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133-552: Laboral Kutxa is a Basque credit union that provides banking, savings and investment services. It was created in March 2012 as a result of the merger of two smaller credit unions. The Caja Laboral Popular Sociedad Cooperativa de Crédito (known as Caja Laboral in Spanish or Euskadiko Kutxa in Basque ) and Ipar Kutxa Rural Sociedad Cooperativa de Crédito (known as Ipar Kutxa). The merger project

266-610: A hostile takeover of Bankoa Crédit Agricole . In 2003, it opened its first offices in Gipuzkoa and officially became Ipar Kutxa ("union of the North" in basque). When it merged with Caja Laboral, Ipar Kutxa had 3.967 million in assets, 87 offices (mainly in Biscay and Alava ), 175,000 clients and 397 workers (fuente). In March 2012, Caja Laboral and Ipar Kutxa announced the beginning of formal conversations to its merging. They aimed to "strengthen

399-468: A Basque department, to no avail. The Basque Country has a population of approximately 3 million as of early 2006. The population density, at about 140/km (360/sq mi) is above average for both Spain and France, but the distribution of the population is fairly unequal, concentrated around the main cities. A third of the population is concentrated in the Greater Bilbao metropolitan area, while most of

532-708: A Basque-Navarrese University. Nonetheless, in 1897 the Bilbao Superior Technical School of Engineering (the first modern faculty of engineering in Spain), was founded as a way of providing engineers for the local industry; this faculty is nowadays part of the University of the Basque Country . Almost at the same time, the urgent need for business graduates led to the establishment of the Commercial Faculty by

665-609: A basically rural economy. In 1932, a Basque Country 's separate statute failed to take off over disagreements on the centrality of Catholicism, a scene of political radicalisation ensued dividing the leftist and rightist forces during the 2nd Spanish Republic (1931 – 1939). Thousands of landless labourers occupied properties of wealthy landowners in October 1933, leaving the latter eager for revenge. The most reactionary and clerical Carlists came to prominence, ideologues such as Víctor Pradera , and an understanding with General Mola paved

798-479: A collection of regions inhabited by the Basque people , known as Euskal Herria in Basque language , and it is first attested as including seven traditional territories in Axular 's literary work Gero (he goes on to suggest that Basque language is spoken "in many other places"), in the early 17th century. Some Basques refer to the seven traditional districts collectively as Zazpiak Bat , meaning "The Seven [are] One",

931-681: A deadlocked government. The regional president, widely questioned in Navarre as of 2012 and relying only on the PP central government's backup, went on to urge the Constitutional Court to challenge several decisions made by the Parliament of Navarre . After the latest scandal and corruption allegations affecting a secretary of her cabinet (Lourdes Goicoechea, regional public finance secretary) in February 2014,

1064-514: A few. The situation of the Basque language in the French Basque Country is vulnerable (as rated by Unesco). The pressure of French as a well-established mainstream language and different administrative obstacles to the consolidation of Basque-language schooling make the language's future prospects uncertain. On 14 June 2013, pointing to the 1850 Falloux act and declaring thereafter that French

1197-488: A financial institution of social economy, that would provide services in its current market based on an alternative model to the one resulting in Spain as a result of the banking process of credit unions". The merged company would be the first credit union and the third largest financial institution in the Basque Country (after Kutxabank and BBVA ). It would also make the second biggest credit union in Spain, with 750,000 clients in

1330-498: A limited self-governing status, as settled by the Spanish Constitution. However, a significant part of Basque society is still attempting higher degrees of self-empowerment (see Basque nationalism ), sometimes by acts of violence ( ETA 's permanent ceasefire in 2010). The French Basque Country, meanwhile, lacks any political or administrative recognition whatsoever, while a majority of local representatives have lobbied to create

1463-536: A long-running demand of education unions. In July 2018, the Constitutional Court of Spain suspended the Far Right's and Civil Servants' Victims Act passed by the Parliament of Navarre in 2015. Three months later, the chief executive officer of the National Police in Navarre stepped down for the disclosure of a fake Twitter account he owned that praised Antonio Tejero , as well as Vox leader Santiago Abascal as

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1596-537: A majority. A continuation of the institutional framework inherited from the dictatorship and its accommodation into the Spanish democracy was guaranteed by the Betterment ("Amejoramiento"), a Navarre-only solution considered 'an upgrade' of its former status issued from the (remains of the) charters. In a three-year span, the Spanish Socialists in Navarre veered in their position, quit the Basque process, and joined

1729-690: A motto coined in the late 19th century. The Northern Basque Country , known in Basque as Iparralde (literally, "the northern part"), is the part of the Basque Country that lies entirely within France , specifically as part of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département of France, and constitutes the Basque Municipal Community . As such it is usually known as French Basque Country ( Pays basque français in French ). In most contemporary sources, it

1862-540: A new Jose Antonio , also insulting a number of Catalan and Basque nationalist and leftist figures. In October 2019, the High Court of Navarre ruled against the public use of bilingual signalling and institutional announcements in Mixed-Speaking and Non-Basque Speaking areas, also proscribing the consideration of Basque as a merit in job positions, unless strictly needed; the judgement sparked an uproar among some parties in

1995-537: A referendum by minority leftist forces and Basque nationalists in Navarre, it has been opposed by mainstream Spanish parties and the Navarrese People's Union , which was the ruling party until 2015. The Union has repeatedly asked for an amendment to the Constitution to remove this clause. In addition to those, two enclaves located outside of the respective autonomous community are often cited as being part of both

2128-506: A seat in Navarre, with the Basque Nationalist Party getting 5 (all from Basque Autonomous Community). Navarre Navarre is in the transition zone between the green Cantabrian Coast and semi-arid interior areas and thus its landscapes vary widely across the region. Being in a transition zone also produces a highly variable climate, with summers that are a mix of cooler spells and heat waves, and winters that are mild for

2261-508: A series of corruption scandals broke out involving regional president Yolanda Barcina and other regional government officials that included influence peddling, embezzlement, misappropriation of funds and mismanagement leading to the bankruptcy of Caja Navarra . By November 2012, the PSN—UPN's standing ally in Navarre up to that point—backed down on its support of UPN, but refused to impeach Yolanda Barcina or search new political alliances, leaving

