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69-515: LNEC operates in the different fields of civil engineering under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Economy, in cooperation with the Ministry of Education and Science in the definition of its strategic guidelines, as established in its Organic Law, Decree Law 157/2012, of July 18. LNEC was founded on November 19, 1946, from the Laboratory for Materials Testing and Study of the Ministry of Public Works and

138-568: A knight on his own account in the Cathedral of Zamora in 1125. After the military campaign of Alfonso VII against his mother in 1127, Afonso revolted against her and proceeded to take control of the county from its queen. In 1128, near Guimarães at the Battle of São Mamede , Afonso and his supporters overcame troops under both his mother and her lover, Count Fernando Pérez de Traba of Galicia . Afonso exiled his mother to Galicia, and took over rule of

207-654: A definitive end to questions (up to then still being raised by Castile) about the autonomy of the Portuguese branch of Santiago. At the death of Henry the Navigator in 1460, his title of Duke of Viseu and the mastership of the Order of Christ passed on to Infante Ferdinand, Henry's designated heir. Ferdinand was in an unusual position of holding two major military orders, but this was ratified by Pope Pius II in 1461. At Infante Ferdinand's death in 1470, all his titles, including both

276-503: A founding knight of Santiago, Rodrigo Álvarez was known to be dissatisfied with its rules (Álvarez would resign shortly after and found his own separate Order of Mountjoy in Aragon ). So it is possible Afonso may have been trying to encourage a switch or schism in the Order already at this stage. The foundation of the Order of Évora (future Order of Aviz) in 1175/76 reveal Afonso's keen interest in

345-507: A larger share in the Leonese inheritance, his mother Theresa joined forces with Fernando Pérez de Trava , the most powerful count in Galicia . The Portuguese nobility disliked the alliance between Galicia and Portugal and rallied around Afonso. The Archbishop of Braga , Maurice Bourdin , was also concerned with the dominance of Galicia, apprehensive of the ecclesiastical pretensions of his new rival

414-444: A native Portuguese order. Whatever the intentions of the original invitation, the knights of Santiago evidently did not meet Afonso's expectations. The Crown took back Monsanto in 1174, and in 1179, Afonso expelled the Order of Santiago from Portugal and cancelled all their donations, as a consequence of a war that erupted between Portugal and León that year. In 1186, after the death of Afonso I, King Sancho I of Portugal donated to

483-601: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Portugal -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Military Order of Saint James of the Sword The Military Order of Saint James of the Sword ( Portuguese : Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada ) is a Portuguese order of chivalry . Its full name is the Ancient, Most Noble and Enlightened Military Order of Saint James of

552-453: Is also told, despite his honourable character, that he had a temper. Several chronicles give the example of a papal legate that brought a message from Pope Paschal II refusing to acknowledge Afonso's claim as king: either after committing or saying a small offense against him or after being simply read the letter, Afonso almost killed, in his rage, the papal representative, and it took several Portuguese nobles and soldiers to physically restrain

621-551: Is also under suspicion: according to tradition the place is indicated as being in the Church of São Miguel do Castelo , in Guimarães; however, there are doubts because of the date of the consecration of the Church, made in 1239. There are those who argue that the baptism actually took place in the Cathedral of Braga where he was baptised by Primate Archbishop Saint Gerald of Braga , which

690-495: Is not known who was the tutor of Afonso. Later traditions, probably started with João Soares Coelho (a bastard descendant of Egas Moniz through a female line) in the mid-13th century and ampliated by later chronicles such as the Crónica de Portugal de 1419 , asserted he had been Egas Moniz de Ribadouro, possibly with the help of oral memories that associated the tutor to the house of Ribadouro. Yet, contemporary documents, namely from

759-626: Is notably the builder of Alcobaça Monastery , to which he called the Cistercian Order of his uncle Bernard of Clairvaux of Burgundy . In 1143, he wrote to Pope Innocent II to declare himself and the kingdom servants of the church, swearing to pursue driving the Moors out of the Iberian Peninsula. Bypassing any king of León, Afonso declared himself the direct liege man of the papacy. Afonso continued to distinguish himself by his exploits against

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828-448: Is politically sound for Count Henry to have the highest-ranking clergy baptise his heir. Henry and Theresa reigned jointly as count and countess of Portugal until his death on 22 May 1112 during the siege of Astorga , after which Theresa ruled Portugal alone. She would proclaim herself queen (a claim recognised by Pope Paschal II in 1116) but was captured and forced to reaffirm her vassalage to her half-sister, Urraca of León . It

