Misplaced Pages

#462537

69-422: It was previously suggested that Mondeuse noire was identical to the northern Italian wine grape variety Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso due to the similarity of the wines. In California, many plantings of Mondeuse noire were called Refosco , further adding to the confusion. DNA analysis has shown that this is not the case, and that the two varieties are unrelated. Mondeuse noire is very similar to Muscardin which

138-588: A degree that the Duke of Burgundy banned import and export of non-Burgundian wines. In 1446 the city of Dijon forbade all wines from Lyon, Tournon and Vienne, arguing that they were " très petits et pauvres vins " – very small and miserable wines. The name Côtes du Rhône comes from public administration in the Middle Ages and was the name (Côte without 's') of a district in the Gard département . In 1650, to guard against forgeries

207-501: A richer wine by eliminating the white grapes from the Chianti blend, and instead, adding Bordeaux varietals (namely, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot). He was inspired by Sassicaia, of which he was given the sale agency by his uncle Mario Incisa della Rocchetta . The result was one of the first Super Tuscans, which he named Tignanello , after the vineyard where the grapes were grown. What was formerly Chianti Classico Riserva Vigneto Tignanello,

276-470: A set of rules was passed in an attempt to guarantee the origin of the wine. In 1737 King Louis XV of France decreed that all casks destined for resale should be branded C.D.R. These were the wines from the area around Tavel, Roquemaure, Lirac and Chusclan on the western ('right') bank of the Rhône. Just over 100 years later, wines from the 'left' bank were included in the C.D.R. definition. The various AOC wines of

345-697: A specification for the method of production of vino cotto . Vincotto , typically from Basilicata and Apulia regions, also starts as a cooked must but is not fermented , resulting in a sweet syrup suitable for the preparation of sweets and soft drinks. In Roman times it was known as sapa in Latin and epsima in Greek, the same names that are often used for it, respectively, in Italy and Cyprus. Rh%C3%B4ne wine The Rhône wine region in Southern France

414-568: A vineyard in Amador County that was established in 1880s and propagated. In 1990s ampelographers began suspecting that these cuttings were not Refosco but rather Mondeuse noire, a fact later confirmed by DNA profiling. In addition to the confusion with Refosco, some plantings of Mondeuse noire in the Russian River Valley were discovered to actually be an offspring of Mondeuse noire, Calzin . This crossing of Mondeuse noire and Zinfandel

483-410: Is a mid-ripening grape variety that tends to thrive on stony vineyard soils that have a high limestone and clay content. The vine can be very vigorous and high yielding which requires the cordons to be pruned short during the winter to keep the vine in check. Among the viticultural hazards that Mondeuse noire is susceptible to include chlorosis , mites , downy and powdery mildew . The vine

552-501: Is a form of wine from the Marche and Abruzzo regions of central Italy . It is typically made by individuals for their own use as it cannot legally be sold as wine. The must, from any of several local varieties of grapes, is heated in a copper vessel where it is reduced in volume by up to a third before fermenting in old wooden barrels. It can be aged for years, barrels being topped up with each harvest. The Marche authorities have set down

621-497: Is a list of the most common and important of Italy's many grape varieties. Other important whites include Carricante, Coda de Volpe, Cortese, Falanghina , Grechetto , Grillo , Inzolia , Picolit , Traminer , Verduzzo , and Vernaccia . Other major red varieties are Cannonau , Ciliegiolo , Gaglioppo , Lagrein , Lambrusco , Monica , Nerello Mascalese , Pignolo , Refosco , Schiava , Schioppettino , Teroldego , and Uva di Troia . The term Super Tuscan (mostly used in

690-472: Is a red wine grape used in Champagne , Mondeuse noire destined for sparkling wine production would be pressed soon after harvest in order to avoid having the white grape juice tinted by the color phenolics in the skins that are usually leached out by the maceration process. In Switzerland , the grape is known as Gros Rouge and in the 19th century was the most widely planted red grape variety planted along

759-534: Is also known under the synonym Grosse Syrah , either a grandparent or half-sibling to Syrah. When Mondeuse noire was first introduced to California in the 19th century, some plantings of the vine were misidentified as the Italian wine grape Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso . This confusion was exacerbated in the 1960s when cuttings of Mondeuse noire labeled as "Refosco" were taken by the University of California, Davis from

