Protestant Reformation Counter-Reformation Aristotelianism Scholasticism Patristics
65-913: Second scholasticism of the School of Salamanca Lutheran scholasticism during Lutheran orthodoxy Ramism among the Reformed orthodoxy Metaphysical poets in the Church of England The Jesuits against Jansenism Labadists against the Jesuits Pietism against orthodox Lutherans Nadere Reformatie within Dutch Calvinism Richard Hooker against the Ramists Neologists against Lutherans Spinozists against Dutch Calvinists Deists against Anglicanism John Locke against Bishop Stillingfleet The Labadists were
130-542: A 17th-century Protestant religious community movement founded by Jean de Labadie (1610–1674), a French pietist . The movement derived its name from that of its founder. Jean de Labadie (1610–1674) came from an area near Bordeaux. In his early life he was a Roman Catholic and a Jesuit . However, at that time the Jesuits were wary of overt spiritual manifestations, so Labadie, who himself experienced frequent visions and inner enlightenment, found himself dissatisfied and left
195-532: A Messianic movement around Sabbatai Zevi in 1667. At length, in 1669, at 59 years of age, Labadie broke away from all established denominations and began a Christian community at Amsterdam . In three adjoining houses lived a core of some sixty adherents to Labadie's teaching. They shared possessions after the pattern of the Church as described in the New Testament book of Acts. Persecution forced them to leave after
260-599: A laboratory at the house and treated many people, including Christian V , the King of Denmark. He is remembered as one of the Netherlands' pioneering obstetricians . Several noted visitors have left their accounts of visits to the Labadist community. One was Sophia of Hanover , mother of King George I of Great Britain ; another was William Penn , the Quaker pioneer, who gave his name to
325-730: A lasting legacy in Reformed churches, influencing theology and the identity of these communities to this day. The confessions and catechisms drafted during this period remain important in teaching and preaching in many Reformed churches. The Lutheran Orthodoxy, spanning the late 16th to the mid-18th centuries, represents a pivotal era within Lutheranism, characterized by efforts to systematize and define Lutheran doctrines in response to theological challenges and controversies that arose after Martin Luther's death. During this period, Lutheran theologians undertook
390-606: A major Jewish community developed in Altona starting in 1611, when Count Ernest of Schaumburg and Holstein-Pinneberg granted the first permanent residence permits to Ashkenazic Jews . Members did business both in Hamburg and in Altona itself. All that remains after the Nazi Holocaust during World War II are the Jewish cemeteries , but in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, the community
455-488: A minor impact in the Catholic realm. Rodrigo de Arriaga , Juan de Sorozábal, Francisco Palanco, Miguel de Elizalde, and Diego Avendaño , among others, contributed to this period. Their impact did not match the extensive influence of scholastic authors from the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century. Influenced by Emmanuel Maignan , philosophers like Jaime Servera and Tomás Vicente Tosca y Mascó attempted to provide
520-518: A more comprehensive understanding of theological principles. In response to the intellectual challenges of the time, Lutheran Orthodoxy witnessed the establishment of educational institutions. Lutheran universities and schools were founded to train theologians and pastors, contributing significantly to the preservation and transmission of Lutheran theology. In essence, Lutheran Orthodoxy played a crucial role in consolidating and preserving Lutheran theology amidst theological debates. This period contributed to
585-400: A new innovative impulse to modern scholasticism. They aimed to synthesize the works and ideas of previous philosophers such as Suárez and Gabriel Vásquez with the new scientific discoveries. In some Iberian universities, the modern scholastic culture persisted strongly into the 19th century, setting the stage for the emergence of Neo-scholasticism in the 19th century. Despite this, during
650-479: A rigorous focus on dogmatic theology, aiming to systematize key doctrines of the Christian faith. This included soteriology (doctrine of salvation), the doctrine of God, Christology, Pneumatology, and other areas of systematic theology. Emphasis was placed on coherence and logical structure in formulating beliefs. Theological debates and controversies arose during this period, especially in areas such as predestination and
715-722: A stir and was famed abroad. Its example inspired in George Whitefield , the English preacher and revivalist, a yearning for a similar foundation which eventually came to being in America. Labadie's most influential writing was The Reform of the Church Through the Pastorate (1667). Second scholasticism Protestant Reformation Counter-Reformation Aristotelianism Scholasticism Patristics Second scholasticism of