897-410: Is reported by chronicler João de Barros (p. 274) that just before his departure for India in 1497, King Manuel I of Portugal presented Vasco da Gama with his personal standard – not the familiar armillary sphere flag later associated with Manuel, but rather the banner of the Order of Christ, of which Manuel was the grand master. But chronicler Gaspar Correia (p. 15) reports that as soon as

966-503: The comenda as their own property. The vast size and compactness of the domains of the Order of Santiago, its self-contained system of knights and comendas , and the extensive privileges of the Order, including civil and criminal jurisdiction, over these domains, has led some commentators to refer to it as a "state within a state". The grand masters of the Order were among the most powerful men in Portugal, and comendadors stood at

1035-509: The Emperor of Hispania . Afonso then turned his arms against the persistent problem of the Moors in the south. His campaigns were successful and, on 25 July 1139, he obtained an overwhelming victory in the Battle of Ourique , and straight after was (possibly unanimously) proclaimed King of the Portuguese by his soldiers, establishing his equality in rank to the other realms of the Peninsula, although

1104-663: The Kingdom of León and established the independent Kingdom of Portugal . Afonso actively campaigned against the Moors in the south. In 1139 he won a decisive victory at the Battle of Ourique , and in 1147 he seized Santarém and Lisbon from the Moors, with help from men on their way to the Holy Land for the Second Crusade . He secured the independence of Portugal following a victory over León at Valdevez and received papal approval through Manifestis Probatum . Afonso died in 1185 and

1173-447: The Order of Aviz ). However, the Pope refused to legitimize his birth, and as a result, at the death of John II in 1495, Duke Manuel of Beja ascended as King Manuel I of Portugal . In the first decade of Manuel's reign, D. Jorge de Lencastre was the leader of what might be called the political opposition to Manuel, composed mostly of loyalists of the late King John II. The Order of St. James

1242-574: The Order of Santiago the Portuguese dominions of Palmela , Almada and Alcácer do Sal , all in the Setúbal District , south of Lisbon ), thus marking their return. But in 1190–91, all three citadels were conquered in an offensive led by the Almohad caliph Yaqub al-Mansur . They were recovered sometime between 1194 and 1204. The Order of Santiago established its Portuguese headquarters at Palmela shortly before 1210, and definitively by 1212. One of

1311-706: The Portuguese Crown , almost all of them south of the Tagus river, clustered in the Sado region and lower Alentejo . As the most southerly of the four Portuguese military orders, the Santiago knights were the first frontline against incursions from the Moorish Algarve in the 13th century. These domains were partitioned into comendas , and granted by the Order in commendam to a Santiago knight ( comendador ) entrusted with

1380-592: The Center for Civil Engineering Studies, based at the Instituto Superior Técnico . This double-strand, research and experimentation, would decisively shape the future development of LNEC. On June 20, 1987, LNEC was made Honorary Member of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword and on November 19, 1987, was made Honorary Member of the Military Order of Christ . LNEC carries out research activities in

1449-667: The Conqueror ( Portuguese : O Conquistador ) and the Founder ( Portuguese : O Fundador ) by the Portuguese , was the first king of Portugal . He achieved the independence of the County of Portugal , establishing a new kingdom and doubling its area with the Reconquista , an objective that he pursued until his death. Afonso was the son of Theresa of León and Henry of Burgundy , rulers of

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1518-498: The County of Portucale. Thus the possibility of re-incorporating Portucale into a Kingdom of Portugal and Galicia as before was eliminated and Afonso became sole ruler following demands for greater independence from the county's church and nobles. The battle was mostly ignored by the Leonese suzerain , who was occupied at the time with a revolt in Castile. He was also, most likely, waiting for

1587-409: The County of Portugal. Henry died in 1112, leaving Theresa to rule alone. Unhappy with Theresa's romantic relationship with Galician Fernando Pérez de Traba and his political influence, the Portuguese nobility rallied around Afonso, who revolted and defeated his mother at the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 and became sole Count of Portugal soon afterwards. In 1139, Afonso renounced the suzerainty of

1656-586: The Disaster of Badajoz ( o Desastre de Badajoz ). In 1179 the privileges and favors given to the Catholic Church were compensated. With consistent effort by several parties, such as the primate archbishop of Braga , Paio Mendes , in the papal court, the papal bull Manifestis Probatum was promulgated accepting the new king as vassal to the pope exclusively. In it Pope Alexander III also acknowledged Afonso as king and Portugal as an independent kingdom with