SECTION 10

#1732898919463

828-610: Is also very sensitive to drought conditions which may require irrigation in the vineyard . In Savoie, Mondeuse noire plantings are most often trained in spur pruned systems. In 2009, there were 300 hectares (741 acres) of Mondeuse noire planted in France the vast majority of it in the Savoie wine region and the departments of eastern France. Here it is a permitted grape variety in the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) wines of Bugey in

897-504: Is classified under the Côte du Rhône and Côte du Rhône-Villages appellations. The prestigious Northern Rhône appellations account for less than 5% of the total Rhône wine production. The northern Rhône is characterised by a continental climate with harsh winters but warm summers. Its climate is influenced by the mistral wind , which brings colder air from the Massif Central . Northern Rhône

966-571: Is difficult to get an accurate count of Mondeuse noire plantings due to the longstanding confusion and mis-identification of plantings as being Refosco (and later confusion with Calzin). While the University of California, Davis officially corrected the error in 2005, the state of California was still counting Mondeuse noire and Refosco plantings as one and the same in their 2008 acreage reports. Some producers, such as Lagier-Meredith in Napa Valley, which

1035-471: Is found in Southern Rhône where it is one of the thirteen grape varieties permitted in the wine Châteauneuf-du-Pape . One difference is that Muscardin has less sensitivity to downy mildew . Ampelographers also thought that Mondeuse noire was a color mutation of Mondeuse blanche but DNA evidence has shown that not to be the case with the two varieties having a parent-offspring relationship though it

1104-532: Is not yet clear which variety is the parent and which is the offspring. References to Mondeuse usually are to Mondeuse noire rather than to Mondeuse blanche. Mondeuse noire does have a pink-berried color mutant, Mondeuse grise , which was on the verge of extinction until ampelographer Pierre Galet was able to identify vines and have cuttings planted at the Domaine de Vassal conservation vineyard in Montpellier run by

1173-493: Is often a significant drop in temperature. The southern Rhône's most famous red wine is Châteauneuf-du-Pape , a blend containing up to 19 varieties of wine grapes (ten red and nine white) as permitted by the Châteauneuf-du-Pape AOC rules. Other nearby AOC regions including Côtes du Vivarais AOC , Grignan-Les Adhemar AOC , Lirac AOC , Tavel AOC , Vacqueyras AOC , and Ventoux AOC may contain even more varieties in

1242-403: Is only used if the wine does not qualify for an appellation that can command a higher price. Therefore, almost all Côtes du Rhône AOC is produced in southern Rhône, since the northern sub-region is covered by well-known appellations and also is much smaller in terms of total vineyard surface. This AOC is also used by the commercial blenders (négociants) who buy grapes in bulk from various parts of

1311-634: Is owned by UC-Davis geneticist Carole Meredith, have been able to independently confirm that their plantings of Mondeuse noire as authentic. In the United States, Mondeuse noire is used to produce wines in several American Viticultural Areas including the Van Duzer Corridor AVA of Oregon's Willamette Valley at Pamar Vineyard and Johann Vineyard. Central Coast , El Dorado , Santa Cruz Mountains and Santa Maria Valley AVAs in California as well as

1380-463: Is permitted. The differing terroirs, together with the rugged landscape which partly protects the valleys from the Mistral , produce microclimates which give rise to a wide diversity of wines. A feature of the cultivation of the region is the use of large pebbles around the bases of the vines to absorb the heat of the sun during the day to keep the vines warm at night when, due to the cloudless skies, there

1449-456: Is produced in every region of Italy . Italy is the country with the widest variety of indigenous grapevine in the world, with an area of 702,000 hectares (1.73 million acres) under vineyard cultivation, as well as the world's second largest wine producer and the largest exporter as of 2023 . Contributing 49.8 million hl of wine in 2022, Italy accounted for over 19.3% of global production, ahead of France (17.7%) and Spain (13.8%);

