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69-532: The original building was an Italian Embassy ballroom opened by Princess Labia on 16 May 1949 as a theatre for the staging of live performance arts. Renowned playwrights such as Robert Kirby staged productions at the theatre. A consortium consisting of the public broadcaster, the SABC and the Department of Sea Fisheries owned the theatre. Films were screened during the periods when no live performances were presented. From

138-476: A choral exhibitioner at Caius College , intending to become a music teacher. He went on to perform with a choral group called The Gentle Power of Song, who recorded a single and two albums for Polydor . His tutor once told him that his compositions sounded like a breakfast cereal commercial. This was intended as an insult, but Kirby took this as his high praise: "As good as that, eh?". At Cambridge, Kirby made friends with Paul Wheeler. They were both members of

207-603: A bar and food area, and a terrace. For several years, there was an annex location with two modern screens in the Lifestyle Centre at 50 Kloof Street, but this location was closed in 2013. In July 2014, the Labia Theatre started a crowdfunding campaign called "Digital Gold." This initiative was to raise funds for digital projectors, new facilities, and an upgraded foyer. The initiative was sufficiently successful, with 885 individuals raising over R550,000. Although well short of

276-474: A contemporary directory. The vibrancy of the local economy - especially the agricultural trade sector - was demonstrated in 1828 when a consortium of local businessmen built the Bishop's Stortford Corn Exchange , which provided trading accommodation for 65 dealers. By this point, the town directory was listing 200 commercial entries, and 350 by the turn of the century. The third major transport innovation to have

345-576: A monthly farmers market run by Bishop's Stortford Town Council. The Bishop's Stortford Independent newspaper covers Stortford, along with the neighbouring towns of Sawbridgeworth and Stansted Mountfitchet . The newspaper was founded in October 2017 following the closure of the Stortford office of the Herts and Essex Observer newspaper in 2016. The town is also covered by a number of print magazines including

414-503: A new town centre area and city-type apartments and penthouses on the riverside and elsewhere. Jackson Square (a modern shopping complex) was rebuilt and an extension added. Stortford continued to grow as a commuter town from the second half of the 20th century onwards, spurred by the construction of the M11 motorway and Stansted Airport , as well as rail links to London and Cambridge. This contributed to its rise in population to almost 38,000 at

483-499: A number of occasions the boundaries of Bishop's Stortford parish have been expanded. Most recently this occurred in 1992 when some neighbouring parts of Essex were moved into the town and in 2018 when homes were moved into Stortford from neighbouring Thorley Parish. In 2020 Bishop's Stortford was the largest town in East Hertfordshire. At the 2011 census, 93.6% of the population of Stortford described themselves as white, which

552-510: A public meeting at the town's corn exchange voted to establish a local board , the Bishop's Stortford Local Board. The parish of Bishop's Stortford was declared to be a local government district with effect from 25 December 1866, and the local board held its first meeting at the corn exchange on 23 February 1867. Jones Gifford Nash was chosen as the first chairman of the local board. The Local Board later established offices at 7 North Street. Under

621-462: A recording studio. But two weeks later we booked him together with a bunch of musicians – a smaller bunch than the first time, I remember... We were flabbergasted. He was so good. Although by 1978 Kirby had recorded arrangements for over 40 albums, it was a struggle to make ends meet. In the 1980s he went to work in marketing, becoming a director of Ipsos . He was rumoured still to have his scores for Drake's records in his mother's potting shed. (He also

690-478: A result, the road from London to Newmarket was diverted to the east of the centre of Stortford, and instead ran through the outlying settlement of Hockerill. The inns of Hockerill become an important overnight location for stop overs for overnight coaches to East Anglia . Further demands for improved roads led to the creation of the Essex and Hertfordshire Turnpike Trust (later Hockerill Turnpike Trust ) in 1744 to repair

759-579: A series of royal visits in the 17th century, with Charles I visiting the town in 1625, 1629 and 1642. The years following the last of Charles' visits were to prove somewhat turbulent for the town. During the English Civil War Stortford backed the Parliamentarians , with the Manor of Stortford being sequestered from the Bishop of London and sold off for £2,845. It was returned to the Bishop at

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828-512: A service industry, which was higher than East Hertfordshire (81.2%) and England (81.2%). Of particular note is that 7.9% of local workers are employed in Transportation and Storage which is well above the English average of 5.0%. The most significant employer in this industry is Stansted Airport, which was estimated in 2013 to employ at least 1,000 people who live in Stortford. Commuters represent

