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110-446: Built in 1995, the civil airport is 25 km (16 mi) to the south of the city proper . In 1992, Lijiang airport began construction. In April 1995, it was completed, in July 1995, the airport officially opened to the air, with the airport flight area level 4C, and a runway length of 2,500 meters and width of 45m. In 1999, Lijiang airport passenger throughput for the first time exceeded

220-656: A 783 treaty between the Tibetan Empire and the Tang dynasty defined the borders, as commemorated by the Shol Potala Pillar in Lhasa. Borders were again confirmed during the later reign of the 41st king Ralpachen through his 821–823 treaty between the Tibetan Empire and Tang dynasty, which was also commemorated by three inscribed stelae. In the opening years of the 9th century, the Tibetan Empire controlled territories extending from

330-462: A brief rebellion. Songtsen Gampo proved adept at diplomacy as well as combat. The emperor's minister, Myang Mangpoje ( Myang Mang-po-rje Zhang-shang ), defeated the Sumpa people ca. 627. Six years later (c. 632–33) Myang Mangpoje was accused of treason and executed. He was succeeded by minister Gar Tongtsen ( mgar-stong-btsan ). The Chinese records mention an envoy to Tibet in 634. On that occasion,

440-490: A complex and intricate landscape of landforms with undulating terrain and a significant difference in elevation. There are 111 large and small basins scattered among the mountain ranges, generally at an elevation of over 2,000 meters, with the Lijiang Basin being the largest, covering an area of about 200 square kilometers and an average elevation of 2,466 meters. The Jinsha River , which flows through Lijiang City, along with

550-476: A double cropping system per year and in areas with an annual precipitation of 800-1200 millimeters (inclusive of 800 millimeters). Lijiang City is home to a rich diversity of flora and fauna, with more than 13,000 species of animals and plants, making it one of the country's renowned bases for the protection of these species. It is also one of the key forested areas in Yunnan Province and has been identified by

660-761: A grand ceremony to celebrate the "Wide Season" (New Year's Day). There are also the Dragon Boat Festival "Hangshan Festival" and Lixia "Holy Water Festival" in Lijiang Dawn Township. The language of the Pumi people belongs to the Yi language branch of the Tibetan-Burmese language group of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The local dialects have little difference and generally can talk to each other. There are no words in

770-413: A high-slope area. Due to the influence of the terrain and habits, there are no villages that live in dozens of houses. Generally, there are dozens of households on two or three hills as a village. The villages are far apart, and the houses are mainly wooden rafts. The Lisu people have oral songs and long poems, as well as many myths and legends. Every December, the people of Huaping and other places will hold

880-439: A long history, and their ancestors are "Kunming" people who have a relationship with them. They were called "Wu Man" in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The Yi people have their own language and words. The language belongs to the Tibetan-Burmese language branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. There are six dialects. The Xiaoliangshan Yi people belong to the northern dialect Shizha. Originally an ancient ideogram, some people think it

990-490: A particularly high number of these mountains, and low mountainous areas below 2,500 meters are widely distributed in the southeastern and southern parts of the city. Owing to its low latitude and high elevation, the city centre of Lijiang experiences a mild subtropical highland climate ( Köppen Cwb ). Winters are mild and very dry and sunny (>70% possible sunshine), although average lows in December and January are just below

1100-594: A period when the Hephthalites had extensive links with the Tibetans. A strong presence existed by the eighth century when Patriarch Timothy I (727–823) in 782 calls the Tibetans one of the more significant communities of the eastern church and wrote of the need to appoint another bishop in ca. 794. There is a stone pillar (now blocked off from the public), the Lhasa Shöl rdo-rings , Doring Chima or Lhasa Zhol Pillar , in

