College . On 10 August 2024, he visited the home and family members of Abu Sayed . He also visited injured student protesters in the Rangpur Medical College . Following communal violence after Hasina's resignation, Yunus threatened to resign if the violence continued and vowed to crack down on conspirators of
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3648-527: The Chittagong District of Bengal Presidency (now in Bangladesh). His father was Haji Muhammad Dula Mia Soudagar, a jeweller, and his mother was Sufia Khatun. His early childhood was spent in the village. In 1944, his family moved to the city of Chittagong , and he moved from his village school to Lamabazar Primary School. By 1949, his mother was afflicted with psychological illness. Later, he passed
3762-593: The Chittagong Hill Tracts ). West Pakistan was the politically dominant division of the Pakistani union, despite East Pakistan making up more than half of its population. The eastern wing also had a disproportionately small number of seats in the Constituent Assembly . This administrative inequality between the two wings, coupled with the major geographical distance between them, was believed to be delaying
3876-625: The Gram Sarkar ( lit. ' Village government ' ) programme. Introduced by President Ziaur Rahman in the late 1970s, the government formed 40,392 village governments as a fourth layer of government in 2003. On 2 August 2005, in response to a petition by Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust (BLAST), the High Court declared village governments illegal and unconstitutional. His concept of microcredit for supporting innovators in multiple developing countries also inspired programmes such as
3990-489: The Indian Air Force Eastern Air Command attacked East Pakistan's Air Force. However, East Pakistan was defended only by the under-strength 14th Infantry Division and sixteen fighter jets; no tanks and no navy were established in East Pakistan. The One Unit policy was regarded as a rational administrative reform that would reduce expenditure and eliminate provincial prejudices. West Pakistan formed
4104-460: The Ministry of Science and Technology , and the Ministry of Environment and Forests . In early 2006, Yunus, along with other members of the civil society including Rehman Sobhan , Muhammad Habibur Rahman , Kamal Hossain , Matiur Rahman , Mahfuz Anam and Debapriya Bhattacharya , participated in a campaign for honest and clean candidates in national elections. He considered entering politics in
4218-676: The Pakistan Peoples Party in 1967. The socialists tapped a wave of antipathy against the United States-allied president. The socialists integrated in poor and urban provinces of West Pakistan, educating people to cast their vote for their better future, and the importance of democracy was widely sensed in the entire country. The socialists, under Bhutto's guidance and leadership, played a vital role in managing labour strikes and civil disobedience to challenge Khan's authority. The military government responded fiercely after arresting
4332-656: The University of Dhaka and the founder of The Center for Mass Education in Science (CMES), which brings science education to adolescent girls in villages. His other brother Muhammad Jahangir (d. 2019) was a television presenter and a social activist in Bangladesh. The Yunus Centre, located in Dhaka , Bangladesh, is a think tank focused on social business, poverty alleviation, and sustainability. Founded in 2008 and chaired by Dr Yunus, it promotes his philosophy of social business and serves as
4446-837: The World Economic Forum . In January 2011, Yunus appeared in court in a defamation case filed by a local politician from a minor left-leaning party in 2007, complaining about a statement that Yunus made to the AFP news agency , "Politicians in Bangladesh only work for power. There is no ideology here". At the hearing, Yunus was granted bail and exempted from personal appearance at subsequent hearings. These investigations fueled suspicion that many attacks might be politically motivated , due to difficult relations between Sheikh Hasina and Yunus since early 2007, when Yunus created his own political party, an effort he dropped in May 2007. In 2013, he faced
4560-618: The adoption of a constitution for Pakistan . To aid in diminishing the differences between the two regions, the Pakistani government decided to reorganize the country into two distinct provinces under the One Unit policy announced by then Pakistani Prime Minister Chaudhry Muhammad Ali on 22 November 1954. In 1970, the President of Pakistan General Yahya Khan enacted a series of territorial, constitutional and military reforms. These established