SECTION 20

#1732898919463

1518-737: Is situated in the Rhône valley and produces numerous wines under various Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) designations. The region's major appellation in production volume is Côtes du Rhône AOC . The Rhône is generally divided into two sub-regions with distinct vinicultural traditions, the Northern Rhône (referred to in French as Rhône septentrional ) and the Southern Rhône (in French Rhône méridional ). The northern sub-region produces red wines from

1587-567: Is therefore cooler than southern Rhône, which means that the mix of planted grape varieties and wine styles are slightly different. Syrah is the only red grape variety permitted in red AOC wines from this sub-region. The grape, which is believed to have originated in or close to the Rhône region, is also widely known as Shiraz, its name in Australia and much of the English-speaking world, and has recently become very popular with consumers around

1656-611: The indicazione geografica tipica category (technically indicating a level of quality between vino da tavola and DOC(G)) in 1992 and the DOC Bolgheri label in 1994 helped bring Super Tuscans "back into the fold" from a regulatory standpoint. Since the pioneering work of the Super Tuscans, there has been a rapid expansion in the production of high-quality wines throughout Italy that do not qualify for DOC or DOCG classification. Many international wine guides and wine publications rate

1725-1207: The English-speaking world and less known in Italy) describes any wine (mostly red, but sometimes also white) produced in Tuscany that generally does not adhere to the traditional local DOC or DOCG regulations. As a result, Super Tuscans are usually Toscana IGT wines, while others are Bolgheri DOC , a designation of origin rather open to international grape varieties. Traditional Tuscan DOC(G)s require that wines are made from native grapes and mostly Sangiovese . While sometimes Super Tuscans are actually produced by Sangiovese alone, they are also often obtained by (1) blending Sangiovese with international grapes (such as Cabernet Sauvignon , Merlot , Cabernet Franc , and Syrah ) to produce red wines, (2) blending international grapes alone (especially classic Bordeaux grapes for reds; Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc for whites), or (3) using one single international variety. Although an extraordinary amount of wines claim to be "the first Super Tuscan", most would agree that this credit belongs to Sassicaia ,

1794-590: The Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA). In Savoie, Mondeuse noire is used in blending with Gamay , Pinot noir and Poulsard where it contributes its dark color and high acid levels to the wine that allow the wines to age well. The grape is a permitted variety in the Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) wines of Bugey in the Ain department and Vin de Savoie . There are several theories on

1863-624: The Rhône department ), Pinot Vache, Plant Maldoux (in Jura), Plant Maudos, Plant Medoc, Plant Modo, Plant Modol, Plant noir, Prossaigne, Refosco, Rodo (in Portugal ), Rouget, Salanaise, Savoe, Savoete, Savouai, Savouette, Savoyan (in the Isère department), Savoyanche, Savoyange, Savoyanne, Savoyant, Savoyard, Savoyen, Savoyet, Syrah Grosse, Terran, Terrano, Tornarin, Tournarin, Tournerin and Vache. Italian wine Italian wine ( Italian : vino italiano )

1932-504: The Savoie wine grape Douce noir which is known as Charbono in California and Bonarda in Argentina . While Mondeuse noire and Mondeuse blanche are not color mutations of one or the other, DNA evidence has confirmed that, like Pinot gris and Pinot noir, Mondeuse grise was a pink-berried mutation of Mondeuse noire. First described by ampelographer Victor Pulliat in the late 19th century,

2001-647: The Southern Oregon AVAs of the Rogue Valley and Umpqua Valley AVA . According to Master of Wine Jancis Robinson , Mondeuse noire tends to produce deeply colored and very aromatic wines that can be very tannic but often have good aging potential . Some examples will have "bitter cherry bite" that can be reminiscent of some Italian styles of wine. In California, the grape is often blended with other varieties such as Syrah and tends to produce dark and spicy wines. Wine expert Oz Clarke notes that one of

2070-523: The Syrah grape, sometimes blended with up to 20% of white wine grapes, and white wines from Marsanne , Roussanne and Viognier grapes. The southern sub-region produces an array of red, white and rosé wines, often blends of several grapes such as in Châteauneuf-du-Pape . The first cultivated vines in the region were probably planted around 600 BC. The origins of the two most important grape varieties in