1210-465: A population of about 230,000 (including Mosuo , which is different from most Naxi people; they belong to a matrilineal clan, and the locals call it walking marriage ). There are also Yi , Lisu , Hua Lisu and other nationalities. Lijiang has the only Naxi autonomous county in China. The residents in the county are mainly Naxi, and there are also Bai , Yi , Lisu , Pumi and other minorities. Among them,

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1320-506: A senior minister. The youngest brother, Tride Songtsen, was definitely ruling by AD 804. Under Tride Songtsen ( Khri lde srong brtsan – generally known as Sadnalegs ), there was a protracted war with the Abbasid Caliphate . It appears that Tibetans captured a number of Caliphate troops and pressed them into service on the eastern frontier in 801. Tibetans were active as far west as Samarkand and Kabul . Abbasid forces began to gain

1430-554: A terrain that is higher in the northwest and lower in the southeast. The highest point is the main peak of Yulong Snow Mountain , with an elevation of 5,596 meters, and the lowest point is at the mouth of the Tangba River in Shilongba Township, Huaping County , with an elevation of 1,015 meters, resulting in a maximum elevation difference of 4,581 meters. To the west of Yulong Mountain lies the high mountain and gorge sub-region of

1540-524: A water depth of 2.5 to 4.5 meters, a water storage area of 241 square kilometers, and a lake surface area of 8.5 square kilometers. In 1998, it became the first highland wetland nature reserve and a migratory bird habitat in Yunnan Province, and in 2005, it was included in the list of Internationally Important Wetlands . By the end of 2022, Lijiang City had a total of 185,745.95 hectares (2,786,189 mu) of arable land. This includes:Paddy fields amounting to 29,283.03 hectares (439,245 mu), accounting for 15.77% of

1650-452: A year later. This is traditionally credited with being the first time that Buddhism came to Tibet, but it is very unlikely Buddhism extended beyond foreigners at the court. Songtsen Gampo’s sister Sämakar ( Sad-mar-kar ) was sent to marry Lig-myi-rhya, the king of Zhangzhung in what is now Western Tibet. However, when the king refused to consummate the marriage, she then helped her brother to defeat Lig myi-rhya and incorporate Zhangzhung into

1760-521: Is 13.3 °C (55.9 °F), while precipitation averages 968 mm (38.1 in), around 80% of which occurs from June to September. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 29% in July to 80% in December, the city receives 2,412 hours of bright sunshine annually. The rivers within Lijiang city are divided into two major river basins and three water systems, namely the Jinsha River system and

1870-520: Is 415 square kilometers. The main peak fan is 5,596 meters above sea level. It has snow all year round and develops the temperate maritime glaciers closest to the equator in the Eurasian continent. Jade Dragon Snow Mountain is called "Oulu" in Naxi, meaning silvery mountain rock. Its silver-packed, 13 snow peaks are endless, just like a "dragon" flying over the clouds, it is called "Jade Dragon." Because its lithology

1980-442: Is a hieroglyph created by the Naxi people more than a thousand years ago (before the Tang dynasty). It consists of pictographic symbols, phonetic symbols and additional symbols. It is the only living hieroglyph in the world that is still circulating in the folk. The Naxi people generally live in dam areas, river valleys and half-mountain areas. The private housing in the dam area is mostly a tiled house with civil structures. The pattern

2090-484: Is a national historical and cultural city. It was built in the late Song dynasty (late 13th century AD). It is located in the middle of Lijiang Dam. It is the most preserved and most Naxi-style ancient town in China. It is located in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. At an altitude of 2,416 meters, the city covers an area of 3.8 square kilometers. In December 1997, it was included in the "World Cultural Heritage" list by

2200-483: Is a pictographic syllable. In the history of the Yi people, they wrote historical, literary, astronomical and medical books, religious classics and so on. Most of the Yi villages are surrounded by mountains and waters, and the environment is beautiful. Generally, there are two or 30 households, and three or five households or single households are rare. The people living in Xiaoliangshan are generally low in order to avoid