1725-525: The Galician Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela , Diego Gelmírez , who had claimed an alleged discovery of relics of Saint James in his town, as a way to gain power and riches over the other cathedrals in the Iberian Peninsula. In order to stop her son Afonso from overthrowing her, Theresa exiled him when he was twelve in the year 1120. In 1122, Afonso turned fourteen, the adult age in the 12th century. In symmetry with his cousin , Afonso made himself

1794-681: The Greater in Santiago de Compostela . King Ferdinand II of León soon set it to garrison the southern frontiers of León against the Almohads of al-Andalus . In 1170, Ferdinand II granted the new order the castles of Cáceres and Monfragüe , which had been confiscated from Gerald the Fearless in 1169, and would make further donations thereafter. The new Leonese order was soon operating in neighboring kingdoms. His nephew, King Alfonso VIII of Castile granted them

1863-502: The King of Portugal the right to dispose of the property of all three Orders; another in January, 1506, authorizing knights to move freely from other Orders to the Order of Christ. In 1509, D. Jorge de Lencastre introduced a new set of rules for the Order of Santiago, overhauling its administration in a centralized fashion, bringing it closer in line with the rules of their Spanish brethren . This

1932-470: The Moors, from whom he wrested Santarém (see Conquest of Santarém ) and Lisbon in 1147 (see Siege of Lisbon ). He also conquered an important part of the land south of the Tagus River, although this was lost again to the Moors in the following years. Meanwhile, King Alfonso VII of León regarded the independent ruler of Portugal as nothing but a rebel. Conflict between the two was constant and bitter in

2001-532: The Order of Christ. Vasco da Gama himself eventually did the switch in 1507. Afonso de Albuquerque , by contrast, refused; he was buried in his Santiago vestments. Master Jorge de Lencastre spent much of his career trying to defend the Order of Santiago against Manuel's encroachments. In May 1505, he actually managed to secure a royal order prohibiting knights from leaving his orders without his express permission. But Manuel soon obtained from Pope Alexander VI two bulls to undermine him – one from July 1505, giving

2070-529: The Order of Santiago helped Afonso III of Portugal sweep up the final Moorish possessions in the Algarve. The possessions of the Order in Portugal were expanded and confirmed by Afonso III in 1255. After the death of Correia in 1275, the Order of Santiago returned firmly into Castilian hands. Thus, in 1288, King Denis of Portugal separated the Portuguese branch from the Castilian-Leonese Order. This

2139-529: The President of the Republic, to assist him as Grand Master in all matters concerning the administration of the Order. The Order, despite its name, can be conferred to Portuguese and foreigners for outstanding services to science, literature or art. The highest grade of the Order, that of Grand Collar, is a special award, conferred only to foreign heads of state . The Order of Santiago possessed many domains granted by

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2208-550: The Republic . The Military Order of St. James, together with the other Portuguese Orders of Merit, had its statutes revised on several occasions, during the First Republic (1910–1926), then in 1962, and again in 1986. The Military Order of Saint James, together with the Military Orders of Christ and of Aviz , form the group of the "Ancient Military Orders", governed by a Chancellor and a Council of eight members, appointed by

2277-468: The Sword, of the Scientific, Literary and Artistic Merit (Portuguese: Antiga, Nobilíssima e Esclarecida Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada, do Mérito Científico, Literário e Artístico ). The Order was founded in 1172, and has its origins in the Order of Santiago , founded in the Kingdom of León in 1170, probably as an order of Augustinian canons regular to escort pilgrims to the shrine of St. James

2346-449: The arrival of the Leonese order in Portugal is a little surprising. Some historians have conjectured Afonso was trying to exploit a quarrel between order's grand master Pedro Fernández and king Ferdinand II, but it is likely that the Order's entry was part of some diplomatic agreement between the two kings. Nonetheless, the donation documents explicitly name Rodrigo Álvarez as the administrator of all three Portuguese donations. Although

2415-492: The ascension of Infante John as King John II of Portugal in 1481, the fortunes of the Order of St. James rose with him. At the time, the Order of Christ, with their vast possessions (including the Atlantic islands), was the richest and most powerful military order in Portugal. To combat their influence, John II, a centralizing prince, doted on and deployed his Order of St. James at their expense. The Order of Christ had been out of