2139-498: The Vaud and Geneva cantons of Switzerland), Gros Rouge Du Pays, Grosse Sirah, Gueyne, Guyenne, La Dame, Languedoc, Largillet, Maldoux (in Jura), Mandouse, Mandoux, Mandouze, Mantouse, Margilien, Margillin, Marlanche noire, Marsanne noire, Marsanne Ronde, Marve, Maudos, Maudoux, Meximieux, Molette, Molette noire, Mondeuse Rouge, Morlanche Mouteuse, Parcense, Persagne (in the Ain department), Persaigne, Persance, Persanne, Petite Persaigne (in

Mondeuse noire - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-477: The wine lake and are reprocessed into industrial alcohol. Rhône does not have an official classification using " Grand cru ", or similar terms, in contrast to Bordeaux or Burgundy . There are, however, differences between the Rhône AOCs regarding their geographical delineation and naming practices, which, in turn, provide a classification into four distinct categories: Different grape varieties are allowed in

2277-578: The Ain department and Vin de Savoie as well as the vin de pays wines of the region labeled under zonal designation of Vin de Pays d'Allobrogie . In Bugey, Mondeuse noire is permitted to be blended with Gamay and Pinot noir in the red and rosé wines of the AOC provided that the grapes are harvested to a yield no greater than 45 hectoliters /hectare (approximately 2.4 tonnes/acre) and the finished reaches at least 9% alcohol by volume . Bugey wines can also allow one of

2346-520: The Elder and Columella as well as the 2nd century Greek writer Celsus . Ampelographers disagree about the identity of this grape, which grew widely in the land of the Allobroges after whom it is named for, with other theories speculating that the grape was instead the ancestor of Pinot noir or Syrah . The first mention of Mondeuse noire, under the synonym Maldoux , dates to a February 3, 1731 decree from

2415-576: The Rhône Valley region are produced by over 6,000 wine growing properties including 1,837 private wineries and 103 cooperatives. Those vineyard owners which do not vinify their wines themselves deliver their grapes in bulk either to a winemaking cooperative, for example Cellier des Dauphins , or sell them to one of the 51 négociants (wine producers and merchants) who blend, distribute, and export on an industrial scale. The entire Rhône region produces around 4 million hl of wine each year, of which over half

2484-404: The Rhône wine region. In that year, INAO moved the responsibility for oversight of this appellation's wine to the regional committee of the Rhône valley. Local producers of Côtes du Rhône -styled wines made from Syrah and Grenache lobbied for this change since the local winemaking traditions did not coincide with administrative borders, and presumably due to the greater prestige of Rhône wines in

2553-513: The Rhône) by some thirty producers including Château d'Aqueria, Domaine Maby, Domaine de la Mordorée, Domaine Pelaquier, is an elite rosé only, which has been referred to as 'the wine of kings". Fortified wines ( vin doux naturel ) are made in the Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise AOC and Rasteau AOCs . Côtes du Rhône AOC is an AOC that covers both the northern and southern sub-regions of Rhône. Typically it

2622-542: The Romans planted their own vineyards . The Romans greatly increased Italy's viticultural area using efficient viticultural and winemaking methods. Vines have been cultivated from the wild Vitis vinifera grape for millennia in Italy. It was previously believed that viticulture had been introduced into Sicily and southern Italy by the Mycenaeans , as winemaking traditions are known to have already been established in Italy by

2691-538: The Viognier grape. However, extensive DNA typing and viticultural research has established beyond doubt that Syrah originated in the Rhône region itself. When the Romans left the area interest in the wine of the region disappeared. Rhône reappeared in the 13th century when the Popes and their considerable purchasing power moved to Avignon , at which time the production of wine expanded greatly. The wines were traded to such

2760-637: The blend. Gigondas AOC , on the other hand, is predominantly made from Grenache noir has a more restricted set of permitted grapes. Depending on the specific AOC rules, grapes blended into southern Rhône reds may include Grenache, Syrah, Mourvèdre , Carignan and Cinsault . Similar wine blends globally are known as GSM , after the first three varietals. The reds from the left bank are full bodied, rich in tannins while young, and are characterized by their aromas of prune, undergrowth, chocolate and ripe black fruit. The right bank reds are slightly lighter and fruitier. Southern Rhône appellations: White wines from