2394-606: A specific language of its people or its consideration as part of the Navarrese heritage. The Statutory Law of Basque of 1986 defined the above areas, creating the Basque-speaking zone , an area north-east of Navarre in which Basque is the co-official language along with Spanish. This law recognizes Spanish and Basque as Navarre's lenguas propias (a Spanish legal term meaning that a language in an autonomous community in Spain has co-official status along with Spanish), according to

2527-571: A swiftly changing array of disbanded party names, new alliances, and re-accommodations (since 1998). During the 2011 Spanish parliamentary elections, the coalition Amaiur (former Batasuna plus Eusko Alkartasuna ) came up first in parliamentary seats (7) and second only to UPN -PP (5 seats) in popular vote in the Southern Basque Country , followed closely by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (5 seats). Geroa Bai secured

2660-523: A technical college and had helped create a few co-operatives , such as ULGOR (later known as Fagor ), Funcor (currently Fagor Ederlan ), Arrasate (currently Fagor Arrasate ) and the San Jose Consumer's Cooperative (later and nowadays known as Eroski). Those co-operatives would be the first members of what is now called the Mondragon Corporation and, according to Arizmendiarrieta's plan,

2793-540: A very similar climate to nearby Hondarribia on the Spanish side of the border. The values do not apply to San Sebastián , since its weather station is at a higher elevation than the urban core, where temperatures are higher year-round and similar to those in Bilbao and Hondarribia . According to some theories, Basques may be the least assimilated remnant of the Paleolithic inhabitants of Western Europe (specifically those of

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2926-407: Is difficult to accurately translate into other languages due to the wide range of meanings of the Basque word herri . It can be translated as nation ; country , land ; people , population and town , village , settlement . The first part, Euskal , is the adjectival form of Euskara "the Basque language". Thus a more literal translation would be "country/nation/people/settlement of

3059-722: Is a mixture of its Basque tradition, the Trans-Pyrenean influx of people and ideas and Mediterranean influences coming from the Ebro . The Ebro valley is amenable to wheat , vegetables , wine , and even olive trees as in Aragon and La Rioja . It was a part of the Roman Empire , inhabited by the Vascones , later controlled on its southern fringes by the Muslim Banu Qasi , whose authority

3192-587: Is a single-province autonomous community. Its name refers to the charters, the Fueros of Navarre . The Spanish Constitution of 1978 states that Navarre may become a part of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country if it is so decided by its people and institutions (the Disposicion transitoria cuarta or "Fourth Transitory Provision"). To date, there has been no implementation of this law. Despite demands for

3325-478: Is a workers' co-operative. As such, it is obliged to follow Spanish Co-operative Law and the general regulation of worker co-operatives. Although it has no restrictions to perform as a financial institution to its clients it must pay special attention to the needs of its own workers. Operations with third parties cannot make for more than 50% of the company's total assets. All workers in Laboral Kutxa are members of

3458-505: Is defined as covering the arrondissement of Bayonne and the cantons of Mauléon-Licharre and Tardets-Sorholus , but sources disagree on the status of the village of Esquiule . Within these conventions, the area of Northern Basque Country (including the 29 square kilometres (11 square miles) of Esquiule) is 2,995 square kilometres (1,156 square miles). The French Basque Country is traditionally subdivided into three provinces: This summary presentation suggests difficulty in justifying

3591-709: Is frequently known as Spanish Basque Country ( País Vasco español in Spanish ). It is the largest and most populated part of the Basque Country. It includes two main regions : the Basque Autonomous Community ( Vitoria-Gasteiz is the capital) and the Chartered Community of Navarre (capital city Pamplona , Basque : Iruña ). The Basque Autonomous Community (7,234 km²) consists of three provinces , specifically designated "historical territories": The Chartered Community of Navarre (10,391 km²)

3724-584: Is lost, with only Vascones still being accounted for, while extending far beyond their former boundaries, e.g. in the current lands of Álava and most conspicuously around the Pyrenees and Novempopulania . The territory of the Cantabri encompassed probably present-day Biscay , Cantabria , Burgos and at least part of Álava and La Rioja , i.e. to the west of Vascon territory in the Early Middle Ages , but

3857-479: Is neither linguistically nor culturally homogeneous, and certain areas have a majority of people who do not consider themselves Basque, such as the south of Navarre . The concept is still highly controversial, and the Supreme Court of Navarre has upheld a denial of government funding to school books that include the Navarre community within the Basque Country area. The name in Basque is Euskal Herria . The name

3990-491: Is not traditionally spoken). Basque language teaching in the public education network is therefore limited to the Basque speaking north and central regions. In the central region, Basque teaching in the public education network is fairly limited, and part of the existing demand is served via private schools or ikastolak . In southern and some central areas this policy has resulted in schoolchildren having to travel sometimes for hours every day in order to attend education provided in

4123-503: Is now Gipuzkoa )—and the flatter areas to the south, Calagurris (in what is now La Rioja), which were amenable to large-scale Roman farming —vineyards, olives, and wheat crops. There is no evidence of battles fought or general hostility between Romans and Basques, as they had the same enemies. Neither the Visigoths nor the Franks ever completely subjugated the area. The Vascones (to become

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4256-513: Is signatory has issued a number of recommendations in order to guarantee a real official status for Basque language (2004), e.g. the suppression of the administrative linguistic divides of Navarre for considering it an obstacle to the normal use of Basque and discriminating against Basque speakers, the filing of the case against newspaper Euskaldunon Egunkaria and restitution to its normal operation, as well as guarantees to prisoners of receiving and sending correspondence in Basque, to mention but

4389-556: Is the lingua navarrorum , as it appears in documents of the Middle Ages, such as a document by the king Sancho the Wise . The kingdom cemented its roots in the predominantly Basque-speaking domain of Pamplona and surrounding areas. In the midst of contemporary scholarly debates on the existence of Navarre and its laws prior to the king's authority, the Navarrese author Garcia de Gongora states as follows in 1626: Two languages are spoken across

4522-526: Is the first credit union in the Basque Country and the third largest in Spain. It is also the third largest financial institution in the Basque Country (after Kutxabank and BBVA). As of 2013, it had approximately 750.000 clients in the Basque Country and another 110.000 in Navarre, making 1.300.000 total. It employed 2.500 workers and held 24.564 million euros in assets. It has another 650 million euros invested in its social capital and 1.379 million euros in its funds. Like Caja Laboral and Ipar Kutxa, Laboral Kutxa