2310-631: Is an important part of the Yulong Snow Mountain Scenic Area. This scenic spot is mainly composed of Laojunshan Jiujiu Longtan, Jinsi Factory Jinshan Yuhu, Dawn Meile Danxia Landform, New Main Natural Alpine Botanical Garden and other areas (attractions), with a total area of 715 square kilometers, which is under planning and development. Ecotourism resort. It echoes with the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain and forms

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2420-475: Is golden and crisp, fat but not greasy, thin and not firewood, and the taste is crisp. Crossing-the-Bridge Noodles is a rice noodle soup from the Yunnan province, it has over 100 years of history. The dish is served with a large bowl of boiling hot broth and the soup ingredients. The soup is made with chicken, pork bone and seasoning, such as Chinese star anise and ginger. Also, using a layer of chicken fat to insulate

2530-733: Is important to Tibetan Buddhists as one of the three Dharma Kings who brought Buddhism to Tibet. He was a generous supporter of Buddhism and invited many craftsmen, scholars and translators from neighbouring countries. He also promoted the development of written Tibetan and translations, which were greatly aided by the development of a detailed Sanskrit-Tibetan lexicon called the Mahavyutpatti which included standard Tibetan equivalents for thousands of Sanskrit terms. Tibetans attacked Uyghur territory in 816 and were in turn attacked in 821. After successful Tibetan raids into Chinese territory, Buddhists in both countries sought mediation. Ralpacan

2640-557: Is located 15 kilometers from the seat of the city government of Lijiang, features high mountain glacier landforms and is covered with snow all year round. Its 13 peaks are connected end to end, pointing towards the sky. To the east lies Mianmian Mountain. There are 12 high mountains in Lijiang City with an elevation ranging from 3,500 to 5,000 meters. Middle mountains with an elevation between 2,500 and 3,500 meters are distributed across all counties. The areas of Ninglang and Yongsheng have

2750-546: Is mainly limestone and basalt, it is black and white, so it is also called "black and white snow mountain". She is the mountain of the hearts of the Naxi people. It is said that the Naxi people protect the gods of the "three more" incarnation. Laojun Mountain is a combination of the three national-level scenic spots in the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, the Three Rivers Concurrent, and the Cangshan Erhai Lake. It

2860-417: Is mostly "three rooms and one wall", and the mountainous areas are mostly low wooden raft houses, which are covered with wooden boards. The Naxi people love singing and dancing, and there are often mass songs and dances in production labor and national festivals. The "Three Festivals" at the beginning of the lunar calendar in early February is the most traditional festival of the people of Lijiang Naxi. Mosuo

2970-432: Is over 3,200 species across 145 families and 758 genera, with more than 2,000 species of medicinal materials. There are 2,266 species that are endemic to China and 617 species endemic to Yunnan Province. Yulong Snow Mountain within the city's boundaries is a world-renowned site for plant specimen typification. There are also over a hundred new species and varieties of plants named after Lijiang's landscapes and place names on

3080-467: Is somewhat unclear whether she married the seven-year-old Gyeltsugru or the deposed Lha Balpo. Gyeltsugru also married a lady from Jang (Nanzhao) and another born in Nanam. Gyältsugru was officially enthroned with the royal name Tride Tsuktsän in 712, the year that dowager empress Thrimalö died. The Umayyad Caliphate and Turgesh became increasingly prominent during 710–720. The Tibetans were allied with

3190-524: Is the "Turning Sea Festival" on the 15th of the first month, and the "Taste of the New Festival" in the spring and autumn harvest season. Salad of Jidou pea jelly is a traditional food that Naxi loves. It is produced in Lijiangba and belongs to the yellow bean family. Because it is shaped like a chicken head, it is called chicken pea powder. The beans are milled into vermicelli, the color is gray-green, fried,

