The Patum de Berga ( Catalan pronunciation: [pəˈtum də ˈβeɾɣə] ), or simply La Patum , is a popular and traditional festival that is celebrated each year in the Catalan city of Berga ( Barcelona ) during Corpus Christi . It consists of a series of "dances" (in Catalan, balls ) by townspeople dressed as mystical and symbolic figures, and accompanied either by the rhythm of a drum—the tabal , whose sound gives the festival its name—or band music. The balls are marked by their solemnity and their ample use of fire and pyrotechnics .
73-720: It was declared a Traditional Festival of National Interest by the Generalitat de Catalunya in 1983. In 2005, UNESCO declared it one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity and, in 2008, inscribed it on its Representative List. "La Patum" has its origins in pre-Christian celebrations of the Summer solstice , which were recycled and given new symbolism by the Catholic Church as part of its Corpus celebrations. In Berga,
146-661: A Casa de la Generalitat in Perpignan , which aims to promote the Catalan culture and facilitate exchanges between each side of the Franco – Spanish border. Under application of article 155 of the Constitution following the constitutional crisis of 2017 Catalonia only retained one delegation abroad, after the rest were closed, this delegation was the one of Brussels , Belgium . The Catalan Government elected after 21 December election began
219-655: A court of cassation . It was presided by Francesc Macià (1931–1933) and Lluís Companys (1933–1940). The governments of Macià and Companys enacted a progressive agenda, despite the internal difficulties, while fought to demand the complete transfer of the powers estipulated in the Statute. After the right wing coalition won the Spanish elections in 1933, the leftist leaders of the Generalitat of Catalonia rebelled in October of 1934 against
292-519: A convenient tool of political propaganda in which each side could, directly or allegorically, present its case and procure sympathy propitious to its cause. Peter died from unknown causes at Vilafranca del Penedès in November 1285, just one month after Philip III of France , and was buried in the Monastery of Santes Creus . His deathbed absolution occurred after he declared that his conquests had been in
365-700: A great deal of military experience in his father's wars of the Reconquista against the Moors . In June 1275, Peter besieged, captured, and executed his rebellious half-brother Fernando Sánchez de Castro at Pomar de Cinca . On his father's death in 1276, the lands of the Crown of Aragon were divided amongst his two sons. The Kingdom of Aragon , the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia went to Peter III as being
438-478: A greater degree of self-government in recent years, the Catalan Government has established nearly bilateral relationships with foreign bodies. For the most part, these relationships are with the governments of other powerful subnational entities such as Quebec or California . In addition, like most Spanish autonomous communities, Catalonia has permanent delegations before international organizations, such as
511-469: A marital alliance by which his eldest daughter Elizabeth of Aragon married Denis I of Portugal . Peter also made alliance with the Kingdom of England , engaging his heir Alfonso III with Eleanor of England , daughter of Edward I of England . Despite all these alliances, Peter kept his bad relationship with the Kingdom of France. On 30 March 1282 there was a popular uprising in the Kingdom of Sicily called
584-555: A minority government dependent on pacts with other parties including the Socialists' Party of Catalonia following the 2010 election and the 2015 election . Former president Artur Mas was charged by the Spanish government for civil disobedience, after he organised and staged a referendum on independence in 2014. In 2016, Carles Puigdemont , member of the Catalan European Democratic Party , successor formation to
657-489: A referendum, eliminating or reinterpreting more than 200 articles, due to a signature collection promoted by then the Spanish opposition leader, Mariano Rajoy . This event is considered one of the main reasons for the independence boom that happened from 2010 with 8% support to 2018 with 52.4% of support. Artur Mas held the office of President of the Generalitat from December 2010 until his resignation in January 2016, leading
730-501: A revolt soon broke out in the Principality of Catalonia , led by the viscount of Cardona and abetted by Roger-Bernard III of Foix , Arnold Roger I of Pallars Sobirà , and Ermengol X of Urgell . The rebels had developed a hatred for Peter as a result of the severity of his dealings with them during the reign of his father. Now they opposed him for not summoning the Catalan Courts , and confirming its privileges after his ascension to