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#1733086285268780-681: A tract of 3,750 acres (15 km) on his land Bohemia Manor in Cecil County, Maryland , to them because of legal issues. The group established a colony which grew rapidly to between 100 and 200 members. In the 1690s a gradual decline set in and finally the practice of communal sharing was suspended. From that moment on the Labadists dwindled, both in Maryland, which ceased to exist after 1720, and in Friesland they had died out by 1730. The Labadists held to
845-656: A year, and they moved to Herford in Germany . Here the community became more firmly established until war forced them to move to Altona (then in Denmark , now a suburb of Hamburg ), where Labadie died in 1674. Labadie's most influential writing was La Réformation de l'Eglise par le Pastorat (1667). In the Labadist community there were craftsmen who generated income, although as many men as possible were sent on outreach to neighbouring towns. Children were tutored communally. The women had traditional roles as homemakers. A printing press
910-644: Is a valuable early account of life in colonial New Netherland (later New York), on the Chesapeake and the Delaware in 1679–80 and includes several hand drawings and maps. Danckaerts and Schlüter met the son of Augustine Herman , a successful Maryland businessman, in New York and he introduced them to his father in 1679. Herman was impressed with the men and their group. Initially Herman did not want to grant land to them, only permit Labadist settlement, but in 1683, he conveyed
975-433: Is the period of revival of scholastic system of philosophy and theology , in the 16th and 17th centuries. The scientific culture of second scholasticism surpassed its medieval source ( Scholasticism ) in the number of its proponents, the breadth of its scope, the analytical complexity, sense of historical and literary criticism, and the volume of editorial production, most of which remains hitherto little explored. Unlike
1040-570: The Austro-Prussian War , Schleswig-Holstein as a whole became the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein in 1867 and as such Altona became part of the German Empire in 1871. In the same year, the town was hit by cholera , with a minimum of 16 casualties in Altona. Because of severe restrictions on the number of Jews allowed to live in Hamburg until 1864 (with the exception of 1811–1815),
1105-515: The Bible , house meetings, and much else that was novel for the Reformed Church at that time. Here too he made contact with leading figures of the spiritual and reformatory circles of the day, such as Jan Amos Comenius , and Antoinette Bourignon . With a broad-mindedness unusual for the period, Labadie was gracious and cautiously welcoming towards the move of repentance and new zeal among many Jews in
1170-579: The Complutenses and others. Scholasticism played a significant role during the Counter-Reformation, a movement within the Catholic Church that emerged in response to the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. During this period, spanning roughly from the mid-16th to the mid-17th centuries, scholastic thinkers made several important contributions in the theological and philosophical realms to bolster
1235-499: The Elbe river, Altona had a population of 270,263 in 2016. From 1640 to 1864, Altona was under the administration of the Danish monarchy. Altona was an independent borough until 1937. Altona was founded in 1535 as a village of fishermen in what was then Holstein-Pinneberg . In 1640, Altona came under Danish rule as part of Holstein-Glückstadt , and in 1664 was granted municipal rights by
1300-633: The Greater Hamburg Act removed Altona from the Free State of Prussia in 1937 and merged it (and several surrounding towns) with the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg. After police raids and a special court, on 1 August 1933, Bruno Tesch and others were found guilty and put to death by beheading with a hand-held axe. In the 1990s, the Federal Republic of Germany reversed the convictions of Tesch and
1365-590: The School of Salamanca Lutheran scholasticism during Lutheran orthodoxy Ramism among the Reformed orthodoxy Metaphysical poets in the Church of England The Jesuits against Jansenism Labadists against the Jesuits Pietism against orthodox Lutherans Nadere Reformatie within Dutch Calvinism Richard Hooker against the Ramists Neologists against Lutherans Spinozists against Dutch Calvinists Deists against Anglicanism John Locke against Bishop Stillingfleet Second scholasticism , also called Modern scholasticism ,
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#17330862852681430-600: The Scientific Revolution . During the Enlightenment of the 18th century, second scholasticism remained largely dormant outside the Spanish empire and Portugal. Despite this, scholastics like Francisco Suárez , Juan de Mariana , and Luis de Molina retained influence for an extended period. Despite its decline, the second half of the 17th century and the early 18th century saw the emergence of influential authors who had