4674-587: The founding fathers of Pakistan participated in the Boundary Commission conference. Headed by Cyril Radcliffe , the commission was tasked with negotiating the arrangement, area division, and future political set up of Pakistan and India. Pakistan was formed from two distinct areas, separated by 1,600 kilometres (1,000 miles) of India. The western state was composed of three Governor's provinces ( North-West Frontier , West-Punjab and Sindh Province ), one Chief Commissioner's province ( Baluchistan Province ),
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4788-526: The middle and gentry classes of Pakistan. After the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965 , the cultural revolution, resentment, hostility towards the government began to arise when the population felt that "Kashmir cause" was betrayed by President Ayub Khan. Problems further mounted after Foreign minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was sacked and vowed to take a revenge. After gathering and uniting the scattered democratic socialist and Marxist masses, Bhutto founded
4902-488: The provincial assemblies , state parliament , as well as the current provisional borders of Pakistan's four official provinces . On 1 July 1970, West Pakistan was abolished under the Legal Framework Order of 1970 , which dissolved the One Unit policy and restored the four provinces. This order had no effect on East Pakistan, which retained the geopolitical position established in 1955. The following year saw
5016-430: The provisional assemblies of Balochistan , Punjab , Sindh , and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Office of Prime minister , and much of the civil institutions were revived and re-established by the decree signed by Yahya Khan. The four provinces and four administrative units retained their current status and local governments were constitutionally established in 1970 to manage and administer the provisional autonomy given to
5130-449: The 8.3 million underprivileged women served by Grameen Bank to U.S. President Barack Obama . Vikas Bajaj wrote on 7 November 2013: The government of Bangladesh has played its trump card in its long-running campaign against Grameen Bank and its founder Muhammad Yunus. Last week, legislators passed a law that effectively nationalizes the bank, which pioneered the idea of making small loans to poor women, by wresting control of it from
5244-469: The 8.4 million rural women that own a majority of its shares. On 1 January 2024, a court in Bangladesh sentenced Yunus to a six-month prison term, along with three employees from Grameen Telecom for labor law violations. However, the court granted bail pending appeals. Amnesty International declared Yunus's conviction a "blatant abuse" of the justice system. The conviction was overturned on 7 August 2024 following an appeal. He has been acquitted in
5358-475: The Appellate Division headed by Chief Justice ABM Khairul Haque heard the appeal on 15 March 2011 and upheld Yunus's removal by the government. On 2 August 2012, Sheikh Hasina approved a draft of "Grameen Bank Ordinance 2012" to increase government control over the bank. That power resided with the bank's directors—nine poor women who were elected by 8.3 million Grameen borrowers. Hasina also ordered
5472-696: The Bangladesh Information Center, with other Bangladeshis in the United States, to raise support for liberation. He also published the Bangladesh Newsletter from his home in Nashville . After the War, he returned to Bangladesh and was appointed to the government's Planning Commission headed by Nurul Islam. However, he found the job boring and resigned to join Chittagong University as head of
5586-609: The Bank. However, Bank General Manager Jannat-E Quanine issued a statement that Yunus was "continuing in his office" pending review of the legal issues surrounding the controversy. In March 2011, Yunus petitioned the Bangladesh High Court challenging the legality of the decision by the Bangladeshi Central Bank to remove him as managing director of Grameen Bank. The same day, nine elected directors of Grameen Bank filed
5700-561: The Bengali Awami League under Mujibur Rahman won an overall majority of seats in Parliament and all but 2 of the 162 seats allocated to East Pakistan. The Awami League advocated greater autonomy for East Pakistan but the military government did not permit Mujib-ur-Rahman to form a government. East Pakistan became the independent state of Bangladesh on 16 December 1971. The term West Pakistan became redundant. The total population of
5814-912: The British Empire and the issue of Kashmir. In 1965, " Operation Gibraltar " had long-ranging negative effects, outside and inside the country. Foreign minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Defence minister Vice-Admiral Afzal Rahman Khan approached President Ayub Khan for approval of a covert operation to infiltrate Indian-administered Kashmir using airborne troops from the Pakistan Army ( Special Service Group ) and Pakistan Air Force ( Special Service Wing ). During nights in August 1965, airborne troops parachuted into Indian Kashmir whilst ground assault began by Pakistan Army's troops. The airborne troops managed to occupy much of Indian-administered Kashmir and were only 10 kilometres (6 mi) from Srinagar , but this
