Misplaced Pages

#264735

95-564: The cathedral is located on the Plaza de la Seo and is commonly known as La Seo ( Aragonese for " see ") to distinguish it from the nearby El Pilar , whose name (pillar) is a reference to an apparition of Mary in Zaragoza. They both share co-cathedral status in metropolitan Zaragoza. The location of the Seo has its roots in the old Roman forum . Unlike other Roman city forums, the forum of Caesaraugusta

190-555: A decree ordering the conversion or departure of all Muslims remaining in the Crown of Castile in 1502. After that, the last redoubt of medieval European Islam was the Crown of Aragon , though Mudéjar were now in the minority amounting to some 30%. The death of Ferdinand II in 1516 sparked another political transformation in which Spain became part of the Hapsburg bloc , set against the equally powerful Ottoman Sultanate and its ally France, and

285-559: A direct response to these revolts, the terrible anti-Muslim social riots of 1275-1276 originated in an atmosphere of heightened tension. The Mudéjar further defected to the Castilian during the war of the two Peters and revolted again in 1359 and 1364. Anti-Mudéjar riots took place again in 1309 and 1455, though the Mudéjar were under protection of the Crown. By 1450 the Mudéjar constituted only 30% of

380-481: A disciple of someone close to Mohammed , built the main mosque of Saraqusta al Baida, Zaragoza la Blanca, according to Al-Ḥumaydī (1029–1095). The main mosque is certainly one of the oldest of Al-Andalus . The edifice underwent two additions, one in the 9th century and one in the 11th century, under the Taifa king of Zaragoza, Mundir I . During the restoration completed in 1999, a number of remains were discovered, such as

475-482: A functioning Islamic principality under Christian rule. This and the other postwar policies of Ferdinand II affirm his belief in the continuing viability of Mudejarism and the view that the Mudéjar were a valuable asset. Though most of the Muslim aristocrats emigrated to North Africa, most religious authorities and common folk remained, some even returning after having first chosen to emigrate to North Africa. The equilibrium

570-601: A growing threat of a war with the sultanate of Granada undermined the Christian-Muslim relations and stoking the perception of Muslims as disloyal, generically distinct foreigners. This, together with the Mudéjar's strengthening of relations with foreign Muslim regimes, resulted in the entrenchment of many Mudéjar communities across the Iberian peninsula. Especially the relation with the Ottoman Empire, whose advances threatened

665-699: A history of Muslim cultivation and population of the land. Besides the large Muslim populations in Granada and Valencia, the Aragonese Muslim peasants were the most well-established Muslim community in the region, while in Catalonia Muslim autochthonous presence was limited only to the Low Ebro and Low Segre areas. Aragonese and Catalan Muslims were under the jurisdiction of the Aragonese Crown and were designated

760-595: A possible field of study for a bachelor's or postgraduate degree in any official capacity, nor is Aragonese used as a medium of instruction. A bachelor's or master's degree may be obtained in Magisterio (teaching) at the University of Zaragoza; however, no specialization in Aragonese language is currently available. As such those who wish to teach Aragonese at the pre-school, primary, or secondary level must already be competent in

855-678: A renaissance of Aragonese literature in several dialects. In 1844, Braulio Foz's novel Vida de Pedro Saputo was published in the Almudévar (southern) dialect. The 20th century featured Domingo Miral's costumbrist comedies and Veremundo Méndez Coarasa's poetry, both in Hecho (western) Aragonese; Cleto Torrodellas' poetry and Tonón de Baldomera's popular writings in the Graus (eastern) dialect and Arnal Cavero's costumbrist stories and Juana Coscujuela's novel A Lueca, historia d'una moceta d'o Semontano , also in

950-573: A special status within the social reality of the city, with its own elites: Alfaquins , Cadís and Sabasales ( Al-Fuqaha , Al-Qudat and Ashab As-Salat , that is, Islamic scholars, Islamic Judges and Imams respectively); Escrivans (Scrives); Alamins ( Al-'Amin ), or officials that represented the Aljama before the king (in case of the royal Aljamas) or the feudal lords (in case of the rural manor Aljamas), etc. The Morería had its Mosque ( Al-Masjid ), its baths ( Al-Hammam ), its cemetery ( Al-Maqbara , in

1045-453: A special status. This status applied to the Mudéjar cultivators, the exarici , and this status made them subservient to their Christian superiors because by law; they were required to cultivate the land of royal estates. However, this status was also beneficial as the law suggested that this land be passed down through Muslim family members. Despite their expulsion at the end of the Morisco period,