803-406: A suspected French ambush. Needless to say, no combat ever took place and Peter returned to find a very turbulent Aragon. He also had a long-lasting friendly relationship with the Kingdom of Castile , establishing a strong alliance between realms by signing the treaties of Campillo and Ágreda in 1281 with Alfonso X of Castile and infant Sancho . With the Kingdom of Portugal , Peter established
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#1732881541113876-499: A territorially differentiated community with its own representative and separated institutions, materialized in the institutional systems of the combined Catalan counties (9th–12th centuries), the Principality of Catalonia within the Crown of Aragon (1164–1714) and the Monarchy of Spain (1516–1714/1833), as well the establishment of Catalan self-government from 1931 onwards, can be divided into different stages, separated by ruptures in
949-567: A whole. The region has gradually achieved a greater degree of autonomy since 1979. After Navarre and the Basque Country regions, Catalonia has the greatest level of self-government in Spain. When it is fully instated, the Generalitat holds exclusive and wide jurisdiction in various matters of culture, environment, communications, transportation, commerce, public safety and local governments. In many aspects relating to education, health and justice,
1022-594: Is administered by national judicial institutions. The legal system is uniform throughout the Spanish state, with the exception of some parts of civil law – especially family , inheritance , and real estate law – that have traditionally been ruled by so-called foral law . The fields of civil law that are subject to autonomous legislation have been codified in the Civil Code of Catalonia (Codi civil de Catalunya) consisting of six books that have successively entered into force since 2003. Another institution stemming from
1095-674: Is currently known in Catalonia as Northern Catalonia , one year after the signature of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in the 17th century, which transferred the territory from Spanish to French sovereignty. Then, by the early 18th century, with the issue of the "Nueva Planta Decrees " after the Catalan defeat in the War of the Spanish Succession , the institution, as well as the other political institutions of
1168-532: Is formed by the center-left pro-independence Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) after a political crisis in which the center-right member of the coalition Together for Catalonia (Junts) abandoned in 2022 its ministerial seats. It is made up of 14 ministers, alongside to the President and a secretary of government. As an autonomous community of Spain, Catalonia is not recognized as a sovereign state by any sovereign state. However, as Catalonia has progressively gained
1241-415: Is in the form of an exchange between himself and Peironet , a troubadour. The second is part of a compilation of five compositions from Peter himself, Bernat d'Auriac , Pere Salvatge , Roger-Bernard III of Foix , and an anonymous contributor. As well the wars with Philip III of France and James II of Majorca furnished material for new sirventesos and during this period the sirventes was converted into
1314-742: Is rather a show of popular theater. It is unique in Catalonia. Anthropologists and specialists in folklore have been interested in La Patum. In 2016, to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the "old giants" ( Gegants vells ) and the 125th anniversary of the "new giants" ( Gegants nous ), the Bruce Springsteen song If I should fall behind , arranged by Sergi Cuenca, was danced by both couples of giants. Generalitat de Catalunya The Generalitat de Catalunya ( Catalan pronunciation: [ʒənəɾəliˈtad də kətəˈluɲə] ; Spanish : Generalidad de Cataluña ; Occitan : Generalitat de Catalonha ), or
1387-625: Is the body responsible of the government of the Generalitat, it holds executive and regulatory power, being accountable to the Catalan Parliament. It comprises the President of the Generalitat, the First Minister ( conseller primer ) or the Vice President , and the ministers ( consellers ) appointed by the president. Its seat is the Palau de la Generalitat , Barcelona. The current government
1460-604: The Aragonese 75,000 and 100,000 were charged to the Catalan aljamas . The Kingdom of Sicily was to be a tenaciously pursued inheritance for the Aragonese royal house and its heirs for the next five centuries. Peter was dealing with domestic unrest at the time when the French were preparing an invasion of Aragon. He took Albarracín from the rebellious noble Juan Núñez de Lara , he renewed