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#17330858575225928-593: The Department of Economics at Dhaka University and completed his BA in 1960 and MA in 1961. After his graduation, Yunus joined the Bureau of Economics as a research assistant to the economics researches of Nurul Islam and Rehman Sobhan . Later, he was appointed lecturer in economics in Chittagong College in 1961. During that time, he also set up a profitable packaging factory on the side. In 1965, he received
6042-525: The Economics department. After observing the famine of 1974 , he became involved in poverty reduction and established a rural economic programme as a research project. In 1975, he developed a Nabajug Tebhaga Khamar ( lit. ' New Era Three-share Farm ' ) which the government adopted as the Packaged Input Programme. To make the project more effective, Yunus and his associates proposed
6156-533: The Grameen Bank he founded. ... The success of the Grameen Bank has created optimism about the viability of banks engaged in extending micro-credit to the poor". The inaugural ceremony of Grameen Phone, Bangladesh's largest telephone service, took place at Hasina's office on 26 March 1997. Using Grameen Phone, Hasina made the first call to Thorbjorn Jagland , the then-Norwegian prime minister. When her conversation ended, she received another call, from Laily Begum,
6270-501: The Info lady Social Entrepreneurship Programme. In 1976, during visits to the poorest households in the village of Jobra near Chittagong University, Yunus discovered that very small loans could make a disproportionate difference to a poor person. Village women who made bamboo furniture had to take usurious loans to buy bamboo, and repay their profits to the lenders. Traditional banks did not want to make tiny loans at reasonable interest to
6384-536: The Nobel Peace Prize. Hasina thought she would win the Nobel Peace Prize for signing the 1997 Chittagong Hill Tracts peace treaty . On 9 March, Attorney General Mahbubey Alam expressed the government's attitude when he said, "Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina should have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize". He went on to challenge the wisdom of the Nobel committee. On 11 January 2007, Army General Moeen U Ahmed staged
6498-457: The One Unit program strengthened the central government. In West Pakistan, the four provinces also struggled hard for the abolition of One Unit which caused injustices to them as it was imposed on them. The provisional powerful committees pressured the central government through the means of civil disobedience, violence on street, raising slogans against the martial law, and attacks on government machines such as police forces. For several weeks,
6612-519: The President and exiled him to Great Britain after the military government was installed. The Supreme Court of Pakistan was a judicial authority, a power broker in country's politics that played a major role in minimising the role of parliament . The Supreme Court was moved to Islamabad in 1965 and Chief Justice Alvin Robert Cornelius re-located the entire judicial arbiter, personnel and high-profile cases in Islamabad. The Supreme Court building
6726-454: The United States deteriorated, with the US assessing that democracy in both states was failing. A US-backed military coup d'état was launched in 1958 by the Pakistan Army command. The Urdu-speaking class and the Bengali nation were forcefully removed from the affairs of West Pakistan. With the imposition of martial law led by then- Army Commander-in-Chief General Ayub Khan , the state capital
6840-459: The West Pakistan population. The population favoured socialism but never allied with communism . The Pakistan Socialist Party had previously lost support due to its anti-Pakistan clauses during the time of the pre-independence movement. However, despite initiatives to improve the population during the Ayub Khan's government, the poor masses did not enjoy the benefits and reforms that were enjoyed by
6954-427: The allegations and he was found innocent by the Norwegian government. Yunus became subject to legal proceedings over three criminal cases. A criminal defamation case was filed against Yunus for criticising politicians in 2007. A food inspector filed another case against Yunus, alleging that yogurt manufactured by Grameen-Danone was adulterated . The final blow came on 3 March 2011. Bangladesh Bank informed Grameen in
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#17330858575227068-497: The attacks. As Chief Adviser, Yunus has pledged to continue providing humanitarian aid to Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh and support the garment industry amid disruptions caused by the unrest prior to his appointment. The second Sheikh Hasina government, which was dictatorial and authoritarian at best, announced a review of Grameen Bank activities on 11 January 2011. In February 2011, several international leaders, such as Mary Robinson , stepped up their defence of Yunus through