4655-536: Is the mother tongue of 81.9% of the population, Basque is 5.7% of the population's mother tongue, and 3.8% of the population has both languages as their mother tongue while 6.1% of the population have another language as their mother tongue . The number of people that can speak Basque has increased in Navarre lately, after a steady historic retreat. In 2011, 13.6% of the population in Navarre considered themselves to be speakers of Basque and another 14.5% considered themselves semi-speakers of Basque. Historically, Basque

4788-762: Is the name given to the home of the Basque people . The Basque Country is located in the western Pyrenees , straddling the border between France and Spain on the coast of the Bay of Biscay . Encompassing the Autonomous Communities of the Basque Country and Navarre in Spain and the Northern Basque Country in France, the region is home to the Basque people ( Basque : Euskaldunak ), their language ( Basque : Euskara ), culture and traditions. The area

4921-657: Is the official language of France, the regional subprefect declared illegal the Hendaye council's subsidies to finance a new building for a Basque-language school. On 6 November 2013, the Basque language school network in the French Basque Country , Seaska, bitterly criticized the French state before UNESCO for not complying with its international commitments and actually failing to accept minorities by violating their linguistic rights. In November 2013, France decided not to ratify

5054-444: The 2nd Spanish Republic in 1931, when a draft statute was drawn up for the Southern Basque Country ( Statute of Estella ), but was discarded in 1932. In 1936 a short-lived statute of autonomy was approved for the Gipuzkoa , Álava and Biscay provinces, but war prevented any progress. After Franco 's dictatorship, a new statute was designed that resulted in the creation of the current Basque Autonomous Community and Navarre, with

5187-515: The Aralar Range . In the north, climate is affected by the Atlantic Ocean leading an Oceanic west coast climate (Köppen: Cfb). Since the northernmost part of Navarre is less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the Bay of Biscay , the northern fringes resemble San Sebastián . At central Navarre the summer precipitations start to lower, leading to a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa and Csb) At

5320-566: The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages . The earliest university in the Basque Country was the University of Oñati , founded in 1540 in Hernani and moved to Oñati in 1548. It lasted in various forms until 1901. In 1868, in order to fulfill the need for college graduates for the thriving industry that was flourishing in the Bilbao area, there was an unsuccessful effort to establish

5453-797: The Franco-Cantabrian region known as Azilian ) to the Indo-European migrations. Basque tribes were mentioned by Greek writer Strabo and Roman writer Pliny the Elder , including the Vascones , the Aquitani , and others. There is considerable evidence to show their Basque ethnicity in Roman times in the form of place-names, Caesar's reference to their customs and physical make-up, the so-called Aquitanian inscriptions recording names of people and gods (approx. 1st century, see Aquitanian language ), etc. Geographically,

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5586-638: The Hundred Years' War , with Bayonne remaining the last Plantagenet stronghold up to 1453. In Navarre, the civil wars between the Agramont and the Beaumont confederacies paved the way for the Spanish conquest of the bulk of Navarre from 1512 to 1524. The independent Navarre north of the Pyrenees was largely absorbed by France in 1620, despite the fact that King Henry III of Navarre had decreed Navarre's permanent independence from France (31 December 1596). In

5719-575: The Mondragon University , based in Mondragón and nearby towns. There are numerous other significant Basque cultural institutions in the Basque Country and elsewhere. Most Basque organizations in the United States are affiliated with NABO ( North American Basque Organizations , Inc.). Since the last quarter of the 20th century, there have been very different political views on the significance of

5852-447: The Navarrese People's Union (UPN) (a Navarrese party that had a long alliance with the People's Party (PP), main right-wing party in Spain). However, in 2015 Uxue Barkos ( Geroa Bai ) became president with the support of EH Bildu , Podemos and Izquierda-Ezkerra . She is the first Basque nationalist president in Navarre. Basque nationalist parties also represent a sizeable part of

5985-544: The Opus Dei , to found their University of Navarre (1952), ever more influential in Pamplona. The coming of the society of consumption and incipient economic liberalisation saw also the establishment of factories and workshops during the early 1960s (automobile manufacturing and accessories, etc.), especially around the overgrown capital. It was followed by labour and political unrest. Officials and figures with good connections to

6118-620: The Pyrenees mountain range that dominates the territory to the plains of the Ebro river valley in the south. The highest point in Navarre is Mesa de los Tres Reyes , with an elevation of 2,428 metres (7,966 feet). Other important mountains are Txamantxoia , Kartxela , the Larra-Belagua Massif , Sierra de Alaiz , Untzueko Harria , Sierra de Leyre , Sierra del Perdón , Montejurra , Ezkaba , Monte Ori , Sierra de Codés , Urbasa , Andia , and

6251-505: The Way of Saint James . In 1200, Navarre lost the key western Basque districts to Alphonse VIII of Castile , leaving the kingdom landlocked. Navarre then contributed with a small but symbolic force of 200 knights to the decisive Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 against the Almohads . The native line of kings came to an end in 1234; their heirs intermarried with French dynasties. However,

6384-510: The energy sector , healthcare services and manufacturing . The gross domestic product (GDP) of the autonomous community was 20.3 billion euros as of 2018, accounting for 1.7% of Spanish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,700 euros or 112% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 109% of the EU average. The unemployment rate stood at 10.2% in 2017 and

6517-592: The symbol of a key for branding while Ipar Kutxa had no distinct image apart from its initials or full name. During its merging process, Laboral Kutxa worked with two labels – Euskadiko Kutxa and Ipar Kutxa – and used the corporate colors associated with them – deep red and lime green. They are currently the most notable colors both in the company's logo, its offices and all of its publicity. Basque Country (greater region) The Basque Country ( Basque : Euskal Herria ; Spanish : País Vasco ; French : Pays basque )

6650-517: The 1841 chartered provisions. Except for a small faction (the so-called Alfonsinos ), all parties in Navarre agreed on the need for a new political framework based on home rule within the Laurak Bat , the Basque districts in Spain. Among these, the Carlists stood out , who politically dominated the province, and resented an increased string of rulings and laws passed by Madrid, as well as left leaning influences. Unlike Biscay or Gipuzkoa, Navarre did not develop manufacturing during this period, remaining

