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69-878: La Chiripada has a tasting room in the Taos Downtown Historic District on Bent Street, the La Chiripada Wine Shop . La Chiripada was founded by the Johnson family, who built the adobe winery by hand in 1981. It is located south of Taos, New Mexico in the Rio Embudo Valley . The vineyards produce an annual crop of twenty to thirty tons of grapes. La Chiripada produces a variety of whites, reds, and specialty wines. 36°11′47.7″N 105°52′51.0″W  /  36.196583°N 105.880833°W  / 36.196583; -105.880833 Taos Downtown Historic District Taos Downtown Historic District

138-495: A " Comandancia General de las Provincias Internas " ("General Commander of the Internal Provinces") for the northern provinces of New Spain. However, he also recognized that a long war with the natives would be impossible to win or sustain due to the lack of military resources in the area. With that view, he himself promoted the establishment of a strong peace in the provinces and a greater commercial presence in 1779. In 1786,

207-509: A channel to the province so as not to completely abandon their subjects remaining there. The Viceroyalty organized a system, the so-called conducta , to supply the missions , presidios , and northern ranchos. The conducta consisted of wagon caravans that departed every three years from Mexico City to Santa Fe along the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. The trip required a long and difficult journey of six months, including 2–3 weeks of rest along

276-425: A commercial route for more than 300 years, from the middle of the 16th century to the 19th century, mainly for the transport of silver extracted from northern mines. During this time, the road was continuously improved, and over time the risks became smaller as haciendas and population centers emerged. During the 18th century, the sites along the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro increased significantly. The area between

345-571: A reduction in hostile attacks in the Taos Valley. In 1796, The Don Fernando de Taos Land Grant gave land to 63 Spanish families in the Taos valley, including the Taos Plaza which was then called Don Fernando de Taos. The settlement was built as a fortified plaza, with strong gates to enclose the settlement to protect the residents and livestock at threats of attack by Plains Indians . At each corner of

414-431: A type of building, architectural, technological or landscape, that illustrates a significant stage of human history" was added in 2010. On August 1, 2010, UNESCO designated this road as a World Heritage Site . The designation identified a core zone of 3,102 hectares with a buffer zone of 268,057 hectares distributed across 60 historical sites. UNESCO identified / recognized 60 sites along the road in their declaration of

483-562: Is a historic district in Taos, New Mexico . Taos "played a major role in the development of New Mexico, under Spanish , Mexican, and American governments." It is a key historical feature of the Enchanted Circle Scenic Byway of northern New Mexico. Taos Downtown Historic District is located in the center of Taos, New Mexico. It is roughly bounded by Ojitos, Quesnel, Martyr's Lane, Las Placitas and Ranchitos Streets. More broadly

552-610: Is an alternate name used to describe the route as it passes from New Mexico through the state of Chihuahua to central Mexico. By the late 16th century, Spanish exploration and colonization had advanced from Mexico City northward by the great central plateau to its ultimate goal in Santa Fe . Until Mexican independence in 1821, all communications between New Mexico and the rest of the world were restricted to this 1,500-mile (2,400 km) trail. Over it came ox carts and mule trains, missionaries and governors, soldiers and colonists. When

621-571: The Battle of Cuerno Verde was led by Juan Bautista de Anza against the Comanches. Several tribal leaders and the chief were killed during the battle. As a result, the hostilities by that tribe subsided. In 1794 an order was initiated that prohibited Spanish, Negroes and mulattoes from living on pueblo lands. In addition, the General Indian Policy by Commandant General Teodoro de Croix resulted in

690-732: The Camino Real de Tierra Adentro , the northernmost of the four main "royal roads" – the Caminos Reales – that linked Mexico City to its major tributaries in Acapulco , Veracruz , Audiencia ( Guatemala ) and Santa Fe . After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 , which violently forced the Spanish out of Nuevo México , the Spanish Crown decided not to abandon the province altogether but instead maintained

759-645: The Comanches and the Utes traded weapons, ammunition, horses, agricultural products, furs, and meats with the Spanish. Spain at the same time maintained a monopoly on the products of its northern provinces, thus no trade occurred with the French colony of Louisiana . For the second half of the 18th century, the northern frontier of New Spain represented a fundamental interest for the Spanish Empire and its reformist policy, with