2829-525: The brainchild of marchese Mario Incisa della Rocchetta , who planted Cabernet Sauvignon at his Tenuta San Guido estate in Bolgheri back in 1944. It was for many years the marchese's personal wine, until, starting with the 1968 vintage, it was released commercially in 1971. In 1968 Azienda Agricola San Felice produced a Super Tuscan called Vigorello, and in the 1970s Piero Antinori , whose family had been making wine for more than 600 years, also decided to make

Mondeuse noire - Misplaced Pages Continue

2898-436: The first official Italian system of classification of wines was launched. Since then, several modifications and additions to the legislation have been made, including a major modification in 1992. The last modification, which occurred in 2010, established four basic categories which are consistent with the latest European Union wine regulations (2008–09). The Italian Ministry of Agriculture (MIPAAF) regularly publishes updates to

2967-517: The following year, production decreased by 11.5 million hl, and Italy was surpassed by France. Italian wine is also popular domestically among Italians, who consume a yearly average of 46.8 litres per capita, ranking third in world wine consumption. The origins of vine-growing and winemaking in Italy has been illuminated by recent research, stretching back even before the Phoenician , Etruscans and Greek settlers, who produced wine in Italy before

3036-581: The grape in Victoria . Among Brown Brothers 1.2 hectares (3 acres) of Mondeuse noire are 100 year plus old vines that date back to 1907. Here the variety is often co-fermented with Syrah and Cabernet Sauvignon . Mondeuse noire has been planted in California since at least the 1880s when it was described by Charles Krug as one of the varieties that "ambitious winemen" were planting along with Cabernet Sauvignon , Petite Sirah, Miller Burgundy (likely Pinot Meunier ), Crabb Burgundy and Malbec . Today, however, it

3105-513: The marketplace. Such changes of borders between wine regions are very rare. Many private wineries also produce wines including sparkling wines and fortified wines , single varietals - particularly from the Syrah grape - and even brandies . These wines usually do not conform to the rules of a VDQS or AOC. They are usually only sold on the premises. Several wineries produce wines from organically cultivated vines that, provided they comply with

3174-633: The most popular Italian wines. Among the Italian publications, Gambero Rosso is probably the most influential. In particular, the wines that are annually given the highest rating of "three glasses" ( Tre Bicchieri ) attract much attention. Recently, other guides, such as Slow Wine, published by Slow Food Italia, and Bibenda, compiled by the Fondazione Italiana Sommelier, have also gained attention both among professionals and amateurs. Vino cotto ( lit.   ' cooked wine ' )

3243-564: The northern Rhone ( Syrah and Viognier ) have in the past been subject to speculation. Some suggested that the Greeks were responsible for bringing the Syrah grape from the Persian city of Shiraz . Others that the grape came 50 years later when Greeks fled from the Persian king Cyrus I . Yet others suggested the grape came from the Sicilian city of Syracuse , whence circa 280 AD the Romans brought it and

3312-603: The official classification. The categories, from the bottom to the top level, are: Important wine-relevant geographic characteristics of Italy include: The main wine production areas in Italy, with the wine-growing areas, the main vines (the native ones in italics) and the main wines produced: Italy is the country with the widest variety of indigenous grapevine in the world. Italy's Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MIPAAF), has documented over 350 grapes and granted them "authorized" status. There are more than 500 other documented varieties in circulation as well. The following

3381-579: The origin of the name Mondeuse . It could be derived from: Most ampelographers believe that Mondeuse noire is indigenous to the Dauphiné region of southeastern France in an area that is now part of the Drôme , Hautes-Alpes and Isère departments. An early theory, popularized in 1887 by French ampelographer Pierre Tochon , is that Mondeuse noire could be the Ancient Roman grape Allobrogica described by Pliny

3450-514: The parliament of Besançon in the Doubs department of the Franche-Comté . This decree mandated that all plantings of several grape varieties, including Maldoux, Enfariné , Foirard noir , Foirard blanc , Valet noir and Barclan blanc , that were planted after 1702 had to be uprooted and replaced with cereal crops. Under the name Mondeuse noire , the grape was noted in records from 1845 growing in