7182-515: The bank uses a system of "solidarity groups". These small informal groups apply together for loans and its members act as co-guarantors of repayment and support one another's efforts at economic self-advancement. In the late 1980s, Grameen started to diversify by attending to underutilized fishing ponds and irrigation pumps like deep tube wells. In 1989, these diversified interests started growing into separate organisations. The fisheries project became Grameen Motsho ("Grameen Fisheries Foundation") and
7296-528: The border between the two countries, but Afghanistan has never recognised that frontier. In 1955, diplomatic relations were severed with the ransacking of Pakistan's embassy. In 1961, the Pakistan Armed Forces and local Pashtun tribes suppressed an Afghan invasion in the Bajaur region of Pakistan. West Pakistan had hostile relations with India, primarily due to aftermath of the 1947 independence from
7410-437: The capital of Malakand was Saidu, and Rawalpindi was administered from Islamabad. The province also incorporated the former Omani enclave of Gwadar following its purchase in 1958, and the former Federal Capital Territory (Karachi) in 1958; the latter in 1960 forming a new division in its own right. In 1970, the Martial Law Office was dissolved by General Yahya Khan who disestablished the state of West Pakistan. On 1 July 1970,
7524-415: The conflict in September 1965 (for fear of escalation), and the month–long war ended with no permanent territorial changes. West Pakistan and India signed the Tashkent Declaration in January 1966, but the ceasefire was criticised both in India and Pakistan, and public resentment against each other grew. In West Pakistan, Ayub Khan deposed Bhutto as his Foreign minister, and Vice-Admiral Khan blamed Bhutto for
7638-399: The country into two distinct provinces. Under the One Unit policy announced by Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra on 22 November 1954, the four provinces and territories of western Pakistan were integrated into one unit to mirror the single province in the east. The state of West Pakistan was established by the merger of the provinces, states, and tribal areas of West Pakistan. The province
7752-455: The country with Parliamentary form of Government and the office of President was inaugurated the same year. The career civil service officer Major-General (retired) Iskander Mirza became the country's first President, but the system did not evolve for more than the three years, when Mirza imposed the martial law in 1958. Mirza appointed army commander-in-chief General Ayub Khan as Chief Martial Law Administrator ; he later turned his back on
7866-410: The country's left-wing organisations, which, under Bhutto 's leadership, participated with full force and became vital players in the country's politics. The long border between West Pakistan and Afghanistan was uneasy. This is due in part to the independent Pashtun tribes that inhabit the area. In addition, the physical boundary is uncertain: the 1893 Durand Line was used by West Pakistan to mark
7980-431: The development movement. Following the overthrow of Sheikh Hasina , President Mohammed Shahabuddin gave Yunus a mandate to form an interim government , acceding to calls from student leaders for his appointment. His government has appointed a Constitutional Reform Commission to draft a revision to the Constitution of Bangladesh and has pledged the convocation of a constituent assembly . His acquittal on appeal
8094-449: The divisions, including ethnic and racial friction, lack of knowledge, and uncertainty of where to demarcate the permanent borders . East Pakistan, Balochistan, and the North-West Frontier Province experienced little difficulty, but Southern Pakistani Punjab faced considerable problems that had to be fixed. Former East Punjab was integrated with the Indian administration and millions of Punjabi Muslims were expelled to be replaced by
8208-570: The draft of a new law that would give the country's central bank greater control over Grameen Bank, raising the stakes in the long-running dispute. The Grameen Bank Act 2013 was approved at a cabinet meeting chaired by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and was passed by parliament on 7 November 2013. It replaced the Grameen Bank Ordinance, the law that underpinned the creation of Grameen Bank as a specialised microcredit institution in 1983. The New York Times reported in August 2013: Since then,