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828-602: The Hacienda de Juana Guerra . 1351-041: Churches in the town of Nombre de Dios . 1351-042: Hacienda de San Diego de Navacoyán and Bridge del Diablo . 1351-043: Historic center of Durango . 1351-044: Churches in the town of Cuencamé and Cristo de Mapimí . 1351-045: Templo de Nuestra Señora del Refugio in the Hacienda La Pedriceña in Los Cuatillos , Cuencamé Municipality . 1351-046: Iglesia Principal of

897-563: The Hacienda de San Diego del Jaral de Berrio in Guanajuato , as well as the portion in the United States. For this reason, a possible expansion of the declaration has been proposed for the future. The Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia is conducting research to find and gather evidence for additional portions and sites of the original stretches of the historical road, such as bridges, pavements, haciendas, etc. that might be added to

966-511: The Hacienda de San Mateo de la Zarca . 1351-054: Hacienda de la Limpia Concepción of Canutillo . 1351-055: Templo de San Miguel in the town of Villa Ocampo . 1351-056: Section of the Camino Real between Nazas and San Pedro del Gallo . 1351-057: Ojuela Mine . 1351-058: Cave of Las Mulas de Molino . 1351-059: Town of Valle de Allende . In the United States, from the Texas – New Mexico border to San Juan Pueblo north of Española ,

1035-471: The Hacienda de San Nicolás de Quijas . 1351-027: Town of Pinos . 1351-028: Templo de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles of the town of Noria de Ángeles . 1351-029: Templo de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores in Villa González Ortega . 1351-030: Colegio de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Propaganda Fide . 1351-031: Historic center of Sombrerete . 1351-032: Templo de San Pantaleón Mártir in

1104-717: The Historic Center of Mexico City (also a World Heritage Site on its own) and the town of Valle de Allende , Chihuahua . The 404-mile (650 km) section of the route within the United States was proclaimed the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Historic Trail , a part of the National Historic Trail system, on October 13, 2000. The historic route is overseen by both the National Park Service and

1173-590: The Manila galleon that arrived annually at Acapulco from the western Pacific. As an example, for this time, the most typical products sold by the merchants in the city of Parral along the "Chihuahua Trail" included: Platoncillos from Michoacán ; Jarrillos from Cuautitlán of the State of Mexico; Majolica from the State of Puebla ; Porcelain junks from China ; and clay products from Guadalajara . The 19th century brought many changes for both Mexico and its northern border. From

1242-644: The Mexican–American War ). In retaliation, some former Mexican citizens and Taos Natives rebelled and during the Taos Revolt Charles Bent , the first territorial governor , was killed in his home. In response, the United States Army killed more than 150 people at the Taos Pueblo and destroyed the original San Geronimo Mission. In 1850, New Mexico and Arizona became an official territory of

1311-640: The Municipality of San Miguel de Allende . 1351-016: Historic center of Guanajuato and its adjacent mines. 1351-017: Historic center of Lagos de Moreno and bridge. 1351-018: Historic center of Ojuelos de Jalisco . 1351-019: Bridge of Ojuelos de Jalisco . 1351-020: Hacienda de Ciénega de Mata . 1351-021: Old Cemetery of Encarnación de Díaz . 1351-022: Hacienda de Peñuelas . 1351-023: Hacienda de Cieneguilla . 1351-024: Historic center of Aguascalientes . 1351-025: Hacienda de Pabellón de Hidalgo . 1351-026: Chapel of San Nicolás Tolentino of

1380-573: The Napoleonic Wars to the start of the Mexican War of Independence , the colonial government was unstable and struggled to continue sending resources to the northern provinces. This void led to the establishment of alternate suppliers and supply routes into those provinces. In 1807, American merchant and military agent Zebulon Pike was sent to explore the southwestern borders between the US and New Spain with

1449-609: The Santa Fe Trail was established as an overland route between Santa Fe and Missouri , traders from the United States extended their operations southward down the Chihuahua Trail and beyond to Durango and Zacatecas . Ultimately superseded by railroads in the 19th century, the ancient Mexico City–Santa Fe road was revived in the mid-20th century as one of the great automobile highways of Mexico. The part that runs from Santa Fe, New Mexico to El Paso, Texas, US State Highway 85 ,

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1518-633: The U.S. Bureau of Land Management with aid from the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Trail Association (CARTA). A portion of the trail near San Acacia, New Mexico , was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 2014. The road is identified as beginning at the Plaza Santo Domingo very close to the present Zócalo and Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral in Mexico City. Traveling north through San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato ,

1587-576: The UNESCO World Heritage List in November 2001, under the cultural criteria (i) and (ii), which referred to i) "Representing a masterpiece of the creative genius of man"; and ii) "Being the manifestation of a considerable exchange of influences, during a specific period or in a specific cultural area, in the development of architecture or technology, monumental arts, urban planning or landscape design". Criteria (iv) "Offering an eminent example of