3300-765: Is used to living in the mountains and waters. The houses are all made of wood. The traditional festivals of the Mosuo people include the Spring Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Chaoshan Festival, the Ancestor Festival, the Sacrifice God Festival, and the Festival of Land Festival. Among them, the Spring Festival and the Chaoshan Festival are the most solemn. Mosuo people can sing and dance. The Yi people have

3410-589: The Tang Annals do, however, seem to clearly place these events in the reign of Songtsen Gampo for they say that in 634, Zhangzhung and various Qiang tribes "altogether submitted to him." Following this, he united with the country of Zhangzhung to defeat the Tuyuhun, then conquered two more Qiang tribes before threatening the Chinese region of Songzhou with a very large army (according to Tibetan sources 100,000; according to

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3520-468: The Tongdian , the Tibetans were less proficient in archery and fought in the following manner: The men and horses all wear chain mail armor. Its workmanship is extremely fine. It envelops them completely, leaving openings only for the two eyes. Thus, strong bows and sharp swords cannot injure them. When they do battle, they must dismount and array themselves in ranks. When one dies, another takes his place. To

3630-504: The Dongba of the Naxi nationality is known as the only "living pictograph " in the world that has been preserved intact. Among the resident population in 2010, the Han population was 537,893, accounting for 43.21% of the total population; the ethnic minorities population was 706,876, accounting for 56.79% of the total population. The Naxi people have their own language. The Naxi language belongs to

3740-703: The Fertile Crescent before finally reaching the Mediterranean Sea . The Kingdom of Lijiang submitted to Khubilai Khan as he led his troops against the Dali kingdom in 1253. Though the kingdom was incorporated into the Mongol empire then the Yuan dynasty , it was given the status of tusi , or indigenous office, which gave autonomy to the local Naxi rulers. During the Ming dynasty,

3850-713: The Himalayan yew , high-altitude water plantain , and Yulong fern . The forest coverage rate in Lijiang City is 72.14%, which makes it one of the key areas for the protection of natural forests in the country. Lijiang City has recorded a variety of animal species, including: Mammals : 112 species across 8 orders, 21 families. Birds : 446 species across 17 orders, 46 families. Amphibians and reptiles : 51 species across 3 orders, 14 families, and 35 genera. Fish: Over 70 species across 5 orders, 15 families. In terms of vascular plants , there are 4,163 species (subspecies), belonging to 224 families and 1,120 genera. The number of seed plants

3960-695: The Jokhang Pillar , delineated Tibet as being in possession of an area larger than the Tibetan Plateau, stretching east to Chang'an , west beyond modern Afghanistan , south into modern India and the Bay of Bengal . The Yarlung dynasty was founded in 127 BC in the Yarlung Valley along the Yarlung River, south of Lhasa . The Yarlung capital was moved in the 7th century from the palace Yumbulingka to Lhasa by

4070-706: The Mu family ( 木氏 ) during the Yuan (not yet named Mu), Ming , and Qing dynasties . The Mu "held this position until 1723, when Lijiang became directly incorporated under the authority of the Qing central government." 15th year of the Ming Dynasty 's Hongwu Emperor 's reign(1382), A Jia A De, the local chief of Lijiang, "led the people to submit," and the Lijiang Lu XuanfuSi(Lijiang Road's pacification commissioner's office)

4180-650: The Old Town of Lijiang , which contains a mixture of different historical architecture styles and a complex, ancient water-supply system. and borders Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Panzhihua City in Sichuan Province to the east. It has one municipality and four counties. Lijiang City is located in Yungui Plateau and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It is one of the key forest areas in Yunnan Province and one of

4290-584: The Tarim Basin to the Himalayas and Bengal , and from the Pamirs into what are now the Chinese provinces of Sichuan , Gansu and Yunnan . The murder of King Rapalchen in 838 by his brother Langdarma, and Langdarma's subsequent enthronement followed by his assassination in 842 marks the simultaneous beginning of the dissolution of the empire period. Before the empire period, sacred Buddhist relics were discovered by