8322-533: The exception of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas , all administrative divisions in the region that would compose West Pakistan after independence collected religious data, with a combined total population of 27,266,001, for an overall response rate of 92 percent. Similar to the contemporary era, where censuses do not collect religious data in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan ,
8436-501: The following day of charges of labour code violations, which were viewed as politically motivated , facilitated his return to the country and appointment. His name was listed in The 500 Most Influential Muslims in 2024. The third of nine children, Muhammad Yunus was born on 28 June 1940 to a Bengali family of Muslim Saudagars in the village of Bathua, by the Kaptai road at Hathazari in
8550-569: The four provinces worked together and guided the "One Unit Dissolution Committee", towards resolving all outstanding issues in time set by the Yahya government. Finally, the committee's plan went into effect on 1 July 1970, when West Pakistan's "One Unit" was dissolved, and all power was transferred to the provinces of Balochistan, the North West Frontier Province , Punjab and Sindh. In the 1970 general elections (held in December 1970),
8664-465: The government has started an investigation into the bank and is now planning to take over Grameen—a majority of whose shares are owned by its borrowers—and break it up into 19 regional lenders. Yunus belongs to a Muslim family and continues to actively display a normative orthodox Sunnite theological creed . He encourages the public to engage in Dua directly to Allah , whom Yunus publicly recognises as
8778-453: The irrigation project became Grameen Krishi ("Grameen Agriculture Foundation"). In time, the Grameen initiative grew into a multi-faceted group of profitable and non-profit ventures, including major projects like Grameen Trust and Grameen Fund , which runs equity projects like Grameen Software Limited, Grameen CyberNet Limited, and Grameen Knitwear Limited, as well as Grameen Telecom , which has
8892-613: The largest Indian MFI, SKS Microfinance , which held an IPO in July 2010. In September 2010, Yunus criticised the IPO; in a debate with SKS founder Vikram Akula during the Clinton Global Initiative meeting, he said, "Microcredit is not about exciting people to make money off the poor. That's what you're doing. That's the wrong message completely." Calculations of actual interest rate vary, but one estimate puts average Grameen rates at about
9006-434: The later part of that year. On 11 February 2007, Yunus wrote an open letter, published in the Bangladeshi newspaper Daily Star , where he asked citizens for views on his plan to float a political party to establish political goodwill, proper leadership and good governance . In the letter, he called on everyone to briefly outline how he should go about the task and how they can contribute to it. Yunus finally announced that he
9120-517: The main basis of a parliamentary democracy (and had a parliamentary republic form of government since 1947), with Islam as its state religion. In contrast, East Pakistan had been a socialist state since the 1954 elections , with state secularism proclaimed. West Pakistan sided with the United States and her NATO allies , whilst East Pakistan remained sympathetic to the Soviet Union and her Eastern Bloc . Pakistan's 1956 constitution validated
9234-637: The majority of the Pakistan Movement 's leading figures in West Pakistan. In 1949, the Constituent Assembly passed the Objectives Resolution and the Annex to the Constitution of Pakistan , paving the road to a Westernized federal parliamentary republic . The work on parliamentary reforms was constituted by the constituent assembly the year after, in 1950. The western section of Pakistan dominated
9348-478: The matriculation examination from Chittagong Collegiate School ranking 16th of 39,000 students in East Pakistan . During his school years, he was an active Boy Scout , and travelled to West Pakistan and India in 1952, and to Canada in 1955 to attend Jamborees . Later, while Yunus was studying at Chittagong College , he became active in cultural activities and won awards for drama. In 1957, he enrolled in
9462-544: The organisation's poverty reduction work. Since 2010, Yunus has served as a Commissioner for the Broadband Commission for Digital Development , a UN initiative which seeks to use broadband internet services to accelerate social and economic development. In March 2016, he was appointed by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon to the High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth, which
9576-793: The outbreak of the war of liberation , the BCC selected Yunus to become editor of its Bangladesh News Letter . Inspired by the birth of Bangladesh in 1971, Yunus returned home in 1972. The relationship continued after Mujib's death. Yunus maintained a professional relationship with Hasina. Yunus appointed Hasina—along with U.S. First Lady Hillary Clinton —as co-chair of a microcredit summit held 2–4 February 1997. At this event, 50 heads of state and high-level officials from 137 nations gathered in Washington, DC, to discuss solutions to poverty. At this event, Hasina had nothing but praise for Yunus. In her statement she praised, "the outstanding work done by Professor Yunus and