1495-574: The Second Schleswig War (February–October 1864) led to Denmark's cession of the Duchies of Schleswig , Holstein and Lauenburg ; they were initially jointly administered as a condominium by Prussian and Austrian administration. With the Gastein Convention of 14 August 1865, Holstein came under solely Austrian administration, while Schleswig and Lauenburg came under Prussian authority. After
1560-555: The "First", i.e. medieval scholasticism, a typical feature of second scholasticism was the development of schools of thought, developing the intellectual heritage of their "teacher". Two schools survived from earlier phases of scholasticism, Scotism and Thomism . The Scotists, mostly belonging to the various branches of the Franciscan order, include the Italians Antonio Trombetta , Bartolomeo Mastri , Bonaventura Belluto ;
1625-466: The 16th century provided to the Second Scholasticism with some main figures, such as aforementioned Francisco de Vitoria , as well as Domingo de Soto , and an orientation focused on law , economy , theology and other academic disciplines that linked scholasticism with topics and problems more typical of modern societies. The intellectual influence of second scholasticism was augmented by
1690-479: The 16th-century Protestant Reformation in various ways. Although the reformers often criticized Scholasticism in their quest to return to biblical sources, some important contributions of this tradition to the Reformation can be identified: Scholasticism provided a systematic framework for theology, allowing reformers to structure and organize their own doctrines logically and coherently. This was particularly evident in
1755-510: The 18th century, modern scholasticism faced significant criticism from scholars associated with the Bourbon dynasty . The cultural shift in Spanish intellectual culture, transitioning from the conservative views of second scholasticism to the new ideas of French and British philosophers during the Enlightenment, further impacted modern scholasticism. Additionally, a notable decline occurred after
1820-683: The Catholic Church's position. Some of these contributions include: The defense of Catholic Tradition, Scholasticism, in the Counter-Reformation, focused on defending and preserving Catholic tradition against challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation. Scholastics advocated for the authority of the Church and tradition in interpreting Scriptures, in contrast to the individualistic interpretations promoted by some Protestant reformers. Doctrinal Clarification: Scholastic thinkers worked on clarifying Catholic doctrines, providing detailed and systematic explanations on key theological matters. This involved
1885-700: The Danish King Frederik III , who then ruled in personal union as Duke of Holstein. Altona was one of the Danish monarchy's most important harbor towns. The railway from Altona to Kiel , the Hamburg-Altona–Kiel railway (Danish: Christian VIII Østersø Jernbane ), was opened in 1844. The wars between Denmark and the German Confederation – the First Schleswig War (1848–1851) and
1950-745: The Frenchman Claude Frassen , the Irish emigrants Luke Wadding , John Punch , and Hugh Caughwell ; and the Germans Bernhard Sannig and Crescentius Krisper . The Thomists were usually but not exclusively represented by the Iberians in the Dominican and the Carmelite orders. They include Thomas Cajetan (or Caietanus), Franciscus Ferrariensis , Domingo de Soto , Domingo Báñez , João Poinsot ,
2015-430: The Labadist colony in Friesland for some years, went to Surinam in 1700 and drew several plates for her classic Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium on the Labadist plantation of La Providence. The mother colony in Friesland sent two envoys, Jasper Danckaerts and Peter Schlüter (or Sluyter), to purchase land for a colony. Danckaerts, an experienced seafarer, kept a journal which has survived and has been published. It
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2080-494: The US state of Pennsylvania ; a third was the English philosopher John Locke . Several Reformed pastors left their parishes to live in community at Wieuwerd. At its peak, the community numbered around 600 with many more adherents further afield. Visitors came from England, Italy, Poland and elsewhere, but not all approved of the strict discipline. Those of arrogant disposition were given the most menial of jobs. Fussiness in matters of food
2145-495: The University of Coimbra or the University of Leuven, where they taught and promoted Catholic education. The training of Catholic priests and scholars was considered essential to counteract Reformed ideas and maintain Catholic orthodoxy. In summary, Scholasticism played a crucial role in the Counter-Reformation by offering intellectual and systematic defense of the Catholic faith, addressing theological controversies, and contributing to