2484-450: The castles of Mora and Oreja in 1171, and merged the arriving knights of Santiago with the older Castilian brotherhood of knights of Ávila in 1172. The establishment of the Order of Santiago was endorsed by papal legate Cardinal Hyacinthus of Acardo on a visit to Iberia in 1172–73. The approval of the Order was confirmed three years later by Pope Alexander III in a bull issued July 1175. In January 1174, Alfonso VIII granted them

2553-427: The chancery of Afonso in his early years as count of Portucale, indicate according to Mattoso that the most likely tutor of Afonso Henriques was Egas Moniz's oldest brother, Ermígio Moniz , who, besides being the senior brother within the family of Ribadouro, became the "dapifer" and " majordomus " of Afonso I from 1128 until his death in 1135, which indicates his closer proximity to the prince. In an effort to pursue

2622-639: The citadel of Uclés , which would later serve as the headquarters of the Order of Santiago as a whole after the reunification of the León and Castile in 1230. The Order expanded into Portugal when King Afonso I of Portugal donated Arruda dos Vinhos in June 1172. This was followed up by donations of the Castle of Monsanto in September 1173 and Abrantes in September 1174. Given the poor relations between Afonso and Ferdinand II,

2691-468: The explorations business since the death of Prince Henry in 1460. As A result, the Order of St.James supplied a greater share of the knights for the slate of new expeditions organized by John II in the 1480s. The death of John II's only legitimate son and heir Prince Afonso in 1491 threw the kingdom into a succession crisis, as it left John II with only one legitimate successor, his cousin and brother-in-law, Manuel, Duke of Beja . Manuel of Beja had become

2760-584: The first reference to his royal title dates from 1140. The first assembly of the Portuguese Cortes convened at Lamego (wherein he would have been given the crown from the Archbishop of Braga, to confirm his independence) is a 17th-century embellishment of Portuguese history. Complete independence from Alfonso VII of León's suzerainty , however, could not be achieved by military means alone. The County of Portugal still had to be acknowledged diplomatically by

2829-463: The following fields: public works, housing, urban planning, environment, water resources, estuaries , coastal areas, transportation and communication networks, materials industry, building components and other products. The main purpose of these activities is to contribute to: Those activities are as follows: 38°45′29″N 9°08′33″W  /  38.75806°N 9.14250°W  / 38.75806; -9.14250 This government -related article

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2898-554: The following years. Afonso became involved in a war, taking the side of the Aragonese king, an enemy of Castile. To ensure the alliance, his son Sancho was engaged to Dulce of Aragon . Finally after winning the Battle of Valdevez , the Treaty of Zamora (1143) established peace between the cousins and the recognition by the Kingdom of León that Portugal was a fully independent kingdom. In 1169

2967-486: The future Constable of Portugal . In 1420, he secured the mastership of the Order of Christ (ex- Templars ) for another son, Henry the Navigator . After his death in 1433, John I's own Order of Aviz (ex-branch of Calatrava ) was passed to a third son, Ferdinand the Saint . The mastership of the three major orders – St. James, Christ and Aviz – would remain in the hands of princes of the royal family ( infantes ) for much of

3036-551: The master of both the Order of Santiago and the Order of Aviz . This was followed by a second bull, Praeclara carissimi , issued by the pope under great diplomatic pressure by John III in December 1551, appointing the Kings of Portugal as masters in perpetuity of all three military orders (Christ, Santiago and Aviz), thus bringing an end to the independence of the military orders in Portugal. Pope Pius VI (1789) and Queen Maria I reformed

3105-558: The master of the Order of Christ in 1484 (following the death of his brother, Diogo of Viseu). John II did not trust Manuel, and suspected he might fritter away his hard-won gains. As a result, John II launched a campaign to legitimize his natural son, Jorge de Lencastre , as royal heir. From Pope Innocent VIII , John II received authorization to appoint Jorge de Lencastre as the Master of the Order of St. James in April 1492 (and also administrator of

3174-597: The membership of the old military orders also ceased. In 1910, when the Portuguese monarchy ended, the Republic of Portugal abolished all of the orders except the Order of the Tower and Sword . In 1917, at the end of World War I, some of these Orders were re-established to reward outstanding services to the state, the office of Grand Master belonging to the Head of State – the President of

3243-528: The most notable of Portuguese knights of St. James was Paio Peres Correia . Between 1234 and 1242, Correia led the conquest of much of the southerly Moorish dominions of Baixo Alentejo and the Algarve . In 1242, Paio Peres Correia was elevated to Grand Master of the Order of St. James , the only known Portuguese to have held the supreme title of the Castilian-based Order. In 1249, Paio Peres Correia and