897-672: A short illness on 3 October 2009; he was 61 years old. Bishop%27s Stortford Bishop's Stortford is a historic market town and civil parish in the East Hertfordshire district, in the county of Hertfordshire , England. It is in the London commuter belt , near the border with Essex , just west of the M11 motorway and Stansted Airport , 22 miles north-east of Central London and 34 minutes away by rail from Liverpool Street station . The town had an estimated population of 41,088 in 2020. The district of East Hertfordshire , where

966-512: A show of Drake's music, using his original scores. Five Leaves Left was performed in its entirety as well as excerpts from Bryter Later and Made To Love Magic . The show starred guitarist Josh Max and singer Julie James of the Manhattan-based group The Maxes , and was attended by 3,000 Drake fans from all over the US. Kirby died in a West London hospital following emergency heart surgery after

1035-588: A significant boost to the town was the construction of the Stort Navigation , which canalised the River Stort, and opened in 1769. The improvements to the navigation of the Stort were driven by the inability of the malting industry to use the Stort for river transport, which caused significant damage to the local roads and handed a competitive advantage to neighbouring malting areas like Ware who were linked to London by

1104-529: A significant impact upon Stortford was the arrival of the railway in 1842. The line initially ran from London Liverpool Street to Stortford, but by 1845 the line was linked to Norwich. The new rail link brought an almost immediate end to the coaching industry, and the Stort Navigation entered terminal decline. The town, though boomed. Massive new residential estates grew up in the New Town (to the south and west of

1173-419: A sizeable proportion of the local working age population. The Town Wide Employment Study estimated in 2013 around 3,000 people (round 15% of those in employment) commute from Stortford by rail, with the largest proportion "in all probability" travelling into Central London. This is reflected in Stortford in the 2011 census having a much higher proportion of workers in managerial and professional occupations than

1242-442: A string arranger in mind, Richard A. Hewson . Drake rejected the few arrangements that Hewson had produced and announced that he already had a friend at university who could do a better job - that was Kirby. Drake had decided to leave university without completing his final year. When Kirby was offered the contract to arrange music for an entire album, he too gave up Cambridge university. Though Kirby arranged and conducted strings for

1311-532: Is a stop on the West Anglia Main Line and was first opened in 1842. There were 2.00 million passenger entries and exits in 2020/21. The station is served by three routes, all operated by Greater Anglia : Epping tube station on the London Underground Central line is about 10 miles away from Stortford; the line provides a stopping service through Central London to Ealing Broadway in

1380-642: The Baxter Theatre Centre and the Nico Malan Theatre Centre . Kraus left behind his legal career to concentrate on running the Labia full-time. It has continued to mainly screen cult, classic and art movies, but included more commercial fare too. Much of the original features of the old building have been maintained, such as the ticket booth, sweets counter, and even the seats. Changes to the theatre, since its inception, have included three more cinemas,

1449-507: The Bishop of London . The River Stort is named after the town, and not the town after the river. When cartographers visited the town in the 16th century, they reasoned that the town must have been named after the ford in the river and assumed the river was called the Stort. Little is known of Stortford until the Roman era , with the evidence being small archaeological finds. Limited evidence of ancient Mesolithic and Microlithic peoples in

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1518-593: The Bishop's Stortford Flyer, CM23 Connection, Axis Magazine, and The BISH . Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC London and ITV London . Television signals are received from either the Crystal Palace or the local relay transmitters. BBC East and ITV Anglia can also be received from the Sandy Heath TV transmitter. Local radio stations are BBC Three Counties Radio and Heart Hertfordshire . Bishop's Stortford railway station

1587-758: The Israeli–Palestinian conflict , due to its politically controversial nature and what appeared to the theatre's owner to be one-sidedness; the PSC alleged, however, that this was due to local Zionist lobbying, and Right2Know , who were hosting the free screening in association with the Labia and the PSC, accused the Labia of "succumb[ing] to pressure from the Zionist Federation ". 33°55′48″S 18°24′45″E  /  33.93000°S 18.41250°E  / -33.93000; 18.41250 Robert Kirby Robert Bruce Kirby (16 April 1948 – 3 October 2009)

1656-522: The Local Government Act 1894 , the Bishop's Stortford Local Board was replaced by the Bishop's Stortford Urban District Council in 1894. The new council held its first meeting on 5 January 1895. The last chairman of the local board, John Slater, was appointed the first chairman of the urban district council. The council continued to be based at 7 North Street until the First World War . In 1914