2210-575: The affluent Blankenese and Nienstedten quarters within the borough. The border of Altona to the south is the River Elbe , and across the river the state of Lower Saxony and the boroughs of Harburg and Hamburg-Mitte . To the east is the borough of Hamburg-Mitte and to the north is the borough of Eimsbüttel . The western border is with the state of Schleswig-Holstein . According to the statistical office of Hamburg, Altona has an area of 77.5 km or 29.9 sq mi in 2006. Politically,
2275-522: The age of 62 she gave up everything and joined the Labadists. After Labadie's death, his followers returned to the Netherlands, where they set up a community in a stately home – Walta Castle – at Wieuwerd in Friesland , which belonged to three sisters Van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck, who were his adherents. Here printing and many other occupations continued, including farming and milling. One member, Hendrik van Deventer, skilled in chemistry and medicine, set up
2340-517: The beliefs and traditions of their founder, Labadie. Chiefly these were: William Penn records in his journal a meeting with the Labadists in 1677, which gives an insight into the reasons why these people chose to live a communal lifestyle. Labadie's widow, Lucia, testified to Penn about her younger days in which she had mourned the insipid state of the Christianity which she saw around her: If God would make known to me his way, I would trample upon all
2405-422: The development of philosophy and moral theology. They explored ethical and moral questions within a philosophical framework, seeking to provide ethical and moral guidance in a context where Catholic practices and teachings were being questioned. Support for Catholic Education: Many scholastic thinkers were associated with Catholic educational institutions, such as the University of Salamanca, the University of Alcalá,
2470-466: The development of theology and philosophy within the Catholic framework. These efforts helped consolidate and strengthen the Catholic Church's position during a period of significant challenges. The emergence of the second scholasticism during Renaissance in the University of Salamanca was highly determined by the influence of Francisco de Vitoria and the Dominican order , which during the first half of
2535-538: The elaboration of systematic theologies within Protestantism. Reformers like John Calvin and Martin Luther, while critical of certain aspects of Scholasticism, systematically organized their teachings, creating theological systems that addressed various doctrinal issues. Despite the reformers' emphasis on returning to the Scriptures as the primary source of authority, they used terms and philosophical categories developed in
2600-554: The elaboration of theological treatises and the systematization of Catholic theology, helping strengthen the internal coherence of Church teachings. Theological Controversies: Scholasticism during the Counter-Reformation addressed various theological controversies that arose in the context of the Reformation. For example, it focused on debates regarding justification, grace, and sacraments, presenting arguments supporting Catholic positions and refuting Protestant objections. Development of Philosophy and Moral Theology: Scholastics contributed to
2665-538: The entirety of which is now in the Altona borough. Altona is noted for being the site of the popular Altona Fischmarkt . Commentators and politicians, including former member of the Hamburg Parliament Stefanie von Berg [ de ] , have noted that neighborhoods in Altona is diverse in terms of social conditions. Von Berg noted that poverty present in the Lurup and Osdorf quarters contrast with
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2730-528: The establishment of a systematic doctrinal framework, educational institutions, and liturgical practices, shaping the identity and theology of Lutheranism, which continues to resonate in contemporary expressions of the Lutheran tradition. The golden age of second scholasticism was between the late 16th century and the first half of the 17th century ; it remained largely in control of university curricula in philosophy. Second scholasticism began to decline under
2795-725: The establishment of the Society of Jesus (1540), by Ignatius Loyola , per approval of Pope Paul III . The "Jesuits" are considered a third "school" of second scholasticism, although this refers more to the common style of academic work rather than to some common doctrine. The important figures include Pedro da Fonseca , Antonio Rubio , the Conimbricenses , Robert Bellarmine , Francisco Suárez , Luis de Molina , Gabriel Vásquez , Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza , Rodrigo de Arriaga , Thomas Compton Carleton and many others. The joint intellectual and didactic work between Jesuits and Dominicans within