1533-597: The Battle of the Col de Panissars . Philip III of France died in October at Perpignan , the capital of James II of Majorca (who had fled in fear after being confronted by Peter), and was buried in Narbonne . James was declared a vassal of Peter. Peter matched his father in patronage of the arts and literature, but unlike him he was a lover of verse, not prose. He favoured the troubadours , having himself created two sirventesos . The first
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#17328815411131606-600: The Catalan constitutions . The first constitutions were that of the Courts of 1283. The Medieval precedent of the Generalitat, the Diputació del General de Catalunya ("Deputation of the General of Catalonia") was a permanent council of deputies established by the Courts in order to collect the new "tax of the General" (or tribute for the King) in 1359. The "general" refers to the combination of
1679-483: The European Union . More recently, Catalonia has embarked upon an expansion process of its international representation by opening a number of delegations worldwide. As of 2017, these exceeded 40. Most of these offices are located in major world cities like London , New York City , Los Angeles , Paris , Tokyo and others. Each office has specific duties assigned by their ministry or department agency. Generally,
1752-771: The Government of Catalonia , is the institutional system by which Catalonia is self-governed as an autonomous community of Spain . It is made up of the Parliament of Catalonia , the President of the Government of Catalonia , and the Executive Council of Catalonia (or council of ministers, also very often referred to as Govern , "Government"). Its current powers are set out in the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 2006 . The origins of
1825-528: The Kingdom of Aragon , ruled by Count of Barcelona , since the year 1151 AD when Count Ramon Berenguer IV married Princess Petronilla of Aragon ). A commission was then designed as " Diputació del General " (Deputation of the General), as to temporarily collect the "services" or tributes that the "branches" granted the king on his demand. This tax was popularly known as " Drets Generals " (General Rights) or " generalitats " (generalities), finding its counterpart in
1898-525: The Presidents of Catalonia have been Josep Tarradellas (1977–1980, president in exile since 1954), Jordi Pujol (1980–2003), Pasqual Maragall (2003–2006), José Montilla (2006–2010), Artur Mas (2010–2016), Carles Puigdemont (2016–2017) and, after the imposition of direct rule from Madrid, Quim Torra (2018–2020), Pere Aragonès (2020–2024) and Salvador Illa (2024–). The Executive Council (Catalan: Consell Executiu ) or Government ( Govern ),
1971-517: The Sicilian Vespers , against the government of Charles I of Anjou. The noble sicilian rebels asked for Peter for help and offered him the crown as they considered his wife Constance their rightful Queen, and after receiving an embassy from the people of Palermo at Alcoy , Peter landed at Trapani on 30 August 1282. He was proclaimed King in Palermo on 4 September. Charles was forced to flee across
2044-559: The Straits of Messina and be content with his Kingdom of Naples . Pope Martin IV excommunicated both Peter and Michael VIII Palaiologos for providing Peter with 60,000 gold pieces to invade Sicily. Catalan ground troops were commanded by Guillem Galceran de Cartellà, and were formed by the famous and feared almogavars , crossbowmen , and lancers . Peter's powerful fleet was commanded by Roger of Lauria , and constantly repelled Angevin attacks to
2117-521: The revolutionary situation created after the coup d'etat, the Generalitat lost most of the effective power over the territory, largely controlled by local committees under the command of the Central Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia . As the weeks passed, the Catalan government progressively recovered somewhat control until May 1937. In 1939, as the Spanish Civil War finished with
2190-579: The Catalan Republic was renamed Generalitat of Catalonia (Catalan: Generalitat de Catalunya) and given its modern political and representative function as the institution of self-government of Catalonia within the Spanish Republic. The restored Generalitat was ruled by a statute of autonomy approved by the Spanish Cortes in 1932 and included a parliament , a presidency , an executive council and
2263-453: The Catalan autonomy statute, but independent from the Generalitat in its check and balance functions, is the Síndic de Greuges ( ombudsman ) to address problems that may arise between private citizens or organizations and the Generalitat or local governments. The Parliament of Catalonia (Catalan: Parlament de Catalunya ) is the unicameral legislative body of the Generalitat and represents