1725-625: The Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, 1953 was largely ignored. Mario Veo and Ingrid Burnett then owned the cinema from 1979 to 1989. The actor, Richard E. Grant was studying nearby at the University of Cape Town and he was a frequent patron of the cinema. For Grant it acted as a "second university", providing him an opening into the world of cinema. Ludi Kraus has owned the cinema since September 1989. Kraus had previously imported foreign-language films from Europe and arranged their screenings at

1794-569: The Restoration . The Great Plague of 1666–7 , and its lasting effects, reduced the population to only around 600 by 1700. The effects of the plague were so severe that the town had to appeal to the Hertfordshire magistrates, who levied a rate on every parish in the county for the relief of Bishop's Stortford, Hoddesdon and Cheshunt . Despite the demographic impact of the Great Plague, perhaps

1863-576: The 13th century. In terms of governance, early medieval Stortford was part of the Braughing Hundred , but acquired burgesses and between 1306 and 1336 was taxed as a borough. No charter survives however, and civil authority passed to two local manor courts at the Castle and the Rectory. Stortford briefly sent two members to parliament in the reigns of Edward II and Edward III , with writs being issued to

1932-414: The 50 councillors on East Herts Council. For elections to Bishop's Stortford Town Council, the town is split into nine wards: All Saints, Central, Chantry, Parsonage, Silverleys, South, Thorley Manor North, Thorley Manor South and Waterside. For elections to Hertfordshire County Council, out of the 78 electoral divisions in total, three divisions cover Bishop's Stortford: Bishop's Stortford East (comprising

2001-588: The Caius Breakfast Club, also called "The Loungers". The rules included eating a Loungers' breakfast on Sundays, and 'stand[ing] by ye gate once a day and observ[ing] what strange creatures God hath made'. An outsider (the 'Oddefellowe') was permitted to become a member. Robert and Paul were both friends with Nick Drake so they invited him to be the Oddefellowe. A line in Drake's song "Way To Blue" seems to echo one of

2070-446: The English average of 86.2%. Stortford recorded a significantly higher proportion of European Union -born residents than either East Hertfordshire or England. The number of UK-born residents in 2011 was down from the 92.4% recorded in 2001. The number of occupied dwellings in Bishop's Stortford rose from 13,733 in 2001 to 14,920. In Stortford 3.0% of properties were recorded as empty in 2011, compared with 4.3% across England. Overall,

2139-556: The Jackson Square shopping centre. Bishop's Stortford Urban District Council was granted a coat of arms on 20 August 1952. Bishop's Stortford Urban District was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972 , becoming part of East Hertfordshire on 1 April 1974. Bishop's Stortford Town Council was established as a successor parish to the old urban district. The former urban district council's offices at 1 The Causeway were taken over by East Hertfordshire District Council, whilst

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2208-560: The Musicians That Revolutionized Rock , which opens with a quote from him. One of his lasting associations was with Shelagh McDonald . Sandy Roberton, McDonald's then producer, invited her to visit Kirby's flat. He took an instant liking to her and did orchestral arrangements for songs on her first two albums, Stargazer and Album . On 2 July 2005, Kirby conducted an 18-piece orchestra in Manhattan 's Central Park for

2277-466: The Principal Town Centre in East Hertfordshire by East Hertfordshire District Council 's District Plan , serving as a destination for visitors from beyond the town. There is both an indoor shopping centre, Jackson Square, and a traditional high street running along the axis of South Street, Potter Street and North Street, as well as the adjoining streets. The town has a twice weekly market and

2346-592: The R2,000,000 target needed, the campaign helped rejuvenate the Labia Theatre with digital projectors in all of its cinemas. In February 2012, the Palestine Solidarity Campaign (PSC) threatened to boycott the theatre and lodge a complaint with the Human Rights Commission (HRC) after it refused to screen the documentary Roadmap to Apartheid , which draws parallels between South African apartheid and

2415-638: The River Lea. The work on the canal undertaken by George Jackson (later Sir George Duckett ) had the added benefit of alleviating the flooding risk in the town. With the roads and Stort navigation providing easy access to London markets, industrialisation came to Stortford. The advent of the Stort Navigation brought new industries to the town, with bargemen, lock-keepers, wharfingers, coal and timber merchants all appearing. The malting industry also saw output significantly increase, with brown malt production doubling between 1788 and 1811. Together with national trends in