1656-516: The Viceroyalty of New Spain all roads passable by horse and cart were called "Camino Real", and a significant number of roads throughout the viceroyalty bore this designation. Similarly, all of the interior territories outside of Mexico City were once called "Tierra Adentro", and particularly the northern parts of the Kingdom. This is why the portion of the road between Santiago de Querétaro and Saltillo

1725-539: The 1960s and 1970s and their residence influenced the culture of Taos. El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (English: The Royal Road of the Interior Land ), also known as the Silver Route , was a Spanish 2,560-kilometre-long (1,590 mi) road between Mexico City and San Juan Pueblo ( Ohkay Owingeh ), New Mexico (in the modern U.S.), that was used from 1598 to 1882. It

1794-608: The Camino Real between the bridge of La Colmena and the Hacienda de La Cañada . 1351-007: Historic center of San Juan del Río . 1351-008: Hacienda de Chichimequillas . 1351-009: Chapel of the hacienda de Buenavista . 1351-010: Historic center of Santiago de Querétaro . 1351-011: Bridge of El Fraile . 1351-012: Antiguo Real Hospital de San Juan de Dios in San Miguel de Allende . 1351-013: Bridge of San Rafael in Guanajuato . 1351-014: Bridge La Quemada . 1351-015: Sanctuario de Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco in

1863-505: The Camino Real in the Los Brazitos area south of what is now Las Cruces , New Mexico. Doniphan's forces went on to capture El Paso del Norte and, later, the city of Chihuahua. During 1846–1847, the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro became a path of continuous use, with American forces using it to travel into the interior of Mexico . On their journey, many American travelers kept journals and wrote home about what they saw as they travelled. One of

1932-499: The Camino Real to promote commerce (although some form of these had already been existing for some time prior). Some of the most important Fairs along the Camino Real included the Fair de San Juan de los Lagos in Jalisco , the Fair de Saltillo , and the Fair de Chihuahua , which was of great importance to Nuevo México merchants. The Fair de Taos was also an important annual event where

2001-452: The Camino Real, the Villa de Alburquerque became the center of commercial exchange between Nuevo México and the rest of New Spain during the 18th century, trading cattle, wool, textiles, animal skins, salt, and nuts. This exchange occurred mainly with the mining cities of Chihuahua, Santa Bárbara , and Parral . El Paso del Norte (present-day Ciudad Juárez ) became another major terminal on

2070-465: The Franciscan priest was killed. In 1661 some people returned to the still difficult situation. Due to the poor treatment of the residents of the pueblo, a revolt by indigenous peoples in 1680 resulted in the Spanish being driven out of the area. Sixteen years later the Taos valley was resettled by Don Diego de Vargas of Spain with a renewed and more respectful perspective. Spanish families settled in

2139-676: The Presidios, inspect troop readiness, review military regulations and propose what might be done to strengthen the government and the defense of the State. From its review, the Marquis proposed a line of Presidios along the northern frontier of New Spain, to be established from the Gulf of Mexico to the Gulf of California to protect itself from the Utes, Apaches , Comanches, and Navajos . Don José de Gálvez , special commissioner to New Spain for Charles III , promoted

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2208-523: The Taos Plaza area and Ranchos de Taos . In 1710 the Spanish regained the territory. For protection against attacks by Plains Indians, many people of Spanish heritage lived on, or built houses very near, the Taos Pueblo. Subsequently, concerned about the rate of intermarriage between the Spanish and people of the pueblo, the Spanish were asked to move at least "one league" away from the pueblo. In 1779

2277-476: The Taos Valley in 1540. The area was settled by Spanish colonialists starting about 1615. What had begun as good relationships between the people from the pueblo and the settlers became contentious due to "brutal treatment" of the pueblo residents by the Franciscan missionaries, pressure to convert to Christianity, and demands to make tributes to encomenderos . Some of the colonists left the Taos area in 1840 after

2346-536: The United States. Taos, one of the oldest Spanish settlements in the Taos valley, has examples of Spanish Colonial, Mission Revival, Pueblo Revival and Territorial architecture. In 1930 several buildings on the plaza succumbed to fire, including the courthouse building and the Don Fernando Hotel. A new courthouse building was built and in 1933 and 1934 the Works Progress Administration funded