9690-618: The parliamentary form of government, with Islam as state religion and Urdu, English and Bengali as state languages. The 1956 constitution also established the Parliament of Pakistan as well as the Supreme Court of Pakistan . Ethnic and religious violence in Lahore , which began in 1953, spread all over the country. Muhammad Ali Bogra , prime minister of Pakistan, declared martial law in Lahore to curb
9804-464: The politics of the new country. Although East Pakistan had over half of the population, it had a disproportionately small number of seats in the Constituent Assembly. This inequality of the two wings and the geographical distance between them was believed to be holding up the adoption of a new constitution . To diminish the differences between the two regions, the government decided to reorganise
9918-456: The poor due to high risk of default. But Yunus believed that, given the chance, the poor will not need to pay high interest on the money, can keep any profits from their own labour, and hence microcredit was a viable business model . Yunus lent US$ 27 of his money to 42 women in the village, who made a profit of BDT 0.50 (US$ 0.02) each on the loan. Thus, Yunus is credited with the idea of microcredit. In December 1976, Yunus finally secured
10032-416: The popular influential Left-wing sphere against elite Right-wing circles . Since independence, Pakistan had been a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy (even as of today, the parliamentary system is the official form of government of Pakistan) with a Prime minister as the head of the government and a Monarch as the head of state in a ceremonial office. The 1956 Constitution provided
10146-541: The provinces in 1970. West Pakistan was extremely diverse in terms of geography, climate, and variety of wildlife. North-Western West Pakistan was mountainous, Punjab and Sindh were semi-arid, and the Baluchistan region in particular was predominantly desert. West Pakistan had a varied relief, consisting as it does of plains, plateaux and mountains watered by the Indus River and its tributaries. Climatically, West Pakistan had
10260-482: The region that composes West Pakistan was approximately 29.6 million as per the 1941 census. According to the 1961 census, the total population of Pakistan was 93 million, with 42.8 million residing in West Pakistan and 50 million residing in East Pakistan . East Pakistan hence made up around 55% of Undivided Pakistan's population whilst remaining 45% was in West Pakistan. West Pakistan also had
10374-707: The senior socialists' leadership, notably Bhutto, Mubashir Hassan , and Malick Mirage . This sparked gruesome violence in West Pakistan, thereby increasing pressure on Khan that he was unable to endure. Khan called for a Round Table Conference in Rawalpindi, but socialists led by Bhutto refused to accept Ayub's continuation in office and rejected the 6 Point Movement for regional autonomy put forth in 1966 by East Pakistani politician Sheikh Mujibur Rahman . In 1969, Khan handed over power to Army Chief of Staff General Yahya Khan , who promised to hold elections within two years. Meantime, Bhutto extensively worked to gather and unite
10488-425: The students and his distaste of the current government, and in August 2024, after the resignation of Sheikh Hasina and her departure to India, it was announced that Yunus would be chief adviser of the interim government . Muhammad Yunus was appointed as the transitional leader of the interim government on 7 August 2024 by president Mohammed Shahabuddin . On 8 August 2024, he took the oath and has been serving as
10602-562: The supreme source of assistance and support, and as the master of Divine Decree . In 1967, while Yunus attended Vanderbilt University , he met Vera Forostenko, a student of Russian literature at Vanderbilt University and daughter of Russian immigrants to Trenton, New Jersey , United States. They were married in 1970. Yunus's marriage with Vera ended within months of the birth of their baby girl, Monica Yunus , in 1979 in Chittagong, as Vera returned to New Jersey claiming that Bangladesh
10716-435: The total number of responses for religion is slightly smaller than the total population, as detailed in the table breakdown below. According to the 1961 census, in West Pakistan, Muslims made up 97.2% of the population, Christians 1.4%, and the remaining 1.4% belonging to other religions. West Pakistan went through many political changes, and had a multiple political party system. West Pakistan's political system consisted of