6783-426: The 1978 Spanish constitution and the Amejoramiento del Fuero , a Navarrese law establishing the basic institutional make-up of the chartered community of Navarre, Spanish is the official language of Navarre, while the Basque language is also the official language in Basque-Speaking areas. Unlike any other statutes in the Spanish autonomous communities owning a regional language, the Amejoramiento omits citing Basque as

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6916-549: The Basque Autonomous Community and also the Basque Country (greater region). The Basque Country region is dominated by a warm, humid and wet oceanic climate . The coastal area is part of Green Spain and by extension, the climate is similar for Bayonne and Biarritz as well. Inland areas in Navarre and the southern regions of the autonomous community are transitional, with continental Mediterranean climate , with somewhat wider temperature swings between seasons. The list only sources locations in Spain , but Bayonne/Biarritz have

7049-402: The Basque Autonomous Community in the late 19th century and throughout the 20th century, as the region became more and more industrialized and prosperous and additional workers were needed to support the economic growth. Descendants of immigrants from other parts of Spain have since been considered Basque for the most part, at least formally. Over the last 25 years, some 380,000 people have left

7182-438: The Basque Autonomous Community, of which some 230,000 have moved to other parts of Spain. While certainly many of them are people returning to their original homes when starting their retirement, there is also a sizable tract of Basque natives in this group who have moved due to a Basque nationalist political environment (including ETA's killings) which they perceive as overtly hostile. These have been quoted to be as high as 10% of

7315-414: The Basque Country has received an increasing number of immigrants, mostly from Eastern Europe, North Africa, Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa , South Asia, and China, settling mostly in the major urban areas. Nevertheless, foreign immigrant population is lower in the Basque country than in Madrid and Catalonia, despite having similar GDP per capita and significantly lower levels of unemployment. Currently,

7448-406: The Basque Country received significant immigration from other poorer regions of Spain, due to its higher level of economic development and early industrialization. During the second half of the 20th century, such immigrants were commonly referred to by some Basques as maketos , a derogatory term which is less used today. Since the 1980s, as a consequence of its considerable economic prosperity,

7581-411: The Basque Country was inhabited in Roman times by several tribes: the Vascones , the Varduli , the Caristi , the Autrigones , the Berones , the Tarbelli , and the Sibulates . Some ancient place-names, such as Deba , Butrón, Nervión , Zegama , suggest the presence of non-Basque peoples at some point in protohistory . The ancient tribes are last cited in the 5th century, after which track of them

7714-476: The Basque Country, 110,000 in Navarre and more than 1,300,000 total. The merging was a gradual process. Between March and November 2012 all operations between companies were made free of charge for clients, IT services became one and older workers were offered early retirement. The merging was completed the first of November but resulting union kept the name Caja Laboral – Euskadiko Kutxa until June 2013, when it announced its new brand, Laboral Kutxa. Laboral Kutxa

7847-443: The Basque Country, with some Basque nationalists aiming to create an independent state including the whole area, and Spanish nationalism denying the very existence of the Basque Country. The dynamics of controversial decisions imposed by Spanish tribunals on Basque nationalist parties ideologically close to ETA left for over a decade a distorted representation of the Basque politics in local councils and regional parliaments, as well as

7980-443: The Basque language", a concept difficult to render into a single word in most other languages. The two earliest references (in various spelling guises) are in Joan Perez de Lazarraga 's manuscript, dated around 1564–1567 as eusquel erria and eusquel erriau and heuscal herrian ('in the Basque Country') and Heuscal-Herrian in Joanes Leizarraga 's Bible translation, published in 1571. The term Basque Country refers to

8113-460: The Basque nationalist EH Bildu and pro-Basque Geroa Bai parties, on the one side, and the institutional pro-Spanish parties, UPN, PP and PSN on the other. Parties on the pro-Basque spectrum demand further sovereignty in internal affairs of Navarre and closer relationship with the districts of the Basque Autonomous Community . In the past, pro-Basque parties were excluded from key political posts and institutions. Another 2013–2014 controversy refers to

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8246-435: The Basques) assimilated neighbouring tribes as of the 7th century AD. In the year 778, the Basques defeated a Frankish army at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass . Following the Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824) , the Basque chieftain Iñigo Arista was elected King of Pamplona supported by the muwallad Banu Qasi of Tudela , establishing a Basque kingdom that was later called Navarre. That kingdom reached its zenith during

8379-412: The Basques. Altogether there was a gradual language shift towards Spanish language in the Basque-speaking areas of the Spanish Basque Country, a phenomenon initially restricted to the upper urban classes, but progressively reaching the lower classes. Western Biscay, most of Alava and southern Navarre have been Spanish-speaking (or Romance-speaking) for centuries. But under the regime of Francisco Franco ,

8512-401: The Foral Law 18/1986 of Basque. This law divides Navarre into three linguistically distinct areas, a Basque-speaking zone , where Basque is the dominant language, a Mixed-speaking zone , where Basque and Spanish are both dominant, and a Non-Basque speaking zone , where Spanish is the dominant language. In the latter, the public entities of Navarre are required to use only Spanish, but in

8645-405: The Jesuits, and, some time thereafter, the Jesuits expanded their university by formally founding the University of Deusto in Deusto (now a Bilbao neighbourhood) by the turn of the century, a private university where the Commercial Faculty was integrated. The first modern Basque public university was the Basque University, founded 18 November 1936 by the autonomous Basque government in Bilbao in

8778-439: The Kingdom of Navarre. However, Basque underwent a gradual erosion, accelerated following the conquest of the kingdom in the early 16th century due to the homogenizing push of the new Castilian authorities and the neglect of its own elites, among other reasons. By 1778, 121,000 inhabitants out of 227,000 were Basque speakers, 53% of its population, still the largest amount of Basque speakers across all Basque territories . However,

8911-462: The Modification of Fueros (later called the "Compromise Act", Ley Paccionada ) definitely made the kingdom into a province after a compromise was reached by the Spanish government with officials of the Provincial Council of Navarre. The relocation of customs from the Ebro river to the Pyrenees in 1841 prompted the collapse of Navarre's customary cross-Pyrenean trade and the rise of smuggling. Amid instability in Spain, Carlists took over in Navarre and