3312-517: The neighboring lands as a kingdom and, most importantly, by the Catholic Church and the pope . Afonso wed Mafalda of Savoy , daughter of Count Amadeus III of Savoy , and sent ambassadors to Rome to negotiate with the pope. He succeeded in renouncing the suzerainty of his cousin, Alfonso VII of León, becoming instead a vassal of the papacy, as the kings of Sicily and Aragon had done before him. In Portugal he built several monasteries and convents and bestowed important privileges to religious orders. He

3381-493: The next century. After the death of John of Reguengos in 1442, his brother, the regent prince Peter of Coimbra appointed John's son Diogo as master of Santiago. But Diogo died within a year, so Peter passed the mastership on to his nephew, Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Beja , the younger brother of King Afonso V of Portugal . This was confirmed by Pope Eugene IV in 1444. In the 1452 bull Ex apostolice sedis , Pope Nicholas V confirmed once more Ferdinand's appointment and put

3450-408: The now old King Afonso was possibly disabled in an engagement near Badajoz , by a fall from his horse and slamming against the castle gate, and made prisoner by the soldiers of King Ferdinand II of León , his son-in-law. He spent months at the hot springs of São Pedro do Sul , but never recovered and from this time onward the Portuguese king never rode a horse again. However, it is not certain if this

3519-436: The obligation of defending them. After the completion of the conquest of the Algarve, the comendas continued to be a source of revenue for the Order, granted to distinguished individual knights of the Order, still contingent on military service, and run according to the Order's regulations. In principle, the comendador was just a temporary manager of the Order's property, although over time some comendadors treated

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3588-674: The opening, requesting more protocols from the scientific team because of the importance of the king in the nation's heart and public thought. In 1146, Afonso married Mafalda , daughter of Amadeus III, Count of Savoy and Mahaut of Albon , both appearing together for the first time in May of that year confirming royal charters. They had the following issue: Before his marriage to Mafalda, King Afonso fathered his first son with Chamoa Gómez, daughter of Count Gómez Núñez and Elvira Pérez, sister of Fernando and Bermudo Pérez de Traba : The extramarital offspring by Elvira Gálter were: King Afonso

3657-469: The order into a secular institution. In 1834, when the civil government of Portugal became anti-clerical after the defeat of King Miguel in the Civil War , under the constitutional monarchy , the order lost its properties. The ancient military orders were transformed by the liberal constitution and subsequent legislation into mere orders of merit . The privileges which once had been an essential part of

3726-504: The orders of Christ and Santiago, were inherited by his eldest son, João, Duke of Viseu . But the sickly João died just two years later, in 1472. The mastership of the orders was subsequently separated again: João's younger brother, Diogo, Duke of Viseu became master of the Order of Christ, while the Order of St. James passed to his brother-in-law, Infante John , the eldest son and heir of Afonso V of Portugal. (John had recently married Infante Ferdinand's daughter, Eleanor of Viseu ). With

3795-421: The peak of rural society in their districts. By the 15th century the large comendas of the Order of Santiago were (from north to south): Arruda and Santos (both north of the river), then Palmela , Setúbal , Sesimbra , Cabrela , Alcácer do Sal , Torrão , Grândola , Ferreira , Santiago do Cacém , Sines , Aljustrel , Messejana , Casével , Garvão , Castro Verde , Mértola , Almodôvar , and (on

3864-450: The reaction of the Galician families. After Theresa's death in 1131, Alfonso VII of León proceeded to demand vassalage from his cousin. On 6 April 1129, Afonso Henriques dictated the writ in which he proclaimed himself Prince of Portugal or Prince of the Portuguese, an act informally allowed by Alfonso VII, as it was thought to be Afonso Henriques's right by blood, as one of two grandsons of

3933-509: The right to conquer lands from the Moors. In 1184, the Almohad caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf rallied a great Almohad force to retaliate against the Portuguese raids done since the end of a five-year truce in 1178 and besieged Santarém , which was defended by Afonso's son Sancho . The Almohad siege failed when news arrived the archbishop of Compostella had come to the defense of the city and Fernando II of León himself with his army. The Almohads ended