10830-511: The verdict against Yunus, claiming that Yunus's posting as the MD of Grameen since 1999 was illegal as he had reached the age of 60 by then. Backed by international leaders (e.g., Hillary and Bill Clinton), national leaders (e.g., Sir Fazle Hasan Abed ) and 8.3 million Grameen borrowers, Yunus filed an appeal in Bangladesh Supreme Court against the High Court's verdict. The full bench of
10944-467: The violence. This inter-communal violence soon spread to India, and a regional conflict put West Pakistan and India in a war-threatening situation. The prime ministers of Pakistan and India held an emergency meeting in Lahore. From 1947 to 1959, the government was only partially stable. Seven prime ministers , four governors-general , and one president were forcefully removed either by constitutional coup or by military coup . The One Unit program
11058-458: The world's toughest problems." Nelson Mandela announced the formation of this new group, The Elders , in a speech he delivered on the occasion of his 89th birthday. Yunus attended the launch of the group and was one of its founding members. He stepped down as an Elder in September 2009, stating that he was unable to do justice to his membership due to the demands of his work. Yunus is a member of
11172-713: Was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 for founding the Grameen Bank and pioneering the concepts of microcredit and microfinance . Yunus has received several other national and international honors, including the United States Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2010. In 2012, Yunus became Chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University in Scotland ,
11286-571: Was below the legal minimum. This yogurt is produced by Grameen Danone , a social business joint venture between Grameen Bank and Danone that aims to provide opportunities for street vendors who sell the yogurt and to improve child nutrition with the nutrient-fortified yogurt. According to Yunus' lawyer, the allegations are "false and baseless". Yunus faced 174 lawsuits in Bangladesh, 172 of which were civil cases. Allegations included labour law violations, corruption, and money laundering, which Yunus alleged were politically motivated. Hasina launched
11400-472: Was co-chaired by presidents François Hollande of France and Jacob Zuma of South Africa. Following the Rohingya genocide in 2016–2017, Yunus urged Myanmar to end violence against Rohingya Muslims . In 1996, Muhammad Yunus served as an advisor to the caretaker government led by former Chief Justice Muhammad Habibur Rahman . He was responsible for overseeing the Ministry of Primary and Mass Education ,
11514-584: Was composed of twelve divisions and the provincial capital was established at Karachi . Later the state capital moved to Lahore , and it was finally established in Islamabad in 1965. The province of East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan with the provincial state capital at Dhaka (Dacca). Clashes between West Pakistan and East Pakistan soon erupted, further destabilising the entire country. The two states had different political ideologies and different lingual cultural aspect. West Pakistan had been founded on
11628-415: Was divided as 78% to India and 22% to Pakistan. Military forces were divided up with a ratio of 64% for India and 36% for Pakistan. Most of the military assets – such as weapons depots and military bases – were located inside India; facilities in Pakistan were mostly obsolete, and they had a dangerously low ammunition reserve of only one week. Four divisions were raised in West Pakistan, whilst one division
11742-487: Was estimated that 15 million were displaced, and nearly more than 2 million consisting of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs were killed in the deadly riots. During the period between 1947 and 1950, 8.6 million Muslims had moved to specially Pakistan's West Punjab region and about 6.7 million Hindus and Sikhs had gone the other way to India's East Punjab region and thus changing the demography of Pakistan drastically and resulting in overwhelming Muslim majority to this region. With
11856-697: Was feeling terrible that here I teach elegant theories of economics, and those theories are of no use at the moment with the people who are going hungry. So I wanted to see if as a person, as a human being, I could be of some use to some people. The success of the Grameen microfinance model inspired similar efforts in about 100 developing countries and even in developed countries including the United States. Many microcredit projects retain Grameen's emphasis of lending to women. More than 94% of Grameen loans have gone to women, who suffer disproportionately from poverty and who are more likely than men to devote their earnings to their families. For his work with Grameen, Yunus