3519-508: The reasons why Mondeuse noire was often associated with the Friuli-Venezia Giulia wine grape Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso was likely due to "Italianate intensity" of the wines produced from the grape with their bitter cherry notes and dark plum fruit. Master of Wine Clive Coates notes that Mondeuse noire sometimes has difficulties fully ripening in the cool alpine climates of Savoie and eastern France which can lead to some examples of

SECTION 50

#1732898919463

3588-430: The red and rosé wines of the AOC. Here yields are restricted to 60 hl/ha (approximately 3.2 tonnes/acre) for the basic AOC and 55 hl/ha for cru classified wine and minimum alcohol levels are 9.5% for basic AOC and 10% for cru classified. While rarely used, Mondeuse noire is also permitted in the sparkling Vin de Savoie Mousseux or semi-sparkling Vin de Savoie Pétillant wines of the region. Like Pinot noir, which

3657-626: The region to bottle, distribute, and export on an industrial scale. This nevertheless makes it the most commonly known, produced, and distributed appellation of the region. Produce from vineyards surrounding certain villages including Laudun and others may be labeled Côtes-du-Rhône Villages AOC . Red Côtes du Rhône is usually dominated by Grenache. Other appellations falling outside the main Rhône area in terms of wine styles but administratively within it are Clairette de Die AOC , Crémant de Die AOC , Grignan-Les Adhemar AOC , Luberon AOC , Ventoux AOC , Côtes du Vivarais AOC . These are more similar to

3726-496: The rules for varieties, plant spacing, pruning and maximum yield, are admitted in the AOC. The excess production of many domains and cooperatives is released as Vin de Pays which are marketed as Vin de Pays du Gard, Vin de Pays de Vaucluse, etc., or are sold to blenders of wine from the European Union, and mass food distribution for sale as own brands. Excess wines of the lowest quality, Vin de Table , occasionally become part of

3795-533: The shores of Lake Geneva in what is now the Vaud , Valais and Geneva cantons . However, plantings of Mondeuse noire sharply declined throughout the 20th century and by 2009 there were only 4 hectares (10 acres) of the grape scattered throughout the Geneva and Vaud cantons. Outside of Europe, Mondeuse noire can be found in New World wine region of Australia where producers such as Brown Brothers Milawa Vineyard grow

3864-461: The southern Rhône sub-region, such as in Châteauneuf-du-Pape whites, are also typically blends of several wine grapes. These may include Ugni blanc , Roussanne , Bourboulenc , Picpoul , and Clairette . Since about 1998 Viognier is increasingly being used and is also appearing as a single varietal. Tavel AOC , produced in the special microclimate of the sillon rhodanien (the furrow of

3933-713: The time the Phoenician and Greek colonists arrived on Italy's shores around 1000–800 BC. However, archeological discoveries on Monte Kronio in 2017 revealed that viticulture in Sicily flourished at least as far back as 4000 BC — some 3,000 years earlier than previously thought. Also on the peninsula, traces of Bronze Age and even Neolithic grapevine management and small-scale winemaking might suggest earlier origins than previously thought. Under ancient Rome large-scale, slave-run plantations sprang up in many coastal areas of Italy and spread to such an extent that, in AD 92, Emperor Domitian

4002-457: The valley of the Isère . Mondeuse noire was once thought to be dark-berried color mutation of Mondeuse blanche , a variety that is best known for being the mother vine to the Rhône wine grape Syrah. However, in the early 21st century, DNA profiling showed that the two grapes actually had parent-offspring relationship though it is not yet known which grape is the parent and which is the offspring. This relationship makes Mondeuse noire, which

4071-520: The villages in the region along the Rhone and Ain to hyphenate their names along to the AOC designation provided the harvest is restricted to no more than 40 hl/ha and the wine is made above the minimum alcohol level of 9.5%. The Vin de Savoie AOC covers 1,500 hectares (3,705 acres) northeast of Lyon towards to the Swiss border. Here Mondeuse noire is grown and permitted to be blended with Gamay and Pinot noir in