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2336-452: The French "Généralités", which were also founded as taxing districts. The Pau i Treva de Déu (" Peace and Truce of God ") was a social movement born in the eleventh century promoted by the Church, united with the peasantry as the response to the violence perpetrated by feudal nobles. The hometowns, then, delimited a space protected of feudal violence. However, to ensure a coexistence climate, it
2409-475: The French free passage into Catalonia through Roussillon as well as access to the Balearic Islands. In October, Peter began preparing the defences of Catalonia. In 1284, Pope Martin IV granted the Kingdom of Aragon to Charles, Count of Valois , another son of the French king and great-nephew of Charles I of Anjou. Papal sanction was given to a war to conquer Aragon on behalf of Charles of Valois. In 1284,
2482-501: The Generalitat are in the 13th century when permanent councils of deputies (deputations) were created to rule administration of the Courts of the different realms that formed the Crown of Aragon which gave birth to the Deputation of the General of the Principality of Catalonia (1359), the Deputation of the General of the Kingdom of Aragon (1362) and the Deputation of the General of the Kingdom of Valencia (1412). The modern Generalitat
2555-449: The Generalitat was maintained in exile from 1939 to 1977, when Josep Tarradellas returned to Catalonia and was recognized as the legitimate president by the Spanish government. Tarradellas, when he returned to Catalonia, made his often quoted remark " Ciutadans de Catalunya: ja sóc aquí " ("Citizens of Catalonia: I am back!"), reassuming the autonomous powers of Catalonia, one of the historic nationalities of present-day Spain. After this,
2628-638: The Principality, was abolished. The Generalitat was restored in the Catalonia under Spanish administration in 1931 during the events of the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic when Francesc Macià , leader of the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), declared the Catalan Republic within an Iberian Federation on 14 April but later reached an agreement with the Spanish ministers, in which
2701-574: The Republican Left of Catalonia was elected the 132nd president of the Generalitat. Referendums Local The autonomous government consists of the Executive Council, the President and the Parliament. Some people wrongly apply this name only to the executive council (the cabinet of the autonomous government); however, Generalitat de Catalunya is the system of Catalan autonomous government as
2774-639: The Spanish authorities, and it was temporarily suspended from 1934 to 1936. After the victory of the left in the Spanish elections of February 1936 the new Spanish government pardoned the Catalan government and the self-government was fully restored. Throughout the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) the Generalitat remained loyal to the Republic, assuming powers in areas belonging to the State in Catalonia, such as border controls, coinage, justice and defense. However, due to
2847-527: The Spanish government level, enhanced fiscal autonomy and finances, and explicit recognition of Catalonia's national identity; however the details of its final redaction were harshly fought and the subject became a controversial issue in the Catalan politics, with ERC, themselves members of the Tripartite, finally opposing it. In 2010, the Spanish Constitutional Court reduced the Statute voted in
2920-499: The alliance with Sancho IV of Castile , and he attacked Tudela in an attempt to prevent Philip I of Navarre from invading on that front. Peter held meetings of the cortes at Tarragona and Zaragoza in 1283. He was forced to grant the Privilegio General to the newly formed Union of Aragon . Also in 1283, Peter's brother James II of Majorca joined the French and recognised their suzerainty over Montpellier . This gave
2993-600: The defeat of the Republican side, the Generalitat of Catalonia as an institution was abolished and remained so during the Francoist dictatorship until 1975. The president of the Generalitat at the time, Lluís Companys , was tortured and executed on 15 October 1940 for the crime of 'military rebellion'. Nonetheless, the Generalitat maintained its official existence in exile , led by presidents Josep Irla (1940–1954) and Josep Tarradellas (1954–1980). The succession of presidents of