SECTION 10

#1732880217265

1140-509: A week. In the 2014–2015 academic year there were 262 students recorded in pre-school Aragonese lessons. The subject of Aragonese now has a fully developed curriculum in primary education in Aragon. Despite this, in the 2014–2015 academic year there were only seven Aragonese teachers in the region across both pre-primary and primary education and none hold permanent positions, whilst the number of primary education students receiving Aragonese lessons

1235-459: Is Mozarabs . Starting from the eleventh century, when larger regions previously under Muslim control fell to Christian kingdoms, treaties were established with the remaining Muslim population which defined their status as Mudejar. Their status, modelled after the dhimmi , established a parallel society with its own religious, legal, administrative and fiscal autonomy and institutions, while being subject to their Christian kings and lords. Soon after

1330-460: Is a Romance language spoken in several dialects by about 12,000 people as of 2011, in the Pyrenees valleys of Aragon , Spain, primarily in the comarcas of Somontano de Barbastro , Jacetania , Alto Gállego , Sobrarbe , and Ribagorza/Ribagorça . It is the only modern language which survived from medieval Navarro-Aragonese in a form distinct from Spanish . Historically, people referred to

1425-510: Is a unique example of the work of the Aragonese masters and the Seville builders, who covered the exterior wall with geometric drawings made of smooth brick and glazed ceramic. In the interior, the roof is constructed of gilded wood in the Mudéjar style. In 1403 the old dome fell down. The Antipope Benedict XIII ( Papa Luna ), Aragonese by birth, initiated a reconstruction of the building. The Romanesque apses were elevated, two towers buttressing

1520-453: Is always spelled ⟨cu⟩, e. g. cuan, cuestión (exception is made for some loanwords: quad, quadrívium, quark, quásar, quáter, quórum ); /ɲ/ is spelled ⟨ny⟩ or ⟨ñ⟩ by personal preference; final ⟨z⟩ is not written as ⟨tz⟩. The marginal phoneme /x/ (only in loanwords, e. g. jabugo ) is spelled j in the Uesca, Academia de l'Aragonés and Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua standards (not mentioned in

1615-541: Is spoken as a second language by inhabitants of Zaragoza , Huesca , Ejea de los Caballeros , or Teruel . According to recent polls, there are about 25,500 speakers (2011) including speakers living outside the native area. In 2017, the Dirección General de Política Lingüística de Aragón estimated there were 10,000 to 12,000 active speakers of Aragonese. In 2009, the Languages Act of Aragon (Law 10/2009) recognized

1710-600: The Asturleonese languages and Galician–Portuguese , where Spanish innovated in ways that did not spread to nearby languages. Before 2023, Aragonese had three orthographic standards: During the 16th century, Aragonese Moriscos wrote aljamiado texts (Romance texts in Arabic script), possibly because of their inability to write in Arabic . The language in these texts has a mixture of Aragonese and Castilian traits, and they are among

1805-505: The Black Death (estimates put the peninsula's death rate at 30%). The Valencian Mudéjar revolted again in 1359 inspired by the messianic pretensions of a Mudéjar called Cilim and in 1364 due to the difficult conditions caused by the Aragonese war with Castile . At the same time, anti-Mudéjar violence, often fuelled by fears of the Mudéjar being a fifth column or spiriting Christians away to

1900-683: The Castilian origin of the Trastámara dynasty , and the similarity between Castilian (Spanish) and Aragonese facilitated the recession of the latter. A turning point was the 15th-century coronation of the Castilian Ferdinand I of Aragon , also known as Ferdinand of Antequera. In the early 18th century, after the defeat of the allies of Aragon in the War of the Spanish Succession , Philip V ordered

1995-574: The Christian reconquest . It is also a term for Mudéjar art , which was much influenced by Islamic art , but produced typically by Christian craftsmen for Christian patrons. Mudéjar was used in contrast to both Muslims in Muslim-ruled areas (for example, Muslims of Granada before 1492) and Moriscos , who were often forcibly converted and may or may not have continued to secretly practice Islam. The corresponding term for Christians living under Muslim rule

SECTION 20

#1732880217265

2090-613: The Mudéjar of Granada rose in rebellion and the region was not subdued until 1501. After that, the Mudéjar of Granada were given the choice to remain and accept baptism, reject baptism and be enslaved or be exiled. Just a couple of years prior, in 1497, Islam had been outlawed by Portugal, possibly as king Manuel I aimed to obtain rights of sovereignty over the kingdom of Fez from the pope. Soon afterwards, after several Mudéjar populations in Castile had converted, Ferdinand and Isabella promulgated

2185-575: The canons of El Pilar and of La Seo was well known in the 17th century. The cathedral chapter of El Pilar even brought a suit to win the episcopal seat, a suit that was decided by Philip IV in favor of La Seo. The disputes would not be resolved until, in 1676, Pope Clement X made the Solomon-like decision to merge the two chapters via the Bull of Union. 6 prebendaries and 15 canons would reside in La Seo, and