2484-451: The Stortford area was settled only sparsely in prehistoric times, and nearby places like Braughing and Little Hallingbury were of more importance." Stortford was on the line of the Roman road, Stane Street , which ran from St Albans to Colchester via Braughing. Construction started around 50AD on the road. Little evidence from the period survives except for excavations showing a section of

2553-755: The areas covered by the All Saints, Parsonage and Chantry Town Council Wards), Bishop's Stortford Rural (the South, Thorley Manor South Town Council Wards together with the Little Hadham and Much Hadham East Herts District Council Wards) and Bishop's Stortford West (the Central, Silverleys, Thorley Manor North and Waterside Town Council Wards). After 46 years of being twinned with the German town of Friedberg and Villiers-sur-Marne in France,

2622-401: The brewing industry, the 40 malthouses in Stortford in early 1800s Stortford also helped to stimulate the local brewing trade. At the turn of the 19th century, there were 18 brewers in town which in turn boosted the inn trade. The boom in the town in turn boosted the metal working and bricklaying trades, and also aided the general retail trade. In 1791 there were 30 principal traders according to

2691-457: The castle started the following year at John's expense, and John stayed the night in the castle in 1216. By the 15th century, the castle had fallen into disrepair, and the Bishop's Court (one of the administrative structures for the area) moved to Hockerill, to the east of the town. At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086 the village had a population of around 120, and grew to around 700 by

2760-447: The collar. He was very young and he had struck me as a person you could push about – some people in a recording session will do whatever you tell them – but he was getting quietly more and more aggravated, and in the end he dug his heels in and dismissed the arrangements. He said he'd get this friend at Cambridge, Robert Kirby, he thought would be much more sympathetic to what he was doing. Robert had never before done anything in his life in

2829-468: The coming decades as the railways spurred industrialisation. Population growth averaged 1.12% per annum through to 1911 and the advent of World War I. Inter-war growth averaged 1.54% per annum. Stortford's population exceeded the county town of Hertford in the 1961 census, even though Stortford's average population growth slowed to 1.39% between World War II and 2020. Sources of population growth have been predominantly natural growth and in-migration, but on

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2898-464: The council bought a large old house called Wharf House at 4 The Causeway. The house had been built by George Jackson , who had also built the adjoining Stort Navigation . Wharf House was renamed the Council House, and served as the council's offices until October 1972, when the council moved to purpose-built offices at 1 The Causeway. The Council House was demolished shortly afterwards to make way for

2967-476: The demise of the line which closed to passengers in 1952 and freight in 1972. The mid-19th century onwards also saw the rapid growth in public utilities, public services and governance in the town. The first gas street lights were installed in the town in the 1830s, in 1855 the New Cemetery was opened, in the 1870s a sewage farm and an isolation hospital were built, while in 1895 the town's first proper hospital

3036-686: The dominant type of housing are detached and semi-detached housing, although the proportion of flats has grown from 13.0% in 2001 to 17.6% in 2011. The proportion of flats is well below the English average of 22.1% Home ownership is high in Bishop's Stortford at 72.3% of households, which is above both the East Hertfordshire and English averages. The proportion of properties available for social rent has risen from 9.8% in 2001 to 10.1% in 2011. Stortford has three tiers of local government at parish (town), district, and county level: Bishop's Stortford Town Council, East Hertfordshire District Council , and Hertfordshire County Council . Historically, Stortford

3105-588: The early 1970s, the cinema was owned by Polish emigrant, Wolf Miknowski. It was facing significant challenges to its survival with the opening of the Nico Malan Theatre (now the Artscape Theatre Centre ) in the CBD. Miknowski allowed Eric Liknaitzky to rent the theatre to screen independent arthouse films. Liknaitzky, Trevor Taylor and Tony Velks were among the chief distributors. Apartheid legislation such as

3174-506: The evidence becoming much stronger after the Norman Conquest . In 1060 when William, Bishop of London , bought Stortford manor and estate for £8, leading to the town's modern name. By 1086, the motte-and-bailey Waytemore Castle had been built as a local strongpoint for the area. It acted as a centre for defence and civil administration for roughly 125 years before it was dismantled but not destroyed by King John in 1211. Rebuilding of

3243-625: The form of flakes, cores and an axe have been found on the Meads and Silverleys respectively. Most Bronze Age evidence is from the neighbouring parish of Thorley to the south as opposed to Stortford proper, but a 3,000 year old socketed spearhead has been found at Haymeads Lane within the town. Evidence of settlement has been found on Dunmow Road dating from the Middle Bronze Age through to Romano-British times. In Bishop's Stortford: A History , Jacqueline Cooper concludes "existing evidence suggests that