2860-595: The faith, contributing to the development of theological thought in the context of the Protestant Reformation. Among the tendencies of scholastic thought typical of the Protestant environment, two must be highlighted: The Reformed Orthodoxy which refers to the theological tradition that flourished in Reformed churches during the 16th and 17th centuries, following the Protestant Reformation led by figures such as John Calvin and Martin Luther. This period of consolidation and theological articulation sought to systematically establish
2925-517: The following quarters (German: Stadtteile ) are part of Altona borough: In 2018, Altona had a population of 274,702 people. 18.0% are children under the age of 18 and 17.9% are 65 years of age or older. 16.2% are immigrants. 5.0% of people are registered as unemployed. In 2018, 53,4% of all households are single-person households. There are 195 kindergartens and 31 primary schools in Altona as well as 879 physicians in private practice, 254 dentists and 60 pharmacies. Simultaneously with elections to
2990-654: The formulation of confessions of faith and catechisms that defined Protestant beliefs. Reformers employed scholastic methods of argumentation and debate to defend their theological views and refute positions held by the Catholic Church. This methodology influenced the creation of polemical writings and the systematic presentation of Reformed doctrines. Although reformers criticized certain aspects of Aristotelian logic used by Scholasticism, they still incorporated elements of logical reasoning into their theology. Logic and reason were used to establish theological arguments and present doctrines clearly and coherently. Scholasticism influenced
3055-528: The framework of the Counter-Reformation helped spread the ideas of the second scholasticism throughout the New World and Europe, where the orders, supported by monarchies and local authorities, founded academies, seminaries, universities also directing numerous prestigious universities of the period. Along with these more orthodox authors as far as the scholastic current is concerned, we must also highlight
3120-592: The fundamental beliefs of the Reformed tradition. In this context, confessions of faith and catechisms were formulated to express the Reformed doctrines clearly and systematically. Notable examples include the Westminster Confession, the Canons of Dort, and the Heidelberg Catechism. These documents became doctrinal standards and guides for teaching in Reformed churches. "Reformed Orthodoxy" was characterized by
3185-480: The influence of philosophers writing in vernacular languages. These philosophers were not entirely free from the impact of second scholasticism—which indeed played a significant role for many of them—but sought alternatives to the dominant Aristotelian thought nevertheless. Notable figures such as Descartes , Pascal , and Locke emerged as challengers. Second scholasticism also faced competition from more experimental and mathematical approaches to science promoted by
3250-547: The mayor of Altona, directed that town personnel should be paid in part with gas meter tokens, as the tokens did not lose value from inflation. The most notable event at that time was the Altona Bloody Sunday (German: Altonaer Blutsonntag ) on 17 July 1932, when 18 people were killed, all but two by police, during a violent clash between Nazi marchers and members or supporters of the Communist Party . In 1938,
3315-542: The order in 1639. He had fleeting links with the Oratoire , then Jansenism (on occasions staying with the solitaries of Port-Royal , who received him at the time but later sought to dissociate themselves from him). He was a parish priest and evangelist in the southern French dioceses of Toulouse and Bazas, preaching social righteousness, new birth , and separation from worldliness. His promotion of inner piety and personal spiritual experiences brought opposition and threats from
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#17330862852683380-569: The other men who were put to death, clearing their names. On 1 February 2007, the Ortsämter (district offices) in Hamburg were done away with. In Altona, the districts of Blankenese, Lurup and Osdorf had existed and had local offices. On 1 March 2008, the Schanzenviertel neighborhood, which had spanned parts of the boroughs of Altona, Eimsbüttel and Hamburg-Mitte, became the Sternschanze quarter,
3445-573: The pride and glory of the world. ...O the pride, O the lusts, O the vain pleasures in which Christians live! Can this be the way to Heaven? ...Are these the followers of Christ? O God, where is Thy little flock? Where is Thy little family, that will live entirely to Thee, that will follow Thee? Make me one of that number. Hearing Labadie's teachings, she was convinced of her need to be joined in community living with her fellow believers. Labadie's approach to Christian spirituality, but not his communitarian approach with its separation from mainstream churches,