2280-417: The southern dialect. The 1997 Aragonese law of languages stipulated that Aragonese (and Catalan) speakers had a right to the teaching of and in their own language. Following this, Aragonese lessons started in schools in the 1997–1998 academic year. It was originally taught as an extra-curricular, non-evaluable voluntary subject in four schools. However, whilst legally schools can choose to use Aragonese as

2375-416: The "native language, original and historic" of Aragon . The language received several linguistic rights , including its use in public administration. Some of the legislation was repealed by a new law in 2013 (Law 3/2013). [See Languages Acts of Aragon for more information on the subject] Aragonese has many historical traits in common with Catalan. Some are conservative features that are also shared with

2470-545: The 12th and 13th centuries; the history Liber Regum  [ an ] , Razón feita d'amor , Libre dels tres reys d'orient , and Vida de Santa María Egipcíaca date from this period; an Aragonese version of the Chronicle of the Morea also exists, differing also in its content and written in the late 14th century called Libro de los fechos et conquistas del principado de la Morea . Since 1500, Spanish has been

2565-450: The 13th century. From 1204 up until the 15th century, all Aragonese kings were crowned in this church, by a special privilege bestowed by Pope Innocent III . The king, who the previous night had kept watch over his armaments in the Aljafería , would approach from there in a procession. The ceremony included four parts: investiture of weapons, unction with holy oil, placing of the crown and

2660-462: The 18th century in an Italian-Baroque style that was clearly of a neoclassic aspect. It was entrusted by the Archbishop Añoa to Julian Yarza, a disciple of Ventura Rodríguez . During the second half of the 20th century, a thorough restoration of the building took place, which lasted some 23 years. The project can be divided into four stages: In total more than two billion pesetas were spent by

2755-542: The 1978 Spanish transition to democracy heralded literary works and studies of the language. Aragonese is the native language of the Aragonese mountain ranges of the Pyrenees, in the comarcas of Somontano, Jacetania, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza. Cities and towns in which Aragonese is spoken are Huesca , Graus , Monzón , Barbastro , Bielsa , Chistén , Fonz , Echo , Estadilla , Benasque , Campo , Sabiñánigo , Jaca , Plan , Ansó , Ayerbe , Broto , and El Grado . It

2850-566: The Aragonese policy regarding Mudéjar did not change and they were not viewed as a military problem. Though it was reported in 1486 that the Mudéjar were funding the Granadan war effort, a likely possibility as the Mudéjar were bound to the last Islamic state on Spanish soil by religion and kinship and the Nasrid sultan likely exercised a spiritual leadership over the Valencian Mudéjar, the results of

2945-467: The Aragonese possession of Sicily, rendered the sultanate of Granada more formidable and the allegiance of the Mudéjar more uncertain. In 1487, both the sultanate of Granada as well as the Mudéjar established relations with the Ottomans whom they saw as the last hope of saving the sultanate of Granada. During the decade long war of the united crowns of Aragon and Castile against the sultanate of Granada ,

Cathedral of the Savior of Zaragoza - Misplaced Pages Continue

3040-580: The Christians allowing Muslims to remain in Christian Iberia. Another term with the same meaning, ahl al-dajn ("people who stay on"), was used by Muslim writers, notably al-Wansharisi in his work Kitab al-Mi'yar . Mudéjars in Iberia lived under a protected tributary status known as dajn , which refer to ahl al-dajn . This protected status suggested subjugation at the hands of Christian rulers, as

3135-516: The Crown of Aragon. This transformed it, like the rest of the "new kingdom of Spain", into a nation of Christians alone. Following the forced conversions, the newly baptised Christians faced suspicions that they were not truly converted but remained crypto-Muslims, and were known as Moriscos . The Moriscos, too, were eventually expelled , in 1609–1614. The existence of Mudéjar posed series of problems for their religion as Islam pays great attention to models of conduct provided by good Muslims of

3230-699: The Government of Aragon, the Archbishopric of Zaragoza and the Metropolitan Chapter, the Department of Education and Culture of Spain, Ibercaja, and Caja de Ahorros de la Inmaculada. As of 2005, the sacristy was still in the process of restoration. La Seo was built on the site of the ancient Roman forum of Augustus and of the main mosque of the Moorish city of Saraqusta, elements of whose minaret form part of

3325-456: The Latin inde and ibi : en / ne and bi / i / ie ; unlike Ibero-Romance. Such pronouns are present in most major Romance languages ( Catalan en and hi , Occitan ne and i , French en and y , and Italian ne and ci / vi ). En / ne is used for: Bi / hi / ie is used for: Aragonese was not written until