3312-542: The historic core) and Hockerill (across the river to the east of the historic core) in the decades following the building of the railway. A Bishop's Stortford–Braintree branch line was built to Braintree to bring goods into Stortford from the surrounding more rural areas, with the first section to Great Dunmow opening in 1864. The single track line struggled to gain traction, and by 1922 had only seven eastbound and six westbound trains per day. The bus service which started between Stortford and Dunmow in 1920 contributed to

3381-667: The importance of "quality of life" as an important economic asset. In addition to East Hertfordshire topping the Halifax Quality of Life survey in 2020, Stortford has been highlighted as a popular commuter town in articles in The Times , The Evening Standard , and the Metro newspaper London . Like the UK as a whole, Stortford has a highly service-based economy. In the 2011 census, 84.5% of Stortford residents in employment stated that they worked in

3450-459: The majority of Five Leaves , Harry Robinson was commissioned to arrange the strings for the centerpiece song, " River Man ". John Wood , the album's sound engineer describes Kirby's involvement: The first strong memory I have of Nick was at the second or third session for Five Leaves Left . Richard Hewson, a well known arranger, and a fifteen piece orchestra had been brought in to arrange Nick's songs. Nick started getting hotter and hotter under

3519-425: The maltings and the town's market supported a large number of inns and public houses by the middle of the 16th century pointing to its prosperity. Over the following hundred years, Stortford grew markedly. The population of Stortford reached 1,500 by 1660 as a result of a positive net birth rate and migration to the town. This was despite a series of a dozen plagues between the 1560s and 1660s. The town also enjoyed

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3588-402: The national average, as shown in the table below. Stortford itself has a strong internal economy, with an estimated 16,985 people employed within the town boundaries. There are 329 businesses established in the town centre (as of 2018) represented by the Bishop's Stortford Business Improvement District (BID). There is also a Bishop's Stortford Chamber of Commerce. Stortford is considered

3657-719: The new town council was based at the former offices of the Braughing Rural District Council at 2 Hockerill Street. The town council moved to the Old Monastery on Windhill in 1994. East Hertfordshire District Council vacated 1 The Causeway in 2013, having consolidated most of its functions at its main offices in Hertford . The district council set up a smaller Bishop's Stortford office in Charringtons House, adjoining 1 The Causeway. The vacated office at 1 The Causeway

3726-531: The road between Harlow Bush Common and Stump Cross in Great Chesterford . Later Acts of Parliament extended the term of the Trust and allowed new road construction. From March 1785 the mail coaches ran from London to Norwich via Stortford. Thus, the improved highways marked the first of the phases of Stortford's growth driven by emergent transport technology. The second major transport development to provide

3795-466: The road, evidence of a cremation facility and a burial site. None of the excavations has shown evidence of the Roman fort which likely existed in Stortford. The settlement was probably abandoned in the 5th century after the break-up of the Roman Empire. Following the end of the Roman era, a new Anglo-Saxon settlement grew up on the site. However, little is known about Stortford until the 1060s with

3864-690: The rules of the Loungers: "We will wait at your gate, hoping like the blind..." Kirby recruited eight musicians (seven women and one man) to play alongside Nick Drake at the Caius May Ball. Kirby wore evening dress, and the seven women wore black ankle-length dresses with white feather boas. They performed in the library. Four of the songs were with the string orchestra and a couple of others were Drake solo. After every third song, they played classical music ( Leopold Mozart and Tomaso Albinoni ). When Joe Boyd recruited Drake to record an album, he already had

3933-509: The time of the 2011 census. Of the seven suburbs of Thorley , Town, Havers, Stortford Fields, Bishop's Park, St Michael's Mead and Snowley the last is a separate ecclesiastical parish east of the River Stort, centred around the old coaching inns, All Saints in Stansted Road and Snowley Parade, bordering Birchanger Woods and Essex. Postwar development has enlarged the town's area further. The earliest reliable population figure for Stortford

4002-452: The town centre is located, was ranked as the best place to live in the UK by the Halifax Quality of Life annual survey in 2020. The origins of the town's name are uncertain. One possibility is that the Saxon settlement derives its name from 'Steorta's ford' or 'tail ford', in the sense of a 'tail', or tongue, of land. The town became known as Bishop's Stortford due to the acquisition in 1060 by