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3066-405: The defunct Convergence and Union alliance. was elected President of the Generalitat of Catalonia . He was suspended from office on 27 October 2017, by the Spanish government. After a number of attempts to invest a new president, Quim Torra became president on 17 May 2018, with Together for Catalonia and Republican Left of Catalonia votes in favor. On 22 May 2021, Pere Aragonès from
3139-465: The duel. Both kings chose six knights to settle on places and dates, and a duel was scheduled for 1 June at Bordeaux . A hundred knights would accompany each side and Edward I of England would adjudge the contest; the English king, heeding the pope, however, refused to take part. Peter left John of Procida in charge of Sicily and returned via his own kingdom to Bordeaux, which he entered in disguise to evade
3212-519: The earliest conserved reference to a Corpus procession is May 20, 1454. The festival evolved and incorporated more elements popular and religious theater in the Middle Ages , leading to a unique combination of giants, devils, angels, moors, and other bizarre-looking characters. Despite the religious significance of Corpus Christi, and the Patum's descent from " eucharistic performances," in its present form it
3285-461: The ecclesiastical (clergy), the military (nobility) and the popular (villages and towns submitted to direct rule of the king). This union of the tree branches was named "Lo General de Cathalunya", where "General" means the political community of the Catalans as a whole. Is in 1289 when the first step into becoming an institution happens during the Courts celebrated in the castle of Montsó (located in
3358-463: The eldest son; while the Kingdom of Majorca and the Catalan counties beyond the Pyrenees went to the second son, who became James II of Majorca . Peter and Constance were crowned in Zaragoza in November 1276 by the archbishop of Tarragona. Peter's first act as king was to complete the pacification of his Valencian territory , an action which had been underway before his father's death. However,
3431-428: The first French armies under Philip and Charles entered Roussillon. They included 16,000 cavalry, 17,000 crossbowmen, and 100,000 infantry, along with 100 ships in south French ports. Though the French had James's support, the local populace rose against them. The city of Elne was valiantly defended by the so-called "bastard of Roussillon", the illegitimate son of Nuño Sánchez , late count of Roussillon. Eventually he
3504-482: The functions of these are the representation of specific interests of the Government of Catalonia, trade and foreign investment, Catalan culture and language support, tourist promotion, and international cooperation activities. There are no specific Catalan political institutions in Northern Catalonia , other than the French département of Pyrénées-Orientales . However, since 5 September 2003, there has been
3577-539: The governor of Constantine . The fleet landed at Alcoyll in 1282. It was these Aragonese troops that received a Sicilian embassy after the Vespers of 30 March asking Peter to take their throne from Charles I of Anjou . In 1266, Charles I of Naples , with the approval of Pope Clement IV , invaded the Kingdom of Sicily , governed by the house of Hohenstaufen , which was the house of Peter's wife, Constance II of Sicily , daughter of Manfred of Sicily and rightful heir to
3650-465: The island. Roger de Lauria defeated the French forces at the Battle of Malta , and at the Gulf of Naples in 1284, where Charles of Salerno , son of Charles I, was made prisoner. The conquest of Sicily was financed by Jewish contributions and taxes charged to the aljamas . The infant Alfonso demanded them an allowance of 200,000 sous in 1282. The aljamas from the Kingdom of Valencia gave 25,000 sous,
3723-697: The legal/public order. The Generalitat of Catalonia can trace its origins in the Catalan Courts , as during the reign of James I the Conqueror (1208–1276) they reunited and were convoked by the king, as representatives of the social statements of the time. Under the reign of Peter the Great (1276–1285), the Catalan Courts gained institutional status, after the king obliged himself to celebrate an annual "General Court". The Catalan Courts exercised as Council and had legislative functions through its three branches ( braços ):
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#17328815411133796-730: The name of his familial claims and never against the claims of the church. His remains are entombed in a porphyry sarcophagus at the monastery. Peter made his final testament on 2 November 1285. In it he instructed his successor to return the kingdom of Sicily to the pope and to release all Angevin prisoners of war. Although the will was copied into the royal register, it was ignored by his successors. Peter's eldest son, Alfonso III , inherited Aragon while Sicily went to his second son, James II . His third son, Frederick , later succeeded James as king of Sicily. Peter did not provide for his illegitimate youngest son and namesake, Peter. This Peter left Spain for Portugal with his half-sister Elizabeth. In
