49-720: La Notte ( [la ˈnɔtte] ; English: "The Night" ) is a 1961 drama film co-written and directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and starring Marcello Mastroianni , Jeanne Moreau and Monica Vitti . Filmed on location in Milan , the film depicts a single day and night in the lives of a disillusioned novelist (Mastroianni) and his alienated wife (Moreau) as they move through various social circles. The film continues Antonioni's tradition of abandoning traditional storytelling in favor of visual composition , atmosphere, and mood. Grossing 470 million lire and receiving acclaim for its exploration of modernist themes of isolation, La Notte received
98-462: A better understanding of the film. According to the taxonomy, combining the type with the genre does not create a separate genre. For instance, the "Horror Drama" is simply a dramatic horror film (as opposed to a comedic horror film). "Horror Drama" is not a genre separate from the horror genre or the drama type. Crime dramas explore themes of truth, justice, and freedom, and contain the fundamental dichotomy of "criminal vs. lawman". Crime films make
147-511: A distance. Lidia leaves and wanders the streets of Milan, ending up in the neighborhood where she and Giovanni lived as newlyweds. She comes across a street fight which she tries to stop, and later watches rockets being set off in a field. She later calls Giovanni and he picks her up. That night, they go to a nightclub, where they watch a seductive performance by a female dancer and engage in small talk. Lidia tells Giovanni that she has something to tell him but cannot say it now, and suggests they leave
196-432: A high degree of skill. A specialized club called a " sand wedge " is designed for extracting the ball from a bunker. Specific rules of golf govern play from a bunker. For example, a player may not ground their club in a bunker; that is, the club cannot touch the ground before the swing. According to the etiquette of the game, the player (or their caddie ) is expected to smooth the area of the sand disturbed, normally using
245-685: A more central component of the story, along with serious content. Examples include Three Colours: White (1994), The Truman Show (1998), The Man Without a Past (2002), The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2011), and Silver Linings Playbook (2012). Coined by film professor Ken Dancyger , these stories exaggerate characters and situations to the point of becoming fable, legend or fairy tale. Examples: Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009) and Maleficent (2014). Light dramas are light-hearted stories that are, nevertheless, serious in nature. Examples: The Help (2011) and The Terminal (2004). Psychological dramas are dramas that focus on
294-400: A particular setting or subject matter, or they combine a drama's otherwise serious tone with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . To these ends, a primary element in a drama is the occurrence of conflict —emotional, social, or otherwise—and its resolution in the course of the storyline. All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in
343-633: A person's life and raises their level of importance. The "small things in life" feel as important to the protagonist (and the audience) as the climactic battle in an action film, or the final shootout in a western. Often, the protagonists deal with multiple, overlapping issues in the course of the film – just as we do in life. Films of this type/genre combination include: The Wrestler (2008), Fruitvale Station (2013), and Locke (2013). Romantic dramas are films with central themes that reinforce our beliefs about love (e.g.: themes such as "love at first sight", "love conquers all", or "there
392-428: A rake, in order that conditions are similar for all subsequent players. According to Kathryn Baker, curator, British Golf Museum, St. Andrews, Scotland , sand traps were formed out of natural depressions in the landscape because "the sheep would burrow down behind them (dunes) to take shelter from the wind. Over time, these areas hollowed out to form the bunkers, or as you Yanks say, sand traps." Old Tom Morris
441-417: A sequence in which a sudden downpour turns a listless garden party into a riot of foolish revelry, exposing the lack of stimulation before nature takes a flagellating hand. Or there's a shot of the crumpled wife leaning against a glass wall looking out into the rain that tells in a flash of all her ennui, desolation and despair. Stanley Kubrick listed La Notte as one of his top 10 favorite films. La Notte
490-419: A skill that is excitingly fertile, subtle and awesomely intuitive". Too sensitive and subtle for apt description are his pictorial fashionings of a social atmosphere, a rarefied intellectual climate, a psychologically stultifying milieu—and his haunting evocations within them of individual symbolisms and displays of mental and emotional aberrations. Even boredom is made interesting by him. There is, for instance,
539-457: A specific approach to drama but, rather, consider drama as a lack of comedic techniques. Examples: Ghost World (2001) and Wuthering Heights (2011). According to the Screenwriters' Taxonomy, all film descriptions should contain their type (comedy or drama) combined with one (or more) of the eleven super-genres. This combination does not create a separate genre, but rather, provides
SECTION 10
#1733086036642588-460: A tape recording of something she has written; Giovanni praises it, but she dismisses it and erases the tape. Giovanni states that he is going through a "crisis" common among writers, but in his case, it is affecting his whole life. They return to the party just as Lidia and Roberto return from their drive. Valentina invites Lidia to dry off in her room, where Lidia confronts her directly about her husband, but they soon engage in friendly conversation. As