2415-547: The aim of ensuring Spanish sovereignty over its northern provinces, highly coveted geopolitically by other European powers – especially the English and the French. The Spanish Crown labored to incorporate the natives into the social and economic welfare of its provinces and give them reasons to participate in the defense of the Spanish border. Thus, Captain Nicolás de Lafora (assigned by

2484-551: The area originally called Don Fernando de Taos is located in the Taos Valley , alongside Taos Creek and about 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Taos Pueblo . In the distance is Taos Peak . Arrowheads , potshards and pictographs found in the area provide evidence that Native Americans ranged through the Taos area about 6,000 years ago. About 900 years ago Pueblo people moved into the Taos and Picuris Pueblo areas. Spanish conquistadors , led by Hernando de Alvardo , entered

2553-737: The banks of the Calderón River 60 km (37 mi) east of Guadalajara in present-day Zapotlanejo , Jalisco , northward, eventually arriving at the Wells of Baján in Coahuila where he was captured and executed by royal forces. Between 1821 and 1822, after the end of the war for the Independence of Mexico , the Santa Fe Trail was established to connect the US territory of Missouri with Santa Fe . At first, US merchants were arrested and imprisoned for bringing contraband into Mexican territory; however,

2622-473: The caravan progressed further north. The main objective of the Chichimecas was horses, but they would also often take women and children. A series of presidios along the way allowed for relays of troops to provide additional protection to the caravans. At night in the most dangerous areas, the caravans would form a circle with their wagons with the people and animals inside. The Camino Real was actively used as

2691-454: The creation of murals within the courthouse. The frescoes were painted by Taos art colony members Emil Bisttram , Victor Higgins , Ward Lockwood and Bert Geer Phillips . In the late 19th century members of the Taos art colony settled in homes and studios around the plaza. The first of which were Bert Geer Phillips and Ernest L. Blumenschein who became "enthralled" by Taos scenery and clear light in 1898. The Taos Society of Artists

2760-604: The cultural and historic trail in collaboration with the U.S. National Park Service , the Bureau of Land Management , the New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs, and various Mexican organizations. CARTA publishes an informative quarterly journal, Chronicles of the Trail , which provides people with further history and current affairs of the trail and what CARTA, as an organization, is doing to help preserve it. The Chihuahua Trail

2829-531: The dispute over the Texas-Mexico border with the United States gave rise to the subsequent invasion by US military forces and the Mexican–American War began. One of these forces was commanded by the general Stephen Kearny , who traveled by the Santa Fe Trail to seize the capital of New Mexico. Another of the forces commanded by Colonel Alexander William Doniphan defeated a small group of Mexican contingents on

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2898-775: The early 1800s. In December 1826 Kit Carson arrived and later married Josefa Jaramillo from Taos. At that time there were about 500 settlers in Taos. It was almost as important as Santa Fe and was the northernmost custom depot of the Spanish colonial settlements. As the Santa Fe Trail was established between the American territory of Missouri and Santa Fe, fur trade and goods trade developed in Taos for people of American, Spanish and Native American heritage. Santa Fe Trail traders included Charles Bent and William Bent who operated Bent's Fort . Goods produced in Taos included furs, blankets, and "Taos lightning", made from fermented wheat. In 1826 Padre Antonio José Martínez began to serve

2967-449: The events that were taking place in the center of the country to the towns and villages of the internal provinces. During the Mexican War of Independence , the Camino Real was used by both forces, rebels and royal forces. For example, after the liberator Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla launched the war of independence, he used the road to retreat from the Battle of the Bridge of Calderón fought on

3036-435: The growing economic crisis in northern Mexico gave rise to an increased tolerance of this type of trade. In fact, the Santa Fe Trail (Sendero de Santa Fe) provided needed markets for local products (such as cotton) and manufactured products from New Mexico, so New Mexicans looked favorably on this new trade route. By 1827, a lucrative and commercial connection had been forged between Missouri, New Mexico, and Chihuahua. In 1846,

3105-582: The intention to find a trail to bring US commerce into Nuevo México and Nueva Vizcaya (Chihuahua). Pike was captured on 26 February 1807 by the Spanish authorities in northern Nuevo México, who sent him on the Camino Real to the city of Chihuahua for interrogation. While Pike was in this city, he gained access to several maps of México and learned of the discontent with Spanish domination. In 1821, after 11 years of struggle, Mexico gained its independence from Spain. The Camino Real maintained an important role in this period, since travelers brought communication about