9044-413: The Navarrese kept most of their strong laws and institutions . The death of Queen Blanche I (1441) inaugurated a civil war period between the Beaumont and Agramont confederacies with the intervention of the Castilian-Aragonese House of Trastámara in Navarre's internal affairs. In 1512, Navarre was invaded by Ferdinand the Catholic 's troops, with Queen Catherine and King John III withdrawing to

9177-405: The Navarrese parliament passed a law splitting teachers aspiring to work in the state-run education network into two different professional categories, one for those qualified in Basque and Spanish , and another for Spanish monolinguals, so thwarting with the vote of Izquierda-Ezkerra (integrated in the regional government) the new progressive government's plan to have just one; the latter echoes

9310-423: The Navarrese regional government went on to join Adolfo Suárez 's UCD , later splitting into the party UPN led by Jesús Aizpún Tuero (1979), refusing to join a democratic constitutional process on the grounds that Navarre's charters (or fueros ) remained in place. They also refused to join the Basque process to become an autonomous community, where recently legalised Basque nationalist and leftist parties held

9443-403: The Parliament of Navarre, although both Geroa Bai and EH Bildu increased their vote share. Following the election results, PSN's María Chivite was elected president with the support provided by progressive forces, handing over Pamplona's council to Navarra Suma and explicitly excluding EH Bildu from any talks or alliances, but relying on its abstention for her inauguration. In December 2017,

9576-503: The Pyrenees, besides the above Kingdom of Pamplona , Gipuzkoa , Álava and Biscay arose in the current lands of the Southern Basque Country from the 9th century onward. These westerly territories pledged intermittent allegiance to Navarre in their early stages, but were annexed to the Kingdom of Castile at the end of the 12th century, so depriving the Kingdom of Navarre of direct access to

9709-554: The School of Mining in Barakaldo (est. 1910s), was seen as a gross handicap for the cultural and economic development of the area, and so, during the late 1960s many formal requests were made to the Francoist government in order to establish a Basque public university that would unite all the public faculties already founded in Bilbao. As a result of that, the University of Bilbao was founded in

9842-652: The Spanish Basque country, the rest in the French. The Basque education system in Spain has three types of schools differentiated by their linguistic teaching models: A, B and D. Model D, with education entirely in Basque, and Spanish as a compulsory subject, is the most widely chosen model by parents. In Navarre , there is an additional G model, with education entirely in Spanish. The ruling anti-Basque conservative government of Unión del Pueblo Navarro opposes Basque nationalist attempts to provide education in Basque through all Navarre (which would include areas where it

9975-475: The Spanish government came to a head as of 1794, when Spanish premier Manuel Godoy attempted to suppress Navarrese and Basque self-government altogether, with the end of the First Carlist War (1839 – 1841) definitely bringing the kingdom and its home rule ( fueros ) to an end. After the 1839 Convention of Bergara , a reduced version of home rule ( fueros ) was passed in 1839. However, the 1841 Act for

10108-488: The Spanish home office secretary Jorge Fernández Díaz stepped in warning leading members of PSN that "Navarre is strategic for Spain", and asserting that any other political alliance means "supporting ETA". The Justice secretary in Madrid Alberto Ruiz Gallardón in turn stated that "the worst political error is not corruption" but getting along with Bildu (a Basque pro-independence coalition). In May 2015,

10241-681: The Spanish-French border, easing afterwards. In the French Basque Country , its provinces underwent an ever-shrinking self-government status until the French Revolution, when the traditional provinces were reshaped to form the current Basses-Pyrénées department along with Béarn . In the Southern Basque Country , the regional Charters were upheld until the Carlist Wars , when the Basques supported heir-apparent Carlos and his descendants to

10374-563: The Way of Saint James rendered Occitan the status language of the kingdom up to early 14th century. Navarro-Aragonese became the written language in court and royal administration by 1329, when it reached official status. However, from the 15th century onwards the language grew closer to Castilian ( Spanish ) and eventually merged with it. Other languages which at some point held a status or were spoken in certain communities and periods are Erromintxela , French , Hebrew , and Arabic . According to

10507-527: The alleged ideological profiling of public school Basque language teachers, billed as " ETA supporting teachers". Since the establishment of Navarre's present status (the Amejoramiento , the 'Betterment') in 1982, the successive regional governments ruled by UPN and PSN have been shaken by frequent political instability and corruption scandals , with UPN's Miguel Sanz's term being the most stable and longest, extending from 2001 to 2011. Between 2012 and 2014,

10640-404: The ancient Navarrese liberties . The bleak post-war years were shaken by shortage, famine, and smuggling, with the economy relying on agriculture (wheat, vineyards, olive, barley), and a negative migration balance. The victors came to cluster around two main factions, Carlists and Falangists , while the totalitarian ultra-Catholic environment provided fertile grounds for another religious group,

10773-435: The arrangement adopted for Navarre (Chartered Community of Navarre, 1982). The reform was not ratified by referendum, as demanded by Basque nationalist and minority leftist forces. After the end of Franco's dictatorship , Navarre became one of the 17 Autonomous Communities in Spain. The community ceremonies, education, and social services, together with housing, urban development, and environment protection policies are under

10906-750: The coalition government of Navarre, as well as EH Bildu, but was saluted by the PSN and Navarra Suma. Navarre consists of 272 municipalities and has a total population of 601,874 (2006), of whom approximately one-third live in the capital, Pamplona (195,769 pop.), and one-half in the capital's metropolitan area (315,988 pop.). There are no other large municipalities in the region. The next largest are Tudela (32,802), Barañain (22,401), Burlada/Burlata (18,388), Estella-Lizarra (13,892), Zizur Mayor (13,197), Tafalla (11,040), Villava/Atarrabia (10,295), and Ansoáin/Antsoain (9,952). Despite its relatively small size, Navarre features stark contrasts in geography, from

11039-565: The college graduate schools. However, all the public faculties in the Basque Country were organized as local branches of Spanish universities. For instance, the School of Engineering was treated as a part of the University of Valladolid , some 400 kilometres (250 miles) away from Bilbao. Indeed, the lack of a central governing body for the public faculties of the Bilbao area, namely those of Economics in Sarriko, Medicine in Basurto, Engineering in Bilbao and