4071-636: The town council ended links in 2011. Stortford is a prosperous town. The key drivers of its growth according to the Town Wide Employment Study for Bishop's Stortford are "Stansted Airport, an excellent rail service into central London and good road links via the M11 to London, the M25 northern sub-region and Cambridge. Stortford is well positioned in relation to the UK's most dynamic economies." This study also highlights Stortford's skilled population, as well as

4140-477: The town in the 1311–1315, 1318, 1320, 1322 and 1340. At the start of the early modern period in the mid 15th century, Stortford was a primarily agricultural community, but had also acquired a tanning industry. By the 16th century, Stortford had become an important centre of the malting industry. Not only were the local soils well suited for grains, but the fact that the town was just 35 miles to London provided an impetus to its development. The economic draw of

4209-542: The turning point in Stortford's fortunes was the creation of the 'Hockerill by-pass' in 1670. King Charles II had in the 1660s been increasingly travelling from London to Newmarket for the races and disliked the noise and congestion of Stortford, with its odorous market, maltings and tanneries. Moreover, the route was not always passable as noted by diarist Samuel Pepys who in made the following entry in his diary on 23 May 1668: ‘and so to Bishop's Stafford [sic]. The ways mighty full of water so as hardly to be passed’. As

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4278-558: Was 120 at the publication of the Domesday Book in 1086. Over the successive centuries the population waxed and waned as a result of economic growth and plagues, and generally only rough population estimates exist. By the time of the first nationwide census in 1801 Stortford's population had reached 2,305 spurred by the town's position on the Hockerill Turnpike and the canalisation of the River Stort. Steady growth continued over

4347-447: Was administered by its parish vestry , in the same way as most small towns and rural areas; no borough corporation was established for the town, despite some limited moves in that direction in the fourteenth century. Bishop's Stortford was included in the hundred of Braughing . The Bishop's Stortford Poor Law Union was established in 1835, covering the town and surrounding parishes in both Hertfordshire and Essex. On 25 October 1866

4416-579: Was an English arranger of string sections for rock and folk music . He worked on the Nick Drake albums, Five Leaves Left and Bryter Layter , and with Vashti Bunyan , Elton John , Ralph McTell , Strawbs , Paul Weller and Elvis Costello . Robert Kirby was born on 16 April 1948 in Bishop's Stortford , Hertfordshire, into a working class family. He won a scholarship to Bishop's Stortford College , an independent school in Hertfordshire. Kirby matriculated at Cambridge University in October 1967 as

4485-729: Was demolished in 2017. Bishop's Stortford is the largest town within the Hertford and Stortford County Constituency for elections to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom . The constituency covers Stortford, Hertford, Ware, Sawbridgeworth and the surrounding rural areas. For elections to East Herts District Council, Bishop's Stortford has been divided into six wards since the May 2023 local elections wards: All Saints, Central, North, Parsonage, South and Thorley Manor. Bishop's Stortford residents elect 14 of

4554-603: Was for three years, 1975–1978 one of the two keyboard players for Strawbs , touring the UK and internationally, and getting some composing credits on the albums Deep Cuts , Deadlines and Burning for You ). He returned to music full-time in the 2000s, doing further arranging for Strawbs with Baroque & Roll (2001), Déjà Fou (2004) and Dancing to the Devil's Beat (2009). He talks extensively about his career in Nick Awde's 2008 book Mellotron , subtitled The Machine and

4623-430: Was immune from bombings, with 20 bombs recorded as having been dropped in 1940. Targets included Hockerill Training College where three students were killed on 10 October 1940. The railway station was hit twice during the war and a rocket landed near Farnham Road in the town in 1945. In the post-war era the town centre underwent changes with the demolition of a multi-storey car park and surrounding area to make way for

4692-403: Was lower than the 96.2% recorded in the 2001 census. The number of people describing themselves as having a white background in 2011 was significantly higher than the England aggregate of 85.4%, but slightly lower than the overall East Hertfordshire figure. The proportion of Bishop's Stortford residents reporting having been born in the United Kingdom was 87.8%, and was only slightly higher than

4761-443: Was opened. By 1911, the Encyclopædia Britannica referred to the town as having strong educational pedigree: "The high school, formerly the grammar school, was founded in the time of Elizabeth.... There are a Nonconformist grammar school, a diocesan training college for mistresses, and other educational establishments." During World War II , Stortford was a reception area for evacuees. This did not, however, mean that Stortford

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