11970-665: Was met with harsh opposition, civil unrest, and political disturbance. Support for the Muslim League and Pakistan Socialist Party in the upcoming elections threatened Pakistan's technocracy . The Muslim League and Socialist Party gained momentum after the League's defeat in the 1954 elections, and the Socialist Party were challenging for the constituencies of the President Iskandar Mirza 's Republican Party . Relations with
12084-431: Was moved from Karachi to Army Generals Combatant Headquarters (The GHQ) at Rawalpindi in 1959, whilst the federal legislature was moved to Dacca. In 1963, Rawalpindi had become ineffective as a federal capital; a new city was planned and constructed, finally completing in 1965. In 1965, the state capital was finally re-located in Islamabad. On contrary perception, the provinces did not benefit from economic progress, but
12198-632: Was named an Ashoka: Innovators for the Public Global Academy Member in 2001. According to Rashidul Bari, the Grameen's social business model has gone from being theory to an inspiring practice adopted globally by leading universities, entrepreneurs, social business and corporations. In July 2007, in Johannesburg , South Africa, Nelson Mandela , Graça Machel and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders "to contribute their wisdom, independent leadership and integrity to tackle some of
12312-468: Was not a good place to raise a baby. Monica Yunus became an operatic soprano based in New York City. Yunus later married Afrozi Yunus, who was then a researcher in physics at Manchester University . She was later appointed as a professor of physics at Jahangirnagar University . Their daughter Deena Afroz Yunus was born in 1986. Yunus's brother Muhammad Ibrahim is a former professor of physics at
12426-531: Was not his job to clean up corruption, Yunus expressed his satisfaction. In an interview with the AFP news agency, Yunus remarked "There is no ideology here." Hasina had a harsh reaction to Yunus's comments, calling him a "usurer who has not only failed to eradicate poverty but has also nurtured poverty. " This was Hasina's first public statement against Yunus. Later Yunus announced the name of this prospective political party, Nagorik Shakti (Citizens' Power), saying he had
12540-470: Was raised in East Pakistan. From the time of its establishment, the State of Pakistan had the vision of a federal parliamentary democratic republic form of government. With the founding fathers remaining in West Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan was appointed the country's first prime minister , with Mohammad Ali Jinnah as Governor-General . West Pakistan claimed the exclusive mandate over all of Pakistan, with
12654-597: Was renamed as the Parliament of Pakistan and staffed only with technocrats. The office of Governor of West Pakistan was a largely ceremonial position but later Governors wielded some executive powers as well. The first Governor was Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani , who was also the last Governor of West Punjab. Ayub Khan abolished the Governor's office and instead established the Martial Law Administrator of West Pakistan (MLA West). The office Chief Minister of West Pakistan
12768-670: Was the chief executive of the state and the leader of the largest party in the provincial assembly. The first Chief Minister was Abdul Jabbar Khan who had served twice as Chief Minister of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province prior to independence. The office of Chief Minister was abolished in 1958 when Ayub Khan took over the administration of West Pakistan. The twelve divisions of West Pakistan province were Bahawalpur , Dera Ismail Khan , Hyderabad , Kalat , Khairpur , Lahore, Malakand , Multan , Peshawar , Quetta , Rawalpindi, and Sargodha ; all named after their capitals except
12882-591: Was the closest Pakistani troops ever got to capturing the city. In September 1965, India launched a counter-attack and the airborne troops were pushed back to what is today Azad Kashmir . Indian forces also crossed the ceasefire line into Azad Kashmir and captured the Haji Pir pass. Subsequently, Pakistan launched Operation Grand Slam , which gained significant momentum. Grand Slam was aborted after India launched an all out attack on West Pakistan, for which Pakistani troops had to be diverted. The Soviet Union intervened in
12996-814: Was the western province of Pakistan between 1955 and 1970 , covering the territory of present-day Pakistan. Its land borders were with Afghanistan , India and Iran , with a maritime border with Oman in the Gulf of Oman in the Arabian Sea . Following its independence from British rule , the new Dominion of Pakistan was physically separated into two exclaves, with the western and eastern wings geographically separated from each other by India . The western wing of Pakistan comprised three governor's provinces (the North-West Frontier , West Punjab and Sind ), one chief commissioner's province ( Baluchistan ) along with
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