11172-562: The company and had a vote in the General Assembly. Those clients with a strong commitment with the union can also become members if they wish to: in February 2013 Laboral Kutxa allowed them to do so with a small contribution (2.000 euros). These are the people currently in Laboral Kutxa's board of direction Laboral Kutxa has approximately 400 offices in the Basque Country, Navarre, Aragón , La Rioja , Castile and León , Cantabria, Asturias and Madrid . For decades, Caja Laboral had used

11305-618: The company's decisions and its benefits. Before its merging with Ipar Kutxa, Caja Laboral had 1.887 working members, 21.536 million euros in assets, 1.200.000 clients and 367 offices in the Basque Country and Spain. It was the first European financial institution in getting the Gold 'Q’ Basque Award in Management. In 2006 the union supported the United Nations Global Compact . It began as Caja Rural Provincial de Vizcaya , in 1965, and

11438-502: The credit union would serve as a financial instrument for them. Caja Laboral-Euskadiko Kutxa not only played an important role in the creation of the Mondragon Corporation, but also in its development. For five decades, its "Companies Division" acted as a promoter for new co-operatives. In the seventies, the union gave loans with benefits to the cooperatives that were in difficulties due to the reorganizing of Basque industry and

11571-417: The cry of "God, Fatherland, King" (The Charters were finally abolished in 1876). The ensuing centralized status quo bred dissent and frustration in the region, giving rise to Basque nationalism by the end of the 19th century, influenced by European Romantic nationalism . Since then, attempts were made to find a new framework for self-empowerment. The occasion seemed to have arrived on the proclamation of

11704-405: The current status of Basque. Despite being spoken in a relatively small territory, the rugged features of the Basque countryside and the historically high population density resulted in a heavy dialectal fragmentation throughout history, which increased the value of both Spanish and French respectively as lingua francas . In this regard, the current Standard form of Basque was only introduced in

11837-505: The death of his wife Queen Isabella, he extended the Castilian expulsion and forcible integration orders applicable to conversos and mudejars of 1492 to the former kingdom. Therefore, Tudela in particular could no longer serve as a refuge after the Inquisitors were allowed. Navarre is one of the wealthiest regions in Spain per capita, with a diversified economy primarily focused on

11970-582: The decades after the Spanish annexation, the Basque Country went through increased religious, ideological and national homogenization , encouraged by new national ideas embraced by the rising Spanish and French absolutist monarchies during the Renaissance . From 1525, witchcraft allegations originating in a number of Pyrenean valleys on the rearguard of the Lower Navarre front and recent theatre of war ( Salazar , Roncal , Burguete , etc.) were followed by

12103-498: The different administrative levels to enforce it—Justice, Health, Administration. It is spoken by approximately a quarter of the total Basque Country, its stronghold being the contiguous area formed by Gipuzkoa, northern Navarre and the Pyrenean French valleys. It is not spoken natively in most of Álava, western Biscay and the southern half of Navarre. Of a total estimation of some 650,000 Basque speakers, approximately 550,000 live in

12236-704: The early 1970s, which has now evolved into the University of the Basque Country with campuses in the western three provinces. In Navarre , Opus Dei manages the University of Navarre with another campus in San Sebastián. Additionally, there is also the Public University of Navarre , with campus in Pamplona and in Tudela, managed by the Navarrese Foral Government . Mondragón Corporación Cooperativa has established its institutions for higher education as

12369-400: The elections for Navarre Parliament left a better result for pro-Basque parties, which managed to establish an alliance, Uxue Barkos from Geroa Bai being elected president of Navarre for the period 2015 – 2019. June 2019 elections, however, turned the tide, when rightist forces reunited in the platform Navarra Suma , made up of UPN, PP and Ciudadanos , and garnered 20 MPs, 40% of the seats in

12502-591: The end of the Roman period or early period of the Early Middle Ages , while ethnic Basques inhabited well east into the lands of the Pyrenees ( Pallars , Val d'Aran ) from the 8th to the 11th century. In the Early Middle Ages (up to the 9th century) the territory between the Ebro and Garonne rivers was known as Vasconia , a blurred ethnic area and polity struggling to fend off the Frankish feudal authority from

12635-522: The ethnic nature of this people, often at odds with and finally overcome by the Visigoths , is not certain. The Vascones around Pamplona , after much fighting against Franks and Visigoths, founded the Kingdom of Pamplona (824), inextricably linked to their kinsmen the Banu Qasi . All other tribes in the Iberian Peninsula had been, to a great extent, assimilated by Roman culture and language by

12768-463: The fascist salute and even involved in murderous tasks. The killing took a death toll of at least 2,857, plus a further 305 dying in prisons (ill-treatment, malnutrition). The dead were buried in mass graves or discarded into chasms abounding on the central hilly areas (Urbasa, etc.). Basque nationalists were also chased to a lesser extent, e.g. Fortunato Aguirre, a Basque nationalist and mayor of Estella (and co-founder of Osasuna Football Club),

12901-488: The feats of the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne , describing his intrusion to the Ebro river. Other Royal Frankish Annals feature nabarros . There are two proposed etymologies for the name. The linguist Joan Coromines considers naba to be linguistically part of a wider Vasconic or Aquitanian language substrate, rather than Basque per se . The official name in Basque is Nafarroa , but

13034-479: The form Nafarroa Garaia "Upper Navarre" is also often seen, to distinguish the province from neighboring Lower Navarre . Before and during the Roman Empire , the Vascones populated the southern slopes of the Pyrenees , including the area which would ultimately become Navarre. In the mountainous north, the Vascones escaped large-scale Roman settlement, except for some coastal areas—for example Oiasso (in what

13167-619: The government attempted to suppress Basque nationalism and limit the uses of the Basque language. Even the activities of the Euskaltzaindia (Basque Language Academy) were severely curtailed. In general, during these years, cultural activity in Basque was limited to folkloric issues and the Roman Catholic Church , while a higher, yet still limited degree of tolerance was granted to Basque culture and language in Álava and Navarre , since both areas mostly supported Francoist troops during

13300-475: The historic language of Navarre, largely relying on public subscription (yearly festival Nafarroa Oinez, solidarity from the ikastola network, donations, etc.) or receiving as a result no allowances for school meals. Even in northern Basque or mixed language areas, allegations raised by Basque speaker associations point regularly to a conspicuous disregard for recognised language rights, e.g. virtual non-existence of Basque language medical assistance across areas where