4400-742: The Yalong River system of the Yangtze River basin, and the Lancang River system of the Lancang-Mekong River basin. Among them, the Yangtze River basin covers an area of 20,799 square kilometers, accounting for 98% of the total area; the Lancang River basin covers an area of 420 square kilometers, accounting for 2% of the total area. There are a total of 93 second-order and above tributaries of

4510-508: The Yellow River . He then invaded Mywa, which was at least in part Nanzhao (the Tibetan term mywa likely referring to the same people or peoples referred to by the Chinese as Man or Miao ) but died during the prosecution of that campaign. Gyeltsugru (Rgyal-gtsug-ru), later to become King Tride Tsuktsen ( Khri-lde-gtsug-brtsan ), generally known now by his nickname Me Agtsom ("Old Hairy"),

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4620-626: The Zhangzhung empire under the Lig myi dynasty. The group prevailed against Zingpoje. At this point Namri Songtsen (also known as Namri Löntsän ) was the leader of a clan which one by one prevailed over all his neighbouring clans. He besieged the Kingdom of Sumpa in the early 7th century and eventually conquered it. He gained control of all the area around what is now Lhasa, before his assassination around 618. This new-born regional state would later become known as

4730-567: The "Tibetan Empire". The government of Namri Songtsen sent two embassies to the Chinese Sui dynasty in 608 and 609, marking the appearance of Tibet on the international scene. Songtsen Gampo ( Srong-brtsan Sgam-po ) (c. 604 – 650) was the first great emperor who expanded Tibet's power beyond Lhasa and the Yarlung Valley , and is traditionally credited with introducing Buddhism to Tibet. When his father Namri Songtsen died by poisoning (circa 618 ), Songtsen Gampo took control after putting down

4840-572: The "recently" introduced Tibetan Buddhism . The power that became the Tibetan state originated at the Taktsé Castle ( Wylie : Stag-rtse ) in the Chingba ( Phying-ba ) district of Chonggyä ( Phyongs-rgyas ). There, according to the Old Tibetan Chronicle , a group convinced Tagbu Nyazig ( Stag-bu snya-gzigs ) to rebel against Gudri Zingpoje ( Dgu-gri Zing-po-rje ), who was, in turn, a vassal of

4950-518: The 33rd king Songsten Gampo, and into the Red Fort during the imperial period which continued to the 9th century. The beginning of the imperial period is marked in the reign of the 33rd king of the Yarlung dynasty, Songtsen Gampo. The power of Tibet's military empire gradually increased over a diverse terrain. During the reign of Trisong Detsen, the empire became more powerful and increased in size. At this time,

5060-401: The 500,000 mark, according to the development situation of the airport for the first time the airport was renovated and expanded. In 2007, the airport carried out a second renovation and expansion. According to the annual passenger throughput of 4.5 million passengers' standard construction, including runway extension of 500 meters, the new runway parallel taxiway, 13 additional parking spaces,

5170-532: The Caliphate and Karluks at the Battle of Talas (751), Chinese influence decreased rapidly and Tibetan influence began to increase again. Tibet conquered large sections of northern India during this time. In 755, Tride Tsuktsen was killed by the ministers Lang and ‘Bal. Then Takdra Lukong ( Stag-sgra Klu-khong ) presented evidence to prince Song Detsen ( Srong-lde-brtsan ) that they were disloyal and causing dissension in

5280-423: The Chinese finally managed to regain these territories. Emperor Mangsong Mangtsen ( Trimang Löntsen' or Khri-mang-slon-rtsan ) married Thrimalö ( Khri-ma-lod ), a woman who would be of great importance in Tibetan history. The emperor died in the winter of 676–677, and Zhangzhung revolts occurred thereafter. In the same year the emperor's son Tridu Songtsen ( Khri 'dus-srong btsan or Khri-'dus-srong-rtsan )