4002-475: The ships left sight of Lisbon harbor, Paulo da Gama pulled 'the royal standard' down from the mast. Evidently the Gamas took the king's gesture as a calculated slight against their beloved Santiago. Nonetheless, in subsequent years Manuel I would set his Order of Christ to poach the knights of the Order of St. James. In January, 1505, Manuel managed to coax D. Francisco de Almeida to abandon Santiago and move over to

4071-569: The siege and their retreat turned into a rout due to panic in their camp, with the Almohad caliph being injured in the process (according to one version, because of a crossbow bolt) and dying on the way back to Seville . Afonso died shortly after on 6 December 1185. The Portuguese revere him as a hero, both on account of his personal character and as the founder of their nation. There are mythical stories that it took ten men to carry his sword, and that Afonso wanted to engage other monarchs in personal combat, but no one would dare accept his challenge. It

4140-450: The southeast Algarve coast) Cacela . The Order of St. James of the Sword, as awarded by the Portuguese government today, comes in six classes: The insignia of the order prominently features the Cross of St. James . Afonso I of Portugal Afonso I ( Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐˈfõsu] ; 1106/1109/1111 – 1185), also called Afonso Henriques , nicknamed

4209-648: The young would-be king. In July 2006, the tomb of the king (which is located in the Santa Cruz Monastery in Coimbra ) was to be opened for scientific purposes by researchers from the University of Coimbra (Portugal) and the University of Granada (Spain). The opening of the tomb provoked considerable concern among some sectors of Portuguese society and Portuguese State Agency for Architectural Patrimony ( Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico – IPPAR ) halted

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4278-493: Was accepted by most Portuguese scholars until 1990, when Torquato de Sousa Soares proposed Coimbra, the centre of the county of Coimbra and another political centre of Afonso's progenitors, as his birthplace, which caused outrage in Guimarães and a polemic between this historian and José Hermano Saraiva . Almeida Fernandes later proposed Viseu as the birthplace of Afonso based on the Chronica Gothorum , which states Afonso

4347-539: Was because of the disability: according to the later Portuguese chronistic tradition, this happened because Afonso would have to surrender himself again to Ferdinand or risk war between the two kingdoms if he ever rode a horse again. Portugal was obliged to surrender as his ransom almost all the conquests Afonso had made in Galicia (north of the Minho River ) in the previous years. This event became known in Portuguese history as

4416-417: Was born in 1109, a position followed by historian José Mattoso in his biography of the king, regardless of this, it is widely accepted that Afonso was born in Guimarães. Abel Estefânio has suggested a different date and thesis, proposing 1106 as the birth date and the region of Tierra de Campos or even Sahagún as likely birthplaces based on the known itineraries of Henry and Theresa. His place of baptism

4485-463: Was confirmed by Pope John XXII in 1320. During the 1383–1385 Portuguese succession crisis , D. Fernando Afonso de Albuquerque, master of the Order of Santiago in Portugal, backed the candidacy of John, Master of Aviz , and served briefly as John's ambassador to the English Court. Upon becoming king, having distributed much royal and seized land to reward his supporters, King John I of Portugal

4554-526: Was done perhaps to gain the support of the Spanish monarchy and the Pope, but to no avail. In 1516, Manuel secured from Pope Leo X the authority to appoint Jorge's successor as grand master of Santiago. Manuel died in 1521, and he was succeeded by his son John III of Portugal . When Jorge de Lencastre died in July 1550, John III received a bull from Pope Julius III a couple of weeks later appointing him personally as

4623-449: Was his power base, and its castle in Palmela served as something akin to an 'alternative' royal court. . The Order of Santiago played a leading role in the early India expeditions , a legacy project from the reign of John II. Vasco da Gama , Paulo da Gama , D. Francisco de Almeida , D. Afonso de Albuquerque and Duarte de Meneses , were leading knights of the Order of Santiago. It

4692-404: Was left with a slim royal demesne , insufficient to maintain his many sons with princely households. But the vast wealthy domains of the military orders were an alternative option. John promptly set his mind on acquiring the masterships of all the principal military orders in Portugal for his family. In 1418, John secured the mastership of the Order of St. James for his son, John of Reguengos ,

4761-526: Was succeeded by his son, Sancho I . Afonso was the son of Theresa , the illegitimate daughter of King Alfonso VI of León , and her husband, Henry of Burgundy . He was the youngest of 4 children, with the oldest being Urraca Henriques . According to the Crónica de Portugal de 1419 the future Portuguese king was born in Guimarães , which was at the time the most important political centre of his parents. This

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