4140-713: The vine was thought to be extinct until plantings were identified by Pierre Galet in the 1950s. From these plantings, cuttings were taken and the vine was planted at the Domaine de Vassal conservation vineyard in Montpellier ran by the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA). Today, outside of the plantings at the INRA's conservation vineyards, the only significant plantings of Mondeuse grise are being propagated as Persagne grise by Michel Grisard in Savoie. Mondeuse noire

4209-409: The vintage, modern Italy is the world's largest or second-largest wine producer. In 2005, production was about 20% of the global total, second only to France, which produced 26%. In the same year, Italy's share in dollar value of table wine imports into the U.S. was 32%, Australia's was 24%, and France's was 20%. Along with Australia, Italy's market share has rapidly increased in recent years. In 1963,

SECTION 60

#1732898919463

4278-417: The whites from Crozes-Hermitage , Hermitage , Saint Joseph , and Saint Péray . From north to south the appellations in the northern Rhône are: Northern Rhône reds are often identified by their signature aromas of green olive and smoky bacon. The southern Rhône sub-region has a more Mediterranean climate with milder winters and hot summers. Drought can be a problem in the area, but limited irrigation

4347-513: The wine being very acidic , tart and lacking fruit. However, wine expert Hugh Johnson believes that Mondeuse noire is often "underrated" and in Savoie has the potential to produce "forthright, fruity reds". Over the years Mondeuse noire has been known under a variety of synonyms including: Angelique, Argillet, Argilliere, Begeain, Begean, Bon Savoyan, Chetouan, Cintuan, Cotillon Des Dames, Gascon, Grand Chetuan, Grand Picot, Grand Picou, Gros Chetuan, Gros Picot, Gros Piquot, Gros Plant, Gros Rouge (in

4416-462: The wines of Provence . In 2004 ten new appellations were officially added to the Rhône region, 9 in the Gard and one in the Vaucluse, which largely parallel the wines of Southern Rhône proper, while two appellations were discontinued for reasons of reforesting and urban encroachment. In 2004, Costières de Nîmes AOC , which previously had been counted as part of eastern Languedoc , was also attached to

4485-553: The world. For wines bearing the Cornas AOC designation, Syrah must be used exclusively, whereas other reds from the northern Rhône sub-region may be blended with white wine grapes, either Viognier or Marsanne and Roussanne, depending on the appellation. However, while this is allowed by the AOC rules, blending with white grapes is widely practiced only for Côte-Rôtie. Viognier by itself is used for white wines from Condrieu and Château-Grillet . Marsanne and Roussanne are in turn used for

4554-480: Was created by UC-Davis viticulturist Harold Olmo in 1937 and later developed a white-berried color mutation known as Helena . Also in the late 20th and early 21st century, it was discovered that some of the plantings of Petite Sirah were actually field blends of true Petite Sirah (Durif) as well as several other varieties including Mondeuse noire. Though the exact relationship is not yet known, DNA analysis has also shown that Mondeuse noire has some relationship to

4623-532: Was customary, at the time, for young people to drink wine mixed with a good proportion of water. As the laws on provincial viticulture were relaxed, vast vineyards began to flourish in the rest of Europe, especially Gaul (present-day France) and Hispania . This coincided with the cultivation of new vines, such as biturica, an ancestor of the Cabernets . These vineyards became so successful that Italy ultimately became an import centre for provincial wines. Depending on

4692-453: Was forced to destroy a great number of vineyards in order to free up fertile land for food production. During this time, viticulture outside of Italy was prohibited under Roman law. Exports to the provinces were reciprocated in exchange for more slaves, especially from Gaul . Trade was intense with Gaul, according to Pliny , because the inhabitants tended to drink Italian wine unmixed and without restraint. Although unpalatable to adults, it

4761-613: Was pulled from the DOC in 1971, first eliminating the white grapes (then compulsory in Chianti DOC) and gradually adding French varieties. By 1975, Tignanello was made with 85% Sangiovese, 10% Cabernet Sauvignon, and 5% Cabernet Franc, and it remains so today. Because these wines did not conform to strict DOC(G) classifications, they were initially labelled as vino da tavola ( lit.   ' table wine ' ), an old official category ordinarily reserved for lower quality wines. The creation of

#462537