13433-450: The inclusion of a few communes in the lower Adour region. Jean Goyhenetche suggests it would be more accurate to depict the region as the reunion of five entities: Labourd, Lower Navarre, Soule but also Bayonne and Gramont . The Southern Basque Country , known in Basque as Hegoalde (literally, "the southern part"), is the part of the Basque region that lies completely within Spain . It

13566-404: The interior of the French Basque Country and some areas of Navarre remain sparsely populated: density culminates at about 500/km (1,300/sq mi) for Biscay but falls to 20/km (52/sq mi) in the northern inner provinces of Lower Navarre and Soule . A significant majority of the population of the Basque country live inside the Basque Autonomous Community (about 2,100,000, or 70% of

13699-518: The intervention of newly reformed and recent institutions, such as Spain's central tribunal Inquisition, the (Navarrese) Royal Tribunals, and the Diocesan Tribunal, who organized a series of trials for alleged witchcraft and heretical practices. In the heat of the Wars of Religion and the struggle for Navarre, persecution came to a head in the hysteria of the 1609–1611 Basque witch trials on both sides of

13832-572: The kingdom, Basque and Romance , but most properly the Cantabric [language] Basque, the original and most ancient, brought along by its creator, the patriarch Tubal , devoid of mingling with others; it has always been preserved there, except in the Ribera and the bordering areas of Castile and Aragon, where Romance is spoken. José Moret , chronicler of the kingdom, called Navarre and its bordering provinces "the lands of Basque", claiming also that Tubal founded

13965-536: The late 1960s, which helped Basque move away from being perceived – even by its own speakers – as a language unfit for educational purposes. While the French Republic has historically attempted to absorb ethnic minority groups – including the French Basques – into a linguistically unified state, Spain in turn has accepted intermittently in its history some degree of linguistic, cultural, and political autonomy to

14098-516: The latitude. Navarre is one of the historic Basque provinces : its Basque features are conspicuous in the north, but virtually absent on the southern fringes. The best-known event in Navarre is the annual festival of San Fermín held in Pamplona in July. The first documented use of a name resembling Navarra , Nafarroa , or Naparroa is a reference to navarros , in Eginhard 's early-9th-century chronicle of

14231-586: The midst of the Spanish Civil War . It operated only briefly before the government's defeat by Francisco Franco 's fascist forces. Several faculties, originally teaching only in Spanish, were founded in the Basque region in the Francisco Franco era. A public faculty of economics was founded in Sarriko (Bilbao) in the 1960s, and a public faculty of medicine was also founded during that decade, thus expanding

14364-451: The most populous Autonomous Community in Spain with a population of 647,554 inhabitants, which at the time was a population density of 62.32 inhabitants/km . The data of the population pyramid of 2010 can be summarized as follows: Presently, Spanish is predominantly spoken in most of the autonomous community, except for north-eastern areas, where Basque continues to be the prevailing language. According to official statistics, Spanish

14497-532: The north and the pressure of the Iberian Visigoths and Andalusi Cordovans from the south. By the turn of the millennium, a receding Carolingian royal authority and establishing feudalism left Vasconia (to become Gascony ) fragmented into a myriad of counties and viscounties , e.g. Fezensac , Bigorre , Astarac , Béarn , Tartas , Marsan , Soule , Labourd , etc., out of former tribal systems and minor realms ( County of Vasconia ), while south of

14630-539: The north of the Pyrenees , and establishing a Kingdom of Navarre- Béarn , led by Queen Joan III as of 1555. To the south of the Pyrenees, Navarre was annexed to the Crown of Castile in 1515, but kept a separate ambiguous status, and a shaky balance up to 1610— King Henry III was ready to march over Spanish Navarre. A Chartered Government was established (the Diputación ), and the kingdom managed to keep home rule. Tensions with

14763-526: The north. Gascons and Occitans from beyond the Pyrenees (called Franks ) received self-government and other privileges to foster settlement in Navarrese towns, and they brought their crafts, culture and Romance languages . Jews and Muslims were persecuted both north and south of Navarre, expelled for the most part during the late 15th century to the early 16th century. The kingdom struggled to maintain its separate identity in 14th and 15th centuries, and after King Ferdinand V forcibly conquered Navarre after

14896-485: The number of speakers dropped sharply in the 19th century. In 1936, Basque speakers accounted for a 17% of the total Navarrese population. Other languages have been spoken, but have disappeared, such as Navarro-Aragonese , a Romance language that was spoken in the Middle Ages around the central part of the Ebro basin. Starting in the late 11th century, the influx of pilgrims and colonizers from Toulouse and surrounding areas ( Francs ) who settled in separate boroughs along

15029-550: The ocean. In the Late Middle Ages , important families dotting the whole Basque territory came to prominence, often quarreling with each other for power and unleashing the bloody War of the Bands , only stopped by royal intervention and the gradual shift of power from the countryside to the towns by the 16th century. Meanwhile, the viscounties of Labourd and Soule under English suzerainty were finally incorporated to France after

15162-535: The overall guidelines established by the Spanish government but may have some minor differences. The first 3 presidents of the community belonged to the extinct Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) party. After 1984 the government was ruled by either the Socialist Party of Navarre (PSN – PSOE, one of the federative components of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party , main centre-left wing party in Spain) or

15295-1000: The population in the Basque Community. Various Romani groups existed in the Basque Country and some still exist as ethnic groups. These were grouped together under the generic terms ijituak (Gypsies) and buhameak ( Bohemians ) by Basque speakers. In the Middle Ages , many Franks settled along the Way of Saint James in Navarre and Gipuzkoa and to a lesser extent in Bizkaia. This process also happened in Northern Castile. They were all collectively called Franks because most of them came from French regions (Normans, Bretons, Burgundians, Aquitanians etc.) but an important minority of them were in fact of German, Dutch, Italian, English and Swiss stock. Some were also from even more distant lands such as Poland or Denmark. Due to this migration, Gascon

15428-560: The population) while about 600,000 live in Navarre (20% of the population) and about 300,000 (roughly 10%) in Northern Basque Country . José Aranda Aznar writes that 30% of the population in the Basque Country Autonomous Community were born in other regions of Spain and that 40% of the people living in that territory do not have a single Basque parent. Most of these peoples of Galician and Castilian stock arrived in