3420-569: The Middle Ages by emigration to the neighbouring Kingdom of Aragon, to the nearby increasingly powerful and numerous Aljamas of Aitona and Serós, and to Islamic countries ( Al-Hijrah ) as well as by increasing conversions to Christianity, was nevertheless also being reinforced by immigration of Navarrese and Aragonese Muslims (Mudéjares) and by intermittent arrivals of Valencian, Granadan, and North African origin, these being mostly slaves or former slaves. The quarter and its Aljama or community enjoyed

3515-465: The Mudéjar and persuading Christians to settle in the newly evacuated areas. By 1300, only enclaves of Mudéjar remained in Andalucia. In Valencia, where the Mudéjar were in the majority, the Mudéjar revolted unsuccessfully soon after its conquest several times throughout the thirteenth century, in the 1270s with the help of their Marinid and Granadan allies. At the beginning of the fourteenth century,

3610-497: The Mudéjar had apparently arrived in a stable equilibrium with the Christian-dominated society they lived in: they enjoyed a clearly defined and legitimate legal status with broad rights and privileges and had maintained their religious and personal liberties as well as cultural identity. This status, however, was changed by a series of crisis in the mid-fourteenth century, such as wars, economic uncertainty and most dramatically

3705-561: The Mudéjar population in Valencia outnumbered Christians in the area, amounting to two-thirds of the Valencian population in the late fourteenth century. In Valencia, the majority of communities were peasant, Arabic-speaking and Muslim. Not long after the kingdom of Valencia had been conquered, the Mudéjar rose in rebellion in the 1240s, then again in the 1250s, 1260s and 1270s with the support of Marinid and Granadan allies. Though not demonstratively

3800-573: The Mudéjars in Aragon left evidence of their style in architecture , while in Catalonia only some reminiscences of this can be appreciated in some Gothic churches and cathedrals in some shires of Lleida . From the mid fourteenth century, several Mudéjar were used as diplomats by the Aragonese crown. Lleida in Catalonia was, besides Tortosa , the only major Catalan town to have a Muslim quarter, at which its numerous Muslim population of Andalusi origins,

3895-494: The Muslim populations were treated: those who accepted terms of surrender might be allowed to continue living in the region and became Mudéjar while those that held out to the bitter and refused terms of surrender were expelled, though there were exceptions. As the newly acquired territories often lacked labour force, those that were willing to make themselves useful or had services to offer which made them valuable might be allowed to stay if they practised their religion discreetly. At

Cathedral of the Savior of Zaragoza - Misplaced Pages Continue

3990-467: The Muslims surrender treaties (either written, understood or applied as custom law) which established a parallel society with its own religious, legal and administrative and fiscal autonomy and institutions, while being subject to the royal and seigneurial authority. As such, Muslim administrators oversaw the Muslims and their taxes were collected by Muslim tax collectors, while the perhaps most important grant

4085-826: The SLA standard). Additionally, the Academia de l'Aragonés and Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua orthographies allow the letter j in some loanwords internationally known with it (e. g. jazz, jacuzzi , which normally have /tʃ/ in the Aragonese pronunciation) and also mention the letters k and w , also used only in loanwords ( w may represent /b/ or /w/ ). Aragonese grammar has a lot in common with Occitan and Catalan , but also Spanish . The definite article in Aragonese has undergone dialect-related changes, with definite articles in Old Aragonese similar to their present Spanish equivalents. There are two main forms: These forms are used in

4180-476: The University of Zaragoza's Huesca campus. The University of Zaragoza's Huesca campus also offers a Diploma de Especialización (These are studies that require a previous university degree and have a duration of between 30 and 59 ECTS credits.) in Aragonese Philology with 37 ECTS credits. Mud%C3%A9jar Mudéjar were Iberian Muslims who remained in Iberia in the late medieval period following

4275-556: The archbishopric of Don Lope Fernández de Luna, the main facade was renovated and the so-called Parroquieta was built, all in the Mudéjar style. The only thing that has been preserved is the Parroquieta or parochial chapel of San Miguel Archangel, that was built as a closed and independent chapel inside the building, and that archbishop Don Lope designed as a funeral chapel. The construction, elegantly carried out in Gothic-Mudéjar style,

4370-529: The authority and paying taxes to lay lords, municipalities, dioceses as well as the monarchy. Especially in the crown of Aragon, where the king could not tax without the consent of the cortes , the Mudéjar aljamas formed an important and flexible component of the royal fisc. As was common at the time in both Christian and Muslim societies, Muslims were segregated from Christians. Both societies often held each other in contempt, demanded civic expression of their respective revelations and feared any assimilation from