3869-403: The opposition for the first time after 23 years of Jordi Pujol 's government. On 18 June 2006, a reformed version was approved of the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia and went into effect in August. In its inception, the reform was promoted by both the leftist parties in the government and by the main opposition party (CiU), which were united in pushing for increased devolution of powers from
3942-432: The people of Catalonia. Its 135 members ( diputats ) are elected by universal suffrage to serve for a four-year period. According to the Statute of Autonomy, it has powers to legislate over devolved matters such as education, health, culture, internal institutional and territorial organization, nomination of the President of the Generalitat and control the Government, budget and other affairs. The last Catalan election
4015-406: The powers given to the autonomous Catalan government according to the Spanish Constitution of 1978 were transferred and the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia ( Estatut d'Autonomia ) was passed after being approved both by referendum in Catalonia and by the Spanish parliament . José Montilla , leader of the Catalan Socialist Party, had been the president of the Generalitat until November 2010, he
4088-466: The process to restore the closed delegations, achivering the goal and opening new ones. Currently there are 15 fully deployed delegations. This is the list of the current delegations of the Government of Catalonia abroad : [REDACTED] Media related to Generalitat de Catalunya at Wikimedia Commons Peter III of Aragon Peter III of Aragon (In Aragonese, Pero ; in Catalan, Pere ; in Italian, Pietro ; c. 1239 – November 1285)
4161-405: The region shares jurisdiction with the Spanish government. One of the examples of Catalonia's degree of autonomy is its own police force, the Mossos d'Esquadra ("Auxiliary Force"), which has taken over most of the police functions in Catalonia which used to be served by the Civil Guard (Guardia Civil) and the Spanish National Police Corps . With few exceptions, most of the justice system
4234-523: The stage for the upcoming conflict. Constance thus claimed to her father's throne, supported by her husband, but the claim was fruitless, as Charles was supported by the Papacy and his power remained stronger. The election of a new Pope Nicholas III in 1277 gave the King of Aragon a glimpse of hope, but Nicholas died in 1280 and a pro-French Pope Martin IV dissipated hopes. Peter nevertheless had begun making strategic alliances with his neighbouring monarchs. Peter made his brother James II of Majorca sign
4307-410: The support of Michael VIII Palaiologos . Michael refused to aid the Aragonese king without papal approval, and so John voyaged to Rome and there gained the consent of Pope Nicholas III , who feared the ascent of Charles in the Mezzogiorno . John then returned to Barcelona but the Pope died, to be replaced by Pope Martin IV , a Frenchman and a staunch ally of Charles and the Anjou dynasty . This set
4380-436: The three estates: nobility, church and people. The tax became known was the drets del General or Generalitats . The council gained important political power during the next centuries, assuming tasks including that of prosecutor . In 1931, the name Generalitat was chosen by the legislators of the new self government to help legitimise their function. Catalan institutions which depended on the Generalitat were abolished in what
4453-455: The throne of Sicily after the deaths of her father and cousin Conradin fighting against Charles's invading forces. This made Peter the heir of Manfred of Sicily in right of his wife. The Italian physician John of Procida acted on behalf of Peter in Sicily. John had fled to Aragon after Charles' success at the Battle of Tagliacozzo . John travelled to Sicily to stir up the discontents in favour of Peter and thence to Constantinople to procure
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#17328815411134526-411: The throne. At the same time, a succession crisis continued in the County of Urgell . When Àlvar of Urgell died in 1268, the families of his two wives, Constance, a daughter of Pere de Montcada of Bearn, and Cecilia, a daughter of Roger-Bernard II of Foix , began a long fight over the inheritance of his county. Meanwhile, a good portion of the county had been repossessed by Peter's father, James I, and