3510-416: The relationship between divine grace and human responsibility. These debates led to the drafting of documents like the Canons of Dort in response to Arminian controversies. Key theologians in this movement include Theodore Beza, Zacharias Ursinus, Francis Turretin, and others. Each made significant contributions to the development and formulation of Reformed theology during this period. "Reformed Orthodoxy" left
3575-457: The religious establishment. Eventually, frustrated with Roman Catholicism, Labadie became a Calvinist at Montauban in 1650. In that city, and then in the principality of Orange , he championed the rights of the Protestant minority in the face of increasing legislation against them by Louis XIV (which would culminate in 1685 with the Edict of Fontainebleau ). Labadie then moved to Geneva , where he
3640-403: The scholastic tradition. These terms were employed to express Reformed doctrines more precisely and to engage in theological dialogues of the time. Despite criticisms and a break with certain aspects of Scholasticism, the reformers benefited from the intellectual structure provided by this tradition. They used methods and tools from Scholasticism to articulate and defend their own interpretations of
3705-406: The suppression of the Society of Jesus in 1767 . Interest in the thought of the modern scholastics has been recently revived by the journal Studia Neoaristotelica . Altona, Hamburg Altona ( German: [ˈaltonaː] ), also called Hamburg-Altona , is the westernmost urban borough ( Bezirk ) of the German city state of Hamburg . Located on the right bank of
3770-413: The task of articulating and defending Lutheran beliefs through the lens of systematic theology. Central to this effort was the production of confessional documents like the Formula of Concord. These documents were instrumental in clarifying and unifying Lutheran teachings, particularly on contested issues such as the Lord's Supper, predestination, and free will. Theological discourse during Lutheran Orthodoxy
3835-412: The thought of other philosophers close to scholasticism who experimented with new ideas, "independent" thinkers like Sebastián Izquierdo , Juan Caramuel y Lobkowicz , Kenelm Digby , Raffaello Aversa etc., that mixed the ideas of second scholasticism with the new ideas of enlightment . Scholasticism, as a predominant philosophical and theological tradition in the Middle Ages, influenced the context of
3900-404: Was a major center of Jewish life and scholarship . Holstein-Pinneberg and later Danish Holstein had lower taxes and placed fewer civil impositions on their Jewish community than did the government of Hamburg . During the Weimar era following World War I , the town of Altona was disturbed by major labor strikes and street disorders. Inflation in Germany was a major problem. In 1923, Max Brauer ,
3965-427: Was hailed as "a second Calvin". Here he began to doubt the lasting validity of established Christianity. He held house groups for Bible study and fellowship, for which he was censured. In 1666, Labadie and several disciples moved to the Netherlands , to the French-speaking Walloon congregation of Middelburg . Here his pattern continued: seeking to promote active church renewal through practical discipleship, study of
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#17330862852684030-466: Was marked by the engagement with scholastic methods and the development of systematic theology. This emphasis on academic rigor sought to provide a logical and structured framework for Lutheran doctrines, enhancing clarity in theological expression. A notable feature of Lutheran Orthodoxy was the integration of Aristotelian philosophy into theological discussions. Theologians utilized philosophical concepts to explain and defend Lutheran doctrines, resulting in
4095-408: Was overcome since all were expected to eat what was put in front of them. Daughter communities were set up in the New World. La Providence , a daughter colony on the Commewijne River in Surinam, proved unsuccessful. The Labadists were unable to cope with jungle diseases, and supplies from the Netherlands were often intercepted by pirates. Entomological artist Maria Sybilla Merian , who had lived in
4160-457: Was paralleled in the Pietist movement in Germany. Many of its leaders, such as Philipp Jakob Spener , approved Labadie's stance but preferred for their own part to trust in the established structures. Some Pietist community enterprises did, however, arise. August Francke , professor at Halle University, founded there an orphanage (the Waisenhaus) in 1696, to be run along Christian communitarian lines, with equality and sharing of goods. This caused
4225-496: Was set up, disseminating many writings by Labadie and his colleagues. The best known of Labadist writings was not Labadie's but Anna van Schurman 's, who wrote a justification of her renunciation of fame and reputation to live in Christian community. Van Schurman was noted in her day as "The Star of Utrecht" and admired for her talents: she spoke and wrote five languages, produced an Ethiopic dictionary, played several instruments, engraved glass, painted, embroidered, and wrote poetry. At
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