4465-455: The building became a metropolitan cathedral. From this point the additions were carried out using cheap materials that were found nearby in abundance: bricks and plaster. Under the supervision of the archbishop Pedro López de Luna (1317–1345) a Gothic church with three naves (the present three central naves) was built, keeping the Romanesque apses. The central nave was built higher than those on

4560-429: The church building itself, it had an archive, a refectory , a nursery, and two cloisters . From this era the lower part of two of the apses is still preserved, with small windows between inscribed capitals depicted, adorned with so-called "checkered jaqués" on the outside, and, inside, a set of sculptures that at present are hidden behind the main altarpiece. The construction of the original cathedral continued throughout

4655-787: The conquest of the region by Germanic peoples during the fifth century, and English has introduced a number of new words into the language. Words that were part of the Latin second declension —as well as words that joined it later on—are usually masculine: Words that were part of the Latin first declension are usually feminine: Some Latin neuter plural nouns joined the first declension as singular feminine nouns: Words ending in -or are feminine: The names of fruit trees usually end in -era (a suffix derived from Latin -aria ) and are usually feminine: The genders of river names vary: Just like most other Occitano-Romance languages, Aragonese has partitive and locative clitic pronouns derived from

4750-621: The counties of Aragon , Sobrarbe and Ribagorza ) expanded southward from the mountains, pushing the Moors farther south in the Reconquista and spreading the Aragonese language. The union of the Catalan counties and the Kingdom of Aragon which formed the 12th-century Crown of Aragon did not merge the languages of the two territories; Catalan continued to be spoken in the east and Navarro-Aragonese in

4845-541: The cultural language of Aragon; many Aragonese wrote in Spanish, and during the 17th century the Argensola brothers went to Castile to teach Spanish. Aragonese became a popular village language. During the 17th century, popular literature in the language began to appear. In a 1650 Huesca literary contest, Aragonese poems were submitted by Matías Pradas, Isabel de Rodas and "Fileno, montañés". The 19th and 20th centuries have seen

SECTION 50

#1732880217265

4940-483: The current tower. The construction began in the 12th century in the Romanesque style, and underwent many alterations and expansions until 1704, when the Baroque spire completed the tower. The cathedral is a mixture of styles, from the Romanesque apse (12th century) to the Baroque tower and Neo-Classical main door (18th century), passing through Mudéjar and Gothic . Of the diverse styles that make up La Seo Cathedral,

5035-564: The distinctive features of Muslim life, such as the use of Arabic, which in turn led to neglect of worship. The Oran fatwa from 1504 took a different position and even allowed Mudéjar to pretend to be Christians given the forced conversions. Just as the previously the Christians, whose place had been defined by their Muslim conquerors and who were subject to the dhimmi status, the Muslims became second class citizens who endured restrictions on their activities but also were granted specific rights. These rights and obligations were established by

5130-600: The eastern and some central dialects. These forms are used in the western and some central dialects. Neighboring Romance languages have influenced Aragonese. Catalan and Occitan influenced Aragonese for many years. Since the 15th century, Spanish has most influenced Aragonese; it was adopted throughout Aragon as the first language, limiting Aragonese to the northern region surrounding the Pyrenees . French has also influenced Aragonese; Italian loanwords have entered through other languages (such as Catalan), and Portuguese words have entered through Spanish. Germanic words came with

5225-456: The enemy which, while not generally true, was lend credence by occasional complicity of Mudéjar in Granadan raiding and spying for the Marinids. The Mudéjar population in Aragon was around one-third while in Valencia it was still around two-thirds. These tensions intensified in the fifteenth century in which economic competition and depression, religious reactionism, continuing civil disorder and

5320-478: The fall of Granada in 1492, the policy towards Mudéjar changed and they were forced to either convert or emigrate. Mudéjar was originally the term used for Moors or Muslims of Al-Andalus who remained in Iberia after the Christian Reconquista but were not initially forcibly converted to Christianity or exiled. The word Mudéjar references several historical interpretations and cultural borrowings. It

5415-506: The greatest sin, comparable to polytheism. Muslims living in a special quarter and avoiding to mingle with the enemy, was held at a minor fault. The third case consisted of the case where Mudéjar constituted the majority of a region and non-Muslims lived only in castles controlling the region. These Mudéjar were held at even greater obligation to emigrate as due to their numerical priority, in a position of strength, they should be either able to revolt or travel undisturbed. Ibn Rabi did not mention

5510-516: The impression of the minaret on the external walls, and the floor of the ancient structure. In addition, the entrance was located in the same place as that of the current cathedral. The arrival in Zaragoza in 1118 of Alfonso I, the Battler did not lead to the immediate demolition of the mosque. He gave the Muslims one year to move out of the town, and on October 4, 1121, the building was consecrated under