4599-428: The treaty of Perpignan in 1279, in which he recognized the Kingdom of Majorca as a feudal kingdom of Peter III (making the Crown of Aragon an indissoluble unity). Peter pressed his advantage and by February 1283 had taken most of the Calabrian coastline. Charles, perhaps feeling desperate, sent letters to Peter demanding they resolve the conflict by personal combat. Peter accepted and Charles returned to France to arrange
4672-589: Was King of Aragon , King of Valencia (as Peter I ), and Count of Barcelona (as Peter II ) from 1276 to his death. At the invitation of some rebels, he conquered the Kingdom of Sicily and became King of Sicily (as Peter I ) in 1282, pressing the claim of his wife, Constance II of Sicily , uniting the kingdom to the crown. Peter was the eldest son of James I of Aragon and his second wife Violant of Hungary . On 13 June 1262, Peter married Constance II of Sicily , daughter and heiress of Manfred of Sicily . During his youth and early adulthood, Peter gained
4745-433: Was backed up by a tripartite coalition of left-wing and Catalan nationalist political parties. His party actually won fewer seats in parliament than the main opposition party, Convergence and Union, in the 2006 election , but as he gathered more support from MPs from other parties in the parliament, he was able to repeat the same coalition government that his predecessor ( Pasqual Maragall ) had formed in order to send CiU to
4818-416: Was defeated and destroyed at the Battle of Les Formigues on 4 September 1285. In addition, the French camp was hit hard by an epidemic of dysentery . The King of France himself was afflicted. The King of Navarre, the heir apparent to the French throne, opened negotiations with Peter for free passage for the royal family through the Pyrenees. But the troops were not offered such passage and were decimated at
4891-407: Was established in 1931, as the institution of self-government of Catalonia within the Spanish Republic . After the end of the Civil War in 1940 the President was executed and the Generalitat abolished. Notwithstanding, the presidency went into exile until it was reestablished in 1977. Its headquarters are at the Palau de la Generalitat , in the city of Barcelona . Catalonia's political past as
4964-432: Was held on 12 May 2024 , and its current speaker ( president ) is Josep Rull , incumbent since 11 June 2024. The President of the Generalitat of Catalonia (Catalan: president de la Generalitat de Catalunya ) is the highest representative of Catalonia, and is also responsible of leading the government's action, presiding the Executive Council. Since the restoration of the Generalitat on the return of democracy in Spain,
5037-425: Was imprisoned until 1284. When Muhammad I al-Mustansir , the Hafsid Emir of Tunisia who had put himself under James I of Aragon , died in 1277, Tunisia threw off the yoke of Aragonese suzerainty. Peter first sent an expedition to Tunis in 1280 under Conrad de Llansa designed to re-establish his suzerainty. In 1281, he himself prepared to lead a fleet of 140 ships with 15,000 men to invade Tunisia on behalf of
5110-409: Was necessary to go further, establishing an authority that prohibited the practice of any type of violent act anywhere in the territory. This was the objective of the assemblies of Peace and Truce of God, the first of which, in the Catalan counties, took place in Toluges (Roussillon), in 1027, under the presidency of Abbot Oliba , on behalf of Bishop Berenguer d'Elna , absent from the diocese because he
5183-416: Was on a pilgrimage. The origin of the Catalan Courts can be considered from the Peace of Truce of God. The Generalitat of Catalonia stems from the medieval institution which ruled, in the name of the King as Count of Barcelona, some aspects of the administration of the Principality of Catalonia . The Catalan Courts were the main institution of the Principality during its existence as a polity and approved
5256-467: Was overcome and the cathedral was burnt; the royal forces progressed. In 1285, Philip entrenched himself before Girona in an attempt to besiege it. The resistance was strong, but the city was taken. Charles was crowned there, but without an actual crown. The French soon experienced a reversal, however, at the hands of Roger de Lauria , back from the Italian theatre of the drawn-out conflict. The French fleet
5329-530: Was thus inherited by Peter in 1276. In 1278, Ermengol X , Àlvar's eldest son, succeeded in recovering most of his lost patrimony and came to an agreement with Peter whereby he recognised the latter as his suzerain. In 1280, Peter defeated the stewing rebellion led by Roger-Bernard III after besieging the rebels in Balaguer for a month. Most of the rebel leaders were imprisoned in Lleida until 1281, while Roger-Bernard
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