637-526: Is a final fight to the death; the idea of the protagonists facing death is a central expectation in a war drama film. In a war film even though the enemy may out-number, or out-power, the hero, we assume that the enemy can be defeated if only the hero can figure out how. Examples include: Apocalypse Now (1979), Come and See (1985), Braveheart (1995), Life Is Beautiful (1997), Black Book (2006), The Hurt Locker (2008), 1944 (2015), Wildeye (2015), and 1917 (2019). Films in
686-496: Is said to be responsible for maintaining sand traps and hazards to form playable conditions, using rakes to create surfaces that were more predictable than the natural hazards they once were. Additionally, he is said to have been a pioneer in the modern idea of placing hazards so that the golf ball could be routed around them, forming the beginning of strategic golf course design. There are three types of bunkers used in golf course architecture and all are designed to be impediments to
735-421: Is someone out there for everyone"); the story typically revolves around characters falling into (and out of, and back into) love. Annie Hall (1977), The Notebook (2004), Carol (2015), Her (2013) , and La La Land (2016) are examples of romance dramas. The science fiction drama film is often the story of a protagonist (and their allies) facing something "unknown" that has the potential to change
784-622: Is that in a documentary it uses real people to describe history or current events; in a docudrama it uses professionally trained actors to play the roles in the current event, that is "dramatized" a bit. Examples: Black Mass (2015) and Zodiac (2007). Unlike docudramas, docu-fictional films combine documentary and fiction, where actual footage or real events are intermingled with recreated scenes. Examples: Interior. Leather Bar (2013) and Your Name Here (2015). Many otherwise serious productions have humorous scenes and characters intended to provide comic relief . A comedy drama has humor as
833-586: The Golden Bear at the 11th Berlin International Film Festival . The film also earned Antonioni the 1961 David di Donatello Award for Best Director. Although selected as the Italian entry for Best Foreign Language Film at the 34th Academy Awards , it was not nominated. La Notte is considered the central film of a trilogy beginning with L'Avventura (1960) and ending with L'Eclisse (1962). It
882-493: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 84% based on 31 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10. In his review in The New York Times , Bosley Crowther wrote: "As in L'Avventura , it is not the situation so much as it is the intimations of personal feelings, doubts and moods that are the substance of the film". Crowther praises Antonioni's ability to develop his drama "with
931-405: The teeing ground and the hole. Two types of penalty area exist: "red" penalty areas formerly known as "lateral water hazards" (marked with red stakes around the perimeter of the hazard) and yellow penalty areas (marked with yellow stakes). Red penalty areas are usually adjacent to the fairway being played (along the side), while yellow penalty areas generally cross the fairway being played forcing
980-755: The western super-genre often take place in the American Southwest or Mexico, with a large number of scenes occurring outdoors so we can soak in scenic landscapes. Visceral expectations for the audience include fistfights, gunplay, and chase scenes. There is also the expectation of spectacular panoramic images of the countryside including sunsets, wide open landscapes, and endless deserts and sky. Examples of western dramas include: True Grit (1969) and its 2010 remake , Mad Max (1979), Unforgiven (1992), No Country for Old Men (2007), Django Unchained (2012), Hell or High Water (2016), and Logan (2017). Some film categories that use
1029-489: The Apes (1968), A Clockwork Orange (1971), Blade Runner (1982) and its sequel Blade Runner 2049 (2017), Children of Men (2006), Interstellar (2014), and Arrival (2016). In the sports super-genre, characters will be playing sports. Thematically, the story is often one of "Our Team" versus "Their Team"; their team will always try to win, and our team will show the world that they deserve recognition or redemption;
SECTION 20
#17330860366421078-524: The Theatrical Review of the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities rated it as VM16 : not suitable for children under 16. In addition, the committee made the following censorship recommendations: 1) the scene at the hospital with Mastroianni and the young lady must end at the moment when the two start to kiss each other; 2) the scene in the dressing room in which it is possible to see
1127-407: The audience jump through a series of mental "hoops"; it is not uncommon for the crime drama to use verbal gymnastics to keep the audience and the protagonist on their toes. Examples of crime dramas include: The Godfather (1972), Chinatown (1974), Goodfellas (1990), The Usual Suspects (1995), The Big Short (2015), and Udta Punjab (2016). According to Eric R. Williams ,
1176-448: The ball may be played outside a hazard. Bunkers (or sand traps ) are shallow pits filled with sand and generally incorporating a raised lip or barrier, from which the ball is more difficult to play than from grass. A bunker is a depression, commonly near the green or fairway , that is usually filled with sand . Playing the ball from a bunker is considered more difficult than from closely mown grass, and to do so proficiently requires