5605-409: The infidel. Intimate relations between members of both faiths were forbidden by both Christian and Islamic law, but they did occur anyways. While Mudéjar were often the object of "exploitation", so was also the rest of the medieval common class. In certain ways they even enjoyed protections their Christian counterparts did not have, such as against torture and execution as well as a right to appeal at

5700-583: The investigation ordered by king Ferdinand II of Aragon are not known. As the prospect for a successful outcome for Granada faded, negotiations for surrender began and were finalised in November 1491 . These capitulaciones were far more detailed and generous than those which had been current in the peninsula since the eleventh century, including security and freedom of movement for all Muslims, Islamic law in its broadest possible sense and visible signs of Christian domination to be minimised. Essentially, they created

5795-644: The language as fabla ('talk' or 'speech'). Native Aragonese people usually refer to it by the names of its local dialects such as cheso (from Valle de Hecho ) or patués (from the Benasque Valley). Aragonese, which developed in portions of the Ebro basin, can be traced back to the High Middle Ages . It spread throughout the Pyrenees to areas where languages similar to modern Basque might have been previously spoken. The Kingdom of Aragon (formed by

SECTION 60

#1732880217265

5890-431: The language by being a native speaker or by other means. Further, prospective instructors must pass an ad hoc exam curated by the individual schools at which they wish to teach in order to prove their competence, as there are no recognized standard competency exams for the Aragonese language. Since the 1994–1995 academic year, Aragonese has been an elective subject within the bachelor's degree for primary school education at

5985-547: The language of instruction, as of the 2013–2014 academic year, there are no recorded instances of this option being taken in primary or secondary education. In fact, the only current scenario in which Aragonese is used as the language of instruction is in the Aragonese philology university course, which is optional, taught over the summer and in which only some of the lectures are in Aragonese. In pre-school education, students whose parents wish them to be taught Aragonese receive between thirty minutes to one hour of Aragonese lessons

6080-472: The last known written examples of the Aragonese formerly spoken in central and southern Aragon. x as in xoriguer and xilófono Ex: zona, Provenza, fetz, centro, servicio, realizar, verdatz In 2023, a new orthographic standard has been published by the Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua . This version is close to the Academia de l'Aragonés orthography, but with the following differences: /kw/

6175-544: The main altarpiece, the chorus and other smaller constructions. On September 14, 1485, Pedro de Arbués , the canon and head Inquisitor of Aragón , was assassinated in the cathedral as he was praying while wearing a helmet and chain mail. This was the consequence of the bad reception that the Inquisition had in Aragón , where it was seen as an attack by the crown on the fueros , the local laws and privileges. In particular, some of

6270-402: The majority of the Iberian peninsula and ended the Visigothic kingdom that had ruled. In the following centuries, several Christian principalities started retaking these territories and especially from the eleventh century onwards, larger groups of Muslims, who lived in these territories, came under Christian rule and became known as Mudejar. Especially influential in creating this new status was

6365-533: The most important elements are: The cathedral's museum has been restored recently and is open to the public. It is a tapestry museum that displays one of the finest collections of tapestries in the world. Beginning with the foot of the cathedral, the chapels on the right side: Beginning with the foot of the cathedral, the chapels on the left side: Choir: Apses: Aragonese language Aragonese ( / ˌ ær ə ɡ ə ˈ n iː z / ARR -ə-gə- NEEZ ; aragonés [aɾaɣoˈnes] in Aragonese)

6460-426: The most powerful families among the converted Jews - such as the Sánchez, Montesa, Paternoy, and Santángel families - were implicated in the assassination. As a consequence, there arose a popular movement against the Jews; "nine were finally executed in persona , in addition to two suicides, thirteen burnings at the stake, and four punished for complicity" according to the account of Jerónimo Zurita . Pedro de Arbués

6555-443: The name San Salvador, and the necessary renovations were made to allow the building to be used for Christian purposes. The destruction of the mosque and the construction of the Late Romanesque cathedral began in 1140. The new church, with a basilical layout consisting of a transept and three naves ending in apses , constructed of stone, owed much stylistically to the Cathedral of Jaca , from which it took various elements. Besides

6650-476: The outskirts of the city), its Halal butchery, its market or Assoc ( As-Suq ) and its bakery. The Aljama suffered a period of decadence throughout the late Middle Ages, leading to its progressive reduction in numbers and privileges, up to the forced conversions of the late medieval period, and finally its total expulsion from the city during the early modern period. In the 13th century, the Aragonese Christians conquered Valencia. Unlike in Aragon and in Catalonia,

6745-450: The past. As Islam had until then never lived on a permanent basis in the territory of a non-Muslim ruler and Islam had been a religion of expansion, no guidance was forthcoming for Muslims living now under Christian rule. The fatwa of Ibn Rabi, a thirteenth century native of Cordoba, classified Mudéjar and their obligation to emigrate according to a graduate scale of sin. Mudéjar absorbed by the enemy and living dispersed among them committed