15561-448: The predominant languages in the Spanish and French Basque Countries are Spanish and French, respectively. In the historical process of forging themselves as nation-states , both the Spanish and French governments have tried more or less intensely to discourage the use of Basque and its linguistic identity. The language chosen for public education is the most obvious expression of this phenomenon, something which surely had an effect on

15694-458: The region had what was then Spain's largest photovoltaic power plant at Montes de Cierzo de Tudela (1.2 MWp capacity) plus several hundred smaller photovoltaic installations. Developments since 2004 have included further photovoltaic plants at Larrión (0.25 MWp) and another at Castejón (2.44 MWp), also once the largest in Spain. In 2018, the Foral Community of Navarra ranked 15th as

15827-506: The reign of Sancho III , comprising most of the Christian realms to the south of the Pyrenees, and even a short overlordship of Gascony (in the early 11th century). When Sancho III died in 1035, the kingdom was divided between his sons. It never fully recovered its political power, while its commercial importance increased as traders and pilgrims ( the Francs ) poured into the kingdom via

15960-508: The responsibility of Navarre's political institutions. As in the rest of the communities, Navarre has a Parliament elected every four years, and the majority in this Parliament determines the president of the Community, who is in charge of Navarre's government. Unlike most other autonomous communities of Spain (but like the Basque Autonomous Community ), Navarre has almost full responsibility for collecting and administering taxes which must follow

16093-659: The rest of the Basque provinces . An actual Basque state was established during the Third Carlist War with Estella as its capital (1872 – 1876), but King Alfonso XII 's restoration in the throne of Spain and a counter-attack prompted the Carlist defeat. The end of the Third Carlist War saw a renewed wave of Spanish centralisation directly affecting Navarre. In 1893 – 1894 the Gamazada popular uprising took place centred in Pamplona against Madrid's governmental decisions breaching

16226-589: The southernmost part of Navarre the climate is cool semi-arid (Köppen: Bsk). This is also at a comparatively low elevation compared to most of the north, further pontentiating the hot summers in comparison to Pamplona and even more so the northern hilly and mountainous region. The sole official weather station of Navarre is located in Pamplona in its north-western corner and has summer highs of 28 °C (82 °F) and lows of 14 °C (57 °F), while winter highs are 9 °C (48 °F) and lows 1 °C (34 °F) with moderate precipitation year-round. Navarre

16359-411: The two energy crises in 1973 and 1979 when unemployment rates were up to 20% in the Basque Country . Caja Laboral's motto at the time was "libreta o maleta", meaning being in the union ("libreta") was the only way to avoid forced migration ("maleta" – suitcase). Not only was Caja Laboral a credit union but also a workers' co-operative, which meant that its workers had a full right to participate both in

16492-447: The vast majority is Basque speaking, insufficient Basque speaking librarians, no broadcasting permission in the last 20 years (as of 2013) for the only Basque language radio in Pamplona, Spanish monolingual signalization and even removal of bilingual one, etc. Spanish is or can be spoken in Navarre by the entire population, with few exceptions in remote rural areas. The European Commission for Regional or Minority Languages to which Spain

16625-559: The vote (around 31% in the 2015 elections ), and a majority in most of the northern areas. Basque nationalist parties have as a key point in their agendas to merge Navarre into the Basque Autonomous Community by referendum (as predicted in the Spanish constitution). All Spain-based parties, as well as UPN and PSN, oppose this move. Politics in Navarre have been marked by fierce rivalry between two blocs representing different national identities that are part of Navarre society:

16758-410: The war. Nowadays, the Basque Autonomous Community enjoys some cultural and political autonomy and Basque is an official language along with Spanish. Basque is favoured by a set of language policies sponsored by the Basque regional government which aim at the generalization of its use. However, the actual implementation of this official status is patchy and problematic, relying ultimately on the will of

16891-463: The way to the Spanish Nationalist uprising in Pamplona (18 July 1936). The triumphant military revolt was followed by a terror campaign in the rearguard against blacklisted individuals considered to be progressive ("reds"), mildly republican, or just inconvenient. The purge especially affected southern Navarre along the Ebro banks, and counted on the active complicity of the clergy, who adopted

17024-534: Was announced in March 2012 and completed eight months later, in September 2012, with an officially launch in April 2013. As of 2013, it is also the third largest financial institution in the Basque Country (after Kutxabank and BBVA). Caja Laboral – Euskadiko Kutxa was founded in 1959 by José María Arizmendiarrieta , a young catholic priest who had arrived to the small town of Mondragón in 1943 and had since then stablished

17157-521: Was executed in September 1936. Humiliation and silence ensued for the survivors. Pamplona became the rebel launching point against the Republic during the War in the North . As a reward for its support in the Spanish Civil War (Navarre sided for the most part with the military uprising), Franco allowed Navarre, as it happened with Álava , to maintain during his dictatorship a number of prerogatives reminiscent of

17290-658: Was founded mainly by two co-operatives, the dairy co-op Beyena (that literally means "the one of the cows" in Basque) and Uteco, a farmers co-operative. In 1980 the union changed names to Caja Rural Provincial de Vizcaya, Sdad. Coop. Cto. Ltda and six years later, after avoiding bankruptcy thanks to the intervention of the Bank of Spain it became Caja Rural Vasca (or Baserritarren Kutxa in Basque) and began to grow outside Biscay . En 1997, it slightly changed names again to become Caja Rural Vasca, S. Coop. de Crédito and failed

17423-411: Was spoken in the centre of Donostia-San Sebastián , until the beginning of the 20th century. Navarre also held Jewish and Muslim minorities but these were expelled or forced to assimilate after the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. One of the notable members of such minorities was Benjamin of Tudela . Much as has been the case for Spain's two other major economic poles (Madrid and Catalonia),

17556-563: Was taken over by the taifa kingdom of Tudela in the 11th century. During the Reconquista , Navarre gained little ground at the expense of the Muslims, since its southern boundary had already been established by the time of the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Starting in the 11th century, the Way of Saint James grew in importance. It brought pilgrims, traders and Christian soldiers from

17689-399: Was the lowest in the country. Navarre leads Europe in its use of renewable energy technology and was planning to reach 100% renewable electricity generation by 2010. By 2004, 61% of the region's electricity was generated by renewable sources consisting of 43.6% from 28 wind farms , 12% from over 100 small-scale water turbines , and 5.3% from 2 biomass and 2 biogas plants. In addition,

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