1225-412: The broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense, drama is a mode distinct from novels, short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era, before the birth of cinema or television, "drama" within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that
1274-533: The characters' inner life and psychological problems. Examples: Requiem for a Dream (2000), Oldboy (2003), Babel (2006), Whiplash (2014), and Anomalisa (2015) Satire can involve humor, but the result is typically sharp social commentary that is anything but funny. Satire often uses irony or exaggeration to expose faults in society or individuals that influence social ideology. Examples: Thank You for Smoking (2005) and Idiocracy (2006). Straight drama applies to those that do not attempt
1323-434: The club to attend a party thrown by Mr. Gherardini, a millionaire industrialist, at his villa. Giovanni socializes with the party guests while Lidia walks around in a state of boredom. Giovanni meets Valentina Gherardini, the host's young daughter. As they flirt, she slides her compact across the floor, and soon others gather to watch the two compete at this game and place bets before Giovanni bows out. Meanwhile, Lidia calls
1372-473: The course of the film. Thematically, horror films often serve as morality tales, with the killer serving up violent penance for the victims' past sins. Metaphorically, these become battles of Good vs. Evil or Purity vs. Sin. Psycho (1960), Halloween (1978), The Shining (1980), The Conjuring (2013), It (2017), mother! (2017), and Hereditary (2018) are examples of horror drama films. Day-in-the-life films takes small events in
1421-502: The failure of their marriage but reaffirms his love for her. Lidia takes out a love letter Giovanni wrote to her before they married and reads it aloud. Giovanni embraces and kisses her, but she resists, insisting that they no longer love each other. Giovanni continues to kiss and fondle Lidia in a bunker on the golf course. When La Notte was first released in Italy in 1960, the Committee for
1470-481: The family as a whole reacts to a central challenge. There are four micro-genres for the family drama: Family Bond , Family Feud , Family Loss , and Family Rift . A sub-type of drama films that uses plots that appeal to the heightened emotions of the audience. Melodramatic plots often deal with "crises of human emotion, failed romance or friendship, strained familial situations, tragedy, illness, neuroses, or emotional and physical hardship". Film critics sometimes use
1519-409: The film and television industries, along with film studies , adopted. " Radio drama " has been used in both senses—originally transmitted in a live performance, it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio . The Screenwriters Taxonomy contends that film genres are fundamentally based upon a film's atmosphere, character and story, and therefore
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1568-416: The future of humanity; this unknown may be represented by a villain with incomprehensible powers, a creature we do not understand, or a scientific scenario that threatens to change the world; the science fiction story forces the audience to consider the nature of human beings, the confines of time or space or the concepts of human existence in general. Examples include: Metropolis (1927), Planet of
1617-520: The golfer's progress toward the green. Fairway bunkers are designed primarily to gather up wayward tee shots on par 4 and par 5 holes; they are located to the sides of the fairway or even in the middle of the fairway. Greenside bunkers are designed to collect wayward approach shots on long holes and tee shots on par 3 holes; they are located near and around the green . Waste bunkers are natural sandy areas, usually very large and often found on links courses; they are not considered hazards according to
1666-402: The guests running for cover. As Lidia is about to jump into the pool from the diving board, Roberto takes her to his car and they drive off. She enjoys Roberto's company and their conversation but turns away from him as he tries to kiss her. Back at the party, Giovanni searches through the crowd and finds Valentina alone. She tells him to spend the rest of the evening with his wife. She plays him
1715-416: The hallmark of fantasy drama films is "a sense of wonderment, typically played out in a visually intense world inhabited by mythic creatures, magic or superhuman characters. Props and costumes within these films often belie a sense of mythology and folklore – whether ancient, futuristic, or other-worldly. The costumes, as well as the exotic world, reflect the personal, inner struggles that the hero faces in
1764-511: The hospital and learns that Tommaso has died, leaving her devastated. Shortly afterwards, Lidia watches from the upper floor as Giovanni kisses Valentina. Mr. Gherardini meets privately with Giovanni and offers him an executive position with his company. Giovanni is reluctant to accept and leaves the offer open. While briefly reuniting with Lidia, Giovanni sees Valentina and follows her, leaving Lidia alone. A man named Roberto, who had been following Lidia, asks her to dance. A sudden rain shower sends
1813-408: The labels "drama" and "comedy" are too broad to be considered a genre. Instead, the taxonomy contends that film dramas are a "Type" of film; listing at least ten different sub-types of film and television drama. Docudramas are dramatized adaptations of real-life events. While not always completely accurate, the general facts are more-or-less true. The difference between a docudrama and a documentary
1862-509: The legal system. Films that focus on dramatic events in history. Focuses on doctors, nurses, hospital staff, and ambulance saving victims and the interactions of their daily lives. Focuses on teenage characters, especially where a secondary school setting plays a role. Bunker (golf) A hazard is an area of a golf course in the sport of golf which provides a difficult obstacle, which may be of two types: (1) penalty areas such as lakes and rivers; and (2) bunkers. A penalty area