6840-402: The possibility of being offered as an examinative subject have elected not to do so. As of 2007 it is possible to use Aragonese as a language of instruction for multiple courses; however, no program is yet to instruct any curricular or examinative courses in Aragonese. As of the 2014–2015 academic year there were 14 Aragonese language students at the secondary level. Aragonese is not currently

6935-508: The potential for the Mudéjar's continued adherence to Islamic law for this would have undermined his intention to push them towards emigration, which was based on his political agenda. The view that Muslims should emigrate was also taken by the late fifteenth century mufti Ahmad al-Wansharisi who cited the opinion of Ibn Rushd that the obligation to emigrate from countries under infidel control would continue right up to judgement day. Al-Wansharisi thought that coexistence led to erosion of

7030-477: The prohibition of the Aragonese language in schools and the establishment of Castilian ( Spanish ) as the only official language in Aragon. This was ordered in the Aragonese Nueva Planta decrees of 1707. In recent times, Aragonese was mostly regarded as a group of rural dialects of Spanish. Compulsory education undermined its already weak position; for example, pupils were punished for using it. However,

7125-401: The royal court, though in some ways they were more vulnerable to violence and abuse. The surrender terms varied between the different regions, resulting in differences between the legal status of the Mudéjar. The Muslim population in Castile originally immigrated from Toledo, Seville and other Andalusi territories. They were not original to the land in Castile. Muslim immigration into Castile

7220-417: The royal insignia, and oath of the fueros (statutes) and liberties of the Kingdom of Aragon. The last king to be crowned in La Seo was Charles I in 1518. Later kings needed only to swear to the fueros . Royal baptisms, weddings, and burials were also performed in the cathedral. In 1318 Pope John XXII created the archbishopric of Zaragoza , making it independent of the see of Tarragona , and with that

7315-503: The same Romance languages and dialects as their Christian neighbors. Like the Mudéjars in Castile, Aragonese and Catalan Mudéjars also spoke the Romance languages of their Christian counterparts. However, unlike the Mudéjars in Castile, there were Muslim villages in Aragon and, to a lesser extent, in south-western Catalonia which populated the land before the Christian reconquests, setting up

7410-508: The same in El Pilar, and the dean would live 6 months in each one. Also during the 17th century, the old and decrepit Mudéjar tower was pulled down, and in 1686 construction was begun on a new one. The new tower, which was designed in Rome in 1683 by Juan Bautista Contini in the Baroque style, was started in 1686 and finished in 1704 with the placement of the spire. The front was constructed in

7505-452: The same time, there was a massive influx of Christian folk from the North. Soon after the conquests of these new territories, the Mudéjar of Andalucia rebelled 1264 , instigated by the emirate of Granada . After some initial success, the revolt was quelled by joined Castilian and Aragonese forces by 1267. Then, king Alfonso X of Castile aimed to reconstruct Andalucia and Murcia by expelling

7600-421: The sides of the apses were added, and a new dome was built in the shape of a Papal Tiara . Decorated in 1409 by the master Mohammed Rami, it may have been viewed by Benedict XIII on his visit to the city in 1410. The main altarpiece was constructed during the archbishopric of Don Dalmau de Mur y Cervelló (1431–1456). Dalmau Mur concentrated on beautifying the interior of the building, taking charge of, besides

7695-399: The sides, making it possible to create windows that from 1447 would be covered with stained glass. In 1346, a Mudéjar dome was started to provide light at the altar, with the participation of the masters Juan de Barbastro and Domingo Serrano. The work was finished in 1376, when Don Lope Fernández de Luna was already archbishop, creating a spacious, well-lit Gothic cathedral. In 1360, during

7790-505: The slave markets of Granada or the Magrhib, was often directed against the morerías . As Maria Teresa Ferrer i Mallol points out, these attacks tended to coincide with periods of war with the sultanate of Granada or with rumours of possible Granadan attacks. The use of Granadan cavalry by king Peter the Cruel for raiding in Aragonese lands cultivated a popular fear of Mudéjar collaboration with

7885-561: The strict policies of the Almoravids concerning dhimmis after 1130. In the middle of the thirteenth century, Christian military success transformed the Iberian peninsula as several regions under Muslim control from the Algarve, the Guadalalquivir basin (including the cities of Cordoba and Seville) to the cities of Murcia and Valencia came under Christian control. There were two ways in which

7980-403: The surrender treaty during the conquest of Toledo where the fact that Muslims were a numerical majority allowed them to significantly influence the reasoning and wording of the treaty. Further conquests and treaties resulted in a permanent status of protection for Muslims widely acknowledged by all Christian authorities. These agreements in the Aragonese and Castilian frontier lands contrast with