5390-520: The Chinese inflict a serious defeat on the Tibetans. In 785, Wei Kao, a Chinese serving as an official in Shuh, repulsed Tibetan invasions of the area. In the meantime, the Kyrgyz negotiated an agreement of friendship with Tibet and other powers to allow free trade in the region. An attempt at a peace treaty between Tibet and China was made in 787, but hostilities were to last until the Sino-Tibetan treaty of 821

5500-518: The Chinese more than 200,000 men). He then sent an envoy with gifts of gold and silk to the Chinese emperor to ask for a Chinese princess in marriage and, when refused, attacked Songzhou . According to the Tang Annals , he finally retreated and apologised, after which the emperor granted his request. After the death of Songtsen Gampo in 650 AD, the Chinese Tang dynasty attacked and took control of

5610-655: The Hengduan Mountain Range, characterized by high mountains and deep valleys, with steep and towering mountain ranges and rivers cutting deeply through them. To the east of Yulong Mountain is part of the Dianxi Basin's mountainous plateau region, specifically the northwestern sub-region of the Dian Plateau, which has a higher elevation and more robust mountainous terrain. On both sides of the main mountain range, there are also extensive east-west oriented valleys, creating

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5720-400: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as one of the 25 global biodiversity hotspots in the Hengduan Mountains region of China. Within its borders, there are several national first-class protected wild animals, such as the Yunnan golden snub-nosed monkey , clouded leopard , and forest musk deer , as well as rare species of national first-class protected wild plants, including

5830-404: The Jinsha River, Yalong River, and Lancang River within Lijiang city, of which there are 21 rivers with a basin area of more than 200 square kilometers. In addition to Lugu Lake , there are two larger natural lakes in Lijiang city, Chenghai and Lashihai . Among them, Chenghai is located in Yongsheng County and is one of the three lakes in the world that are rich in natural spirulina. It is also

5940-429: The Kyrgyz in 840, and many displaced people fled to Tibet. Langdarma himself was assassinated, apparently by a Buddhist hermit, in 842. A civil war that arose over Langdarma's successor led to the collapse of the Tibetan Empire. The period that followed, known traditionally as the Era of Fragmentation, was dominated by rebellions against the remnants of imperial Tibet and the rise of regional warlords. The soldiers of

6050-426: The Lijiang JunminFu was established again, with the Mu family continuing to hold the hereditary position of the chief. In the first year of the Yongzheng Emperor 's reign(1723), the implemented the "reform of the native chieftain system" in Lijiang, replacing the hereditary chief with an appointed official from the court, and demoting the Mu family to the position of the Qianlong Emperor 's reign(1770), Lijiang County

6160-477: The Naxi Hand-made Embroidery Institute was built 800 years ago, it is the headquarters of the Naxi embroideries and also, a school for the Naxi embroiderers. There are many Naxi embroidery masters, teachers, students and local farmers there. Their embroidery arts can be found there. Tibetan Empire The Tibetan Empire ( Tibetan : བོད་ཆེན་པོ , Wylie : bod chen po , lit.   ' Great Tibet ' ; Chinese : 吐蕃 ; pinyin : Tǔbō / Tǔfān )

6270-410: The Naxi were one of the few border peoples to support the Ming immediately. As the Naxi helped the Ming expand in Southwest China the ruler family was given the title of Mu. During this period the Kingdom of Lijiang was able to expand into Sichuan and Tibet bringing many Tibetan peoples into its territory as well as their cultural and religious influence. It was under the rule of the Naxi ruling house of

6380-405: The Pumi people. The Pumi people in Ninglang and Muli used to spell the Pumi language in Tibetan language to record historical legends and songs, but they are not popular and are now widely used in Chinese. The Pumi people live in a multi-clan, mostly on the mountainside, and the houses are mostly the layout of the wooden courtyard. The Pumi people have their own unique culture and art. Among them,