1911-493: The naked breasts of Moreau; 3) the word "whore", said by one of the two ladies walking in the park, must be removed; 4) the final scene in which Mastroianni and Moreau hug each other and start rolling down the grass, the scene can resume when the panning shot shows the landscape without displaying the two actors. Document N° 33395 was signed on 2 November 1960 by Minister Renzo Helfer . La Notte grossed 470 million lire ($ 752,000) in Italy during its initial release in Italy. On
1960-524: The rules of golf, and so, unlike in fairway or greenside bunkers, golfers are permitted to ground a club lightly in, or remove loose impediments from, the area around the ball. Penalty areas , like bunkers, are natural obstacles designed to add both beauty and difficulty to a golf course. They are typically bodies of water or other areas where balls are frequently lost or irrecoverable. Penalty areas were formerly referred to as water hazards. Penalty areas are typically either streams or ponds, situated between
2009-524: The sight of Tommaso in pain, Lidia leaves. Giovanni stays behind and as he leaves Tommaso's room, a sick and uninhibited young woman seduces him and they kiss. They are interrupted by the nurses, who slap the patient. Outside the hospital, Giovanni sees his wife crying but does not comfort her. As they drive off, he tells her about his "unpleasant" encounter with the sick woman and is confused when Lidia reacts with indifference. Giovanni and Lidia attend his book launch, where he signs books while she looks on from
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2058-530: The story does not always have to involve a team. The story could also be about an individual athlete or the story could focus on an individual playing on a team. Examples of this genre/type include: The Hustler (1961), Hoosiers (1986), Remember the Titans (2000), and Moneyball (2011). War films typically tells the story of a small group of isolated individuals who – one by one – get killed (literally or metaphorically) by an outside force until there
2107-514: The story." Examples of fantasy dramas include The Lord of the Rings (2001–2003), Pan's Labyrinth (2006), Where the Wild Things Are (2009), and Life of Pi (2012). Horror dramas often involve the central characters isolated from the rest of society. These characters are often teenagers or people in their early twenties (the genre's central audience) and are eventually killed off during
2156-578: The term "pejoratively to connote an unrealistic, pathos-filled, camp tale of romance or domestic situations with stereotypical characters (often including a central female character) that would directly appeal to feminine audiences". Also called "women's movies", "weepies", tearjerkers, or "chick flicks". If they are targeted to a male audience, then they are called "guy cry" films. Often considered "soap-opera" drama. Focuses on religious characters, mystery play, beliefs, and respect. Character development based on themes involving criminals, law enforcement and
2205-571: The women chat, Giovanni overhears his wife tell Valentina that she wants to die. Noticing Giovanni, Lidia declares that she feels no jealousy towards Valentina. Giovanni and Lidia leave the party at dawn. As Giovanni and Lidia walk away across Mr. Gherardini's private golf course, Lidia informs Giovanni of Tommaso's death. She recounts how Tommaso used to support her and offer his affections to her, but she eventually chose to be with Giovanni because she loved him. She then explains that she feels like dying because she no longer loves Giovanni. He acknowledges
2254-488: The word "comedy" or "drama" are not recognized by the Screenwriters Taxonomy as either a film genre or a film type. For instance, "Melodrama" and "Screwball Comedy" are considered Pathways, while "romantic comedy" and "family drama" are macro-genres. A macro-genre in the Screenwriters Taxonomy. These films tell a story in which many of the central characters are related. The story revolves around how
2303-453: Was one of Stanley Kubrick 's 10 favorite films and received 4 votes from critics and 6 votes from directors in the 2012 Sight & Sound greatest films poll . Writer Giovanni Pontano and his wife Lidia visit their seriously ill friend Tommaso Garani, a left-wing cultural critic, at a hospital in Milan. Giovanni's new book has just been published, and Tommaso praises his friend's work. Shaken by
2352-451: Was previously referred to as a water hazard. Special rules apply to play balls that fall in a hazard. For example, a player may not touch the ground with their club before playing a ball, not even for a practice swing. A ball in any hazard may be played as it lies without penalty. If it cannot be played from the hazard, the ball may be hit from another location, generally with a penalty of one stroke. The Rules of Golf govern exactly from where
2401-732: Was selected as the Italian entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 34th Academy Awards , but was not accepted as a nominee. Drama (film and television) In film and television , drama is a category or genre of narrative fiction (or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone. The drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular super-genre, macro-genre, or micro-genre, such as soap opera , police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical drama , domestic drama , teen drama , and comedy-drama (dramedy). These terms tend to indicate
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