8075-794: The west, with the boundaries blurred by dialectal continuity . The Aragonese Reconquista in the south ended with the cession of Murcia by James I of Aragon to the Kingdom of Castile as dowry for an Aragonese princess. The best-known proponent of the Aragonese language was Johan Ferrandez d'Heredia , the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Rhodes at the end of the 14th century. He wrote an extensive catalog of works in Aragonese and translated several works from Greek into Aragonese (the first in medieval Europe). The spread of Castilian ( Spanish ),

8170-604: The word dajn resembled haywanāt dājina meaning "tame animals". Their protected status was enforced by the fueros or local charters which dictated Christians laws. Muslims of other regions outside of the Iberian Peninsula disapproved of the Mudéjar subjugated status and their willingness to live under subjugation. In the eight century, Arab and Berber forces defeated the Visigothic Kingdom in Spain and conquered

8265-514: Was 320. As of 2017 there were 1068 reported Aragonese language students and 12 Aragonese language instructors in Aragon. There is no officially approved program or teaching materials for the Aragonese language at the secondary level, and though two non-official textbooks are available ( Pos ixo... Materials ta aprender aragonés (Benítez, 2007) and Aragonés ta Secundaria (Campos, 2014)) many instructors create their own learning materials. Further, most schools with Aragonese programs that have

8360-466: Was a medieval Castilian borrowing of the Arabic word Mudajjan مدجن , meaning "subjugated; tamed", or al-Madjun المدجون meaning "those who remained or stayed on", referring to Muslims who remained and submitted to the rule of Christian kings. The term likely originated as a taunt, as the word was usually applied to domesticated animals such as poultry. The term Mudéjar also can be translated from Arabic as "one permitted to remain", which refers to

8455-583: Was further upheld by the newly installed archbishop Talavera , who adhered to the letter and spirit of the capitulaciones and took an optimistic approach to missionising and an open approach to the maintenance of folk customs. By 1498 this balanced approach broke down as Mudéjar were banned from living in Granada and the militant Cardinal Cisneros set out to abrogate the capitulaciones by coercing Mudéjar to convert and suppressing public manifestations of Arabo-Islamic culture, most notably by confiscating and publicly burning Islamic religious texts. In response,

8550-608: Was not located at the confluence of the Cardo and the Decumanus , but instead near the Ebro river , adjoining the river port. The forum, besides being the civic and commercial center of the city, contained the main temple. The Museum of the Forum is found below the plaza del Pilar, across from the facade of the cathedral. There have been no remains found of either a Visigoth or a Mozarabic church. Hanas ben Abdallah as San'ani (? – 718),

8645-488: Was organized as a community ( Aljama or Al-Jama'ah ), even though there were also Muslims living outside the quarter. Its Muslim population descended from the population that did not leave Madinat Larida when it was taken over from the Moors by the counts of Urgell and Barcelona. The autochthonous Muslim community, largely composed of a mix of skilled artisans, laborers, and peasants, although progressively diminishing throughout

8740-507: Was ruled by Carlos I who was little disposed to tolerate "enemies of the faith". During the Revolt of the Brotherhoods , in which local craftsmen rebelled against royal authority, the Mudéjar were seen as confederates of the aristocracy and therefore attacked. Carlos I., however, also turned against them and issued in 1526 an edict that ordered the suppression of Islamic worship and traditions in

8835-491: Was sainted by Pope Pius IX in 1867; his sepulchre, designed by Gil Morlanes the elder, is found within the cathedral in the chapel of San Pedro Arbués. During the 16th and 17th century, the cathedral was one of the centers of the Aragonese school of polyphonic music . Musicians Melchor Robledo , Sebastián Aguilera de Heredia , Pedro Ruimonte , Diego Pontac , Jusépe Ximénez and Andrés de Sola , among others, worked and composed there. The long-standing rivalry between

8930-427: Was sponsored settlement by the Kingdom of Castile . It is hypothesized that the slow-growing Christian population demonstrated a need to bring more people into Castile. Primary documents written by Castilians in the 13th century indicate that Muslims were able to maintain some agency under Christian rule. The Mudéjars were able to maintain their religion, their laws, and had their own judges. The Mudéjars in Castile spoke

9025-525: Was that they were allowed to be governed by Islamic law and be able to practice their faith. Sometimes Mozarabic Christians were employed in the government of the Mudejar as they were familiar with their language and customs and the Muslim elites would often flee as Islamic law forbade them to submit to the authority of infidels. Though in principle the Mudéjar were directly subject to royal fiscal and judicial jurisdiction, Mudéjar were also found to be subject to

#264735