3174-548: The last decade of the 18th century, a tenuous peace was achieved between the Spaniards and the Apache tribes as a result of the aforementioned administrative and strategic changes. As a consequence, commerce along the Camino Real greatly expanded with products from all over the world, including products from the other provinces of New Spain, brought in over land; European products brought in by the Spanish fleet; and even those that came from

3243-430: The men and beasts. Beyond the sustenance needs, the greatest danger to the caravan was that of local assaults. Groups of bandits roamed throughout the territory and threatened the caravan from the current state of Mexico to the state of Querétaro , seeking articles of value. And from the southern part of Zacatecas onward to the north, the greatest threat was the native Chichimecas , who became more likely to attack as

3312-527: The nephew of José de Gálvez, Bernardo de Gálvez , viceroy of New Spain published his "Instructions " which included three strategies for dealing with the Natives: Continuing the military pressure on hostile and unaligned tribes; Pursuing the formation of alliances with friendly tribes; and promoting economic dependency with those natives who had entered into peace treaties with the Spanish Crown. In

3381-509: The north through the exchange of products such as turquoise , obsidian , salt and feathers . By the year AD 1000, a flourishing trade network existed from Mesoamerica to the Rocky Mountains . After Tenochtitlan was subdued in 1521, Spanish conquistadors and colonists began a series of expeditions with the purpose of expanding their domains and obtaining greater wealth for the Spanish Crown . Their initial efforts led them to follow

3450-547: The original UNESCO designation. 1351-000: Historic center of Mexico City . 1351-001: Old College of Templo de San Francisco Javier (Tepotzotlán) in Tepotzotlán . 1351-002: Aculco de Espinoza . 1351-003: Bridge of Atongo . 1351-004: Section of the Camino Real between Aculco de Espinoza and San Juan del Río . 1351-005: Templo and exconvento de San Francisco in Tepeji del Río de Ocampo and bridge. 1351-006: Section of

3519-460: The original route (at one point designated U.S. Route 85 but later superseded with US Interstate Highways 10 and 25 ) has been designated a National Scenic Byway called El Camino Real . Pedestrian, bicycle, and equestrian trails have been added to portions of the trade route corridor over the past few decades. These include the existing Paseo del Bosque Trail in Albuquerque and portions of

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3588-511: The parish of Our Lady of Guadalupe . He also founded a newspaper, the first one west of the Mississippi, which was the precursor to the modern The Taos News . In 1830 building housing a jail and courthouse was built on the north side of the plaza. The Columbian and Don Fernando hotels, saloons and gambling establishments were built to accommodate the influx of visitors to Taos. The United States took possession of New Mexico in 1847 (during

3657-514: The products, prices, and animals that they found on their journeys. With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo signed in February 1848, the war officially ended, with Mexico ceding most of its northern territories to the US, including parts of what are now the US states of New Mexico , Colorado , Arizona , and all of California , Nevada and Utah . The name is sometimes a source of confusion, since during

3726-465: The proposed Rio Grande Trail . Its northern terminus, Santa Fe , is also a terminus of the Old Spanish Trail and the Santa Fe Trail . Along the trail, parajes (stopovers) that have been preserved today include El Rancho de las Golondrinas . Fort Craig and Fort Selden are also located along the trail. The El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Trail Association (CARTA) is a non-profit trail organization that aims to help promote, educate, and preserve

3795-418: The road being a World Heritage Site. Five of them ( Mexico City , Querétaro , Guanajuato , San Miguel de Allende and Zacatecas ) had been separately recognized in the past. The original historical route does not exactly match the route identified by UNESCO, since UNESCO's declaration omitted several sections such as the portion that ran north of Valle de Allende in Chihuahua and the portion that ran through

3864-415: The road's northern terminus is located at Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico. Long before Europeans arrived, the various indigenous tribes and kingdoms that had arisen throughout the northern central steppe of Mexico had established the route that would later become the Camino Real de Tierra Adentro as a major thoroughfare for hunting and trading. The route connected the peoples of the Valley of Mexico with those of

3933-399: The route. In 1765, the population of El Paso del Norte was estimated to be 2,635 inhabitants, which created what was then the largest urban center on the northern border of New Spain. El Paso del Norte became an important center of agriculture and rancheria, known for its wines, brandy, vinegar, and raisins. In the 18th century, the Spanish Crown authorized the establishment of fairs along

4002-410: The sand a map of the only safe passage to the river. The group arrived at the Río del Norte just south of present-day El Paso and Ciudad Juárez in late April, where they celebrated the Catholic Feast of the Ascension on April 30, before crossing the river. They then mapped and extended the route to what is now Española , where Oñate would establish the capital of the new province. This trail became

4071-526: The soldiers provided an estimate of the population of several cities along the Camino, including: Algodones, New Mexico , with 1,000 inhabitants; Bernalillo with 500; Sandía Pueblo with 300 to 400, Albuquerque without an estimated number but extant for seven or eight miles along the Rio Grande ; Rancho de los Placeres with 200 or 300; Tomé with 2,000; Socorro , described as a "considerable city"; Paso del Norte with 5,000 to 6,000, and Carrizal, Chihuahua , with 400 inhabitants. The soldiers even kept notes of

4140-404: The then Marqués de Rubí ) gives a description of the frontier of New Spain in his " Viaje a los presidios internos de la América septentrional" , the product of an expedition that took place between 1766 and 1768. This expedition was part of a larger commission on the defensive issues and military capabilities entrusted by the Spanish Crown to the Marquis of Rubí, to assess the tactical placement of

4209-435: The thick adobe walls of the plaza sentries stood guard for protection. Within the plaza, residents celebrated during fiestas, engaged in church festivities, and traded goods. It is now a central plaza surrounded by residential areas. Taos was the most northern stop on the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro , also known as the King's Highway, from Mexico City. Mountain men who trapped for beaver nearby made Taos their home in

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4278-412: The town of Noria de San Pantaleón . 1351-033: Sierra de Órganos . 1351-034: Architectural set of the town of Chalchihuites . 1351-035: Section of the Camino Real between Ojocaliente and Zacatecas . 1351-036: Cave of Ávalos . 1351-037: Historic center of Zacatecas . 1351-038: Sanctuary of Plateros . 1351-039: Historic center of San Luis Potosí . 1351-040: Chapel of San Antonio of

4347-410: The town of San José de Avino . 1351-047: Chapel of the Hacienda de la Inmaculada Concepción of Palmitos de Arriba . 1351-048: Chapel of the Hacienda de la Limpia Concepción of Palmitos de Abajo . 1351-049: Architectural set of Nazas . 1351-050: Town of San Pedro del Gallo . 1351-051: Architectural set of the town of Mapimí . 1351-052: Town of Indé . 1351-053: Chapel of San Mateo of

4416-404: The trails established by the natives who exchanged goods between the north and the south. In April 1598, a group of military scouts led by Juan de Oñate , the newly appointed colonial governor of the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México , became lost in the desert south of Paso del Norte while seeking the best route to the Río del Norte . A local Indian they had captured named Mompil drew in

4485-467: The villas of Durango and Santa Fe came to be known as "the Chihuahua Trail". The villa of San Felipe el Real (today city of Chihuahua ), established in 1709 to support the surrounding mines, became the most important commercial center and financial area along this segment. The villa of San Felipe Neri de Alburquerque (present-day Albuquerque, New Mexico ) was founded in 1706 and it also became an important terminal. Because of its defensive position on

4554-481: The way. Many were the uncertainties that the conducta and other travelers faced. River floods could force weeks of waiting on the banks until the caravan could wade across. At other times, prolonged droughts in the area could make water scarce and difficult to find. The most feared section of the journey was the crossing of the Jornada del Muerto beyond El Paso del Norte: nearly 100 kilometres (62 mi) of expansive, barren desert without any water sources to hydrate

4623-402: Was alternatively called "La Puerta de Tierra Adentro" ("The Door of Tierra Adentro"). There have historically been several designated "Caminos Reales de Tierra Adentro" throughout New Spain, perhaps the second most important one after the road to Santa Fe being the one that led out of Saltillo, Coahuila, to the Province of Texas . The section of the road that runs through Mexico was nominated to

4692-454: Was formed in 1912 with other artists who had moved to Taos. Socialite Mabel Dodge Luhan arrived in Taos in 1917 and brought "creative luminaries" to the area, including Carl Jung , Georgia O'Keeffe , D. H. Lawrence , Thomas Wolfe , Willa Cather , Ansel Adams , Thornton Wilder , and Aldous Huxley . Inspired by the movie Easy Rider in which bikers "briefly discovered peace, creativity, and free love", Hippies arrived in Taos in

4761-438: Was the northernmost of the four major "royal roads" that linked Mexico City to its major tributaries during and after the Spanish colonial era . In 2010, 55 sites and five existing UNESCO World Heritage Sites along the Mexican section of the route were collectively added to the World Heritage List , including historic cities, towns, bridges, haciendas and other monuments along the 1,400-kilometre (870 mi) route between

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