6490-410: The Tang emperors, reaching the Chinese capital Chang'an (modern Xi'an ) in late 763. Tibetan troops under the command of Nganlam Takdra Lukhong occupied Chang'an for fifteen days and installed a puppet emperor while Emperor Daizong was in Luoyang . Nanzhao (in Yunnan and neighbouring regions) remained under Tibetan control from 750 to 794, when they turned on their Tibetan overlords and helped

6600-448: The Tibetan Emperor requested (demanded according to Tibetan sources) marriage to a Chinese princess but was refused. In 635-36 the Emperor attacked and defeated the Tuyuhun ( Tibetan : ‘A zha ), who lived around Lake Koko Nur and controlled important trade routes into China. After a series of military campaigns between Tibet and the Tang dynasty in 635-8, （see also Tibetan attack on Songzhou ）the Chinese emperor agreed (only because of

6710-499: The Tibetan Empire wore armour such as lamellar and chainmail, and were proficient in the use of swords and lances. According to the Tibetan author Tashi Namgyal, writing in 1524, the history of lamellar armour in Tibet was divided into three distinct periods. The oldest armour dated from the time of the "Righteous Kings, Uncle, and Nephew" which would place it sometime during the Yarlung dynasty, early seventh to mid ninth century. According to Du You (735–812) in his encyclopaedic text,

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6820-432: The Tibetan Empire. In 645, Songtsen Gampo overran the kingdom of Zhangzhung. Songtsen Gampo died in 650. He was succeeded by his infant grandson Trimang Lön ( Khri-mang-slon ). Real power was left in the hands of the minister Gar Tongtsen. There is some confusion as to whether Central Tibet conquered Zhangzhung during the reign of Songtsen Gampo or in the reign of Trisong Detsen , (r. 755 until 797 or 804). The records of

6930-423: The Tibetan capital Lhasa . Soldiers of the Tang dynasty could not sustain their presence in the hostile environment of the Tibetan Plateau and soon returned to China proper." After having incorporated Tuyuhun into Tibetan territory, the powerful minister Gar Tongtsen died in 667. Between 665 and 670, Khotan was defeated by the Tibetans, and a long string of conflicts ensued with the Chinese Tang dynasty. In

7040-446: The Tibetan-Burmese language branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is roughly divided into two dialects by the Jinsha River. The dialects cannot talk to each other. The standard language of Naxi language is based on the dialect of the western dialect of Naxi language, and the voice of Dayan Town of Lijiang City is the standard sound. In the long history of the Naxi people, there have been Dongbawen and Gobawen characters. "Dongbawen"

7150-404: The Türgesh Qaghan. The Chinese allied with the Caliphate to attack the Türgesh. After victory and peace with the Türgesh, the Chinese attacked the Tibetan army. The Tibetans suffered several defeats in the east, despite strength in the west. The Türgesh empire collapsed from internal strife. In 737, the Tibetans launched an attack against the king of Bru-za ( Gilgit ), who asked for Chinese help, but

7260-464: The Türgesh. Tibet and China fought on and off in the late 720s. At first Tibet (with Türgesh allies) had the upper hand, but then they started losing battles. After a rebellion in southern China and a major Tibetan victory in 730, the Tibetans and Türgesh sued for peace. The Tibetans aided the Turgesh in fighting against the Muslim Arabs during the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana . In 734, the Tibetans married their princess Dronmalön ( ‘Dron ma lon ) to

7370-452: The UNESCO World Heritage Committee. Lugu Lake is 2,680 meters above sea level, with an area of more than 50 square kilometers. The average lake depth is 45 meters and the deepest is 93 meters. The lake is clear and blue, with a visibility of 12–14 meters. It is one of the deepest freshwater lakes in China. Jade Dragon Snow Mountain is located between 100°4′2"-100°16'30" east longitude and 27°3'2"-27°18'57" north latitude. The scenic area

7480-405: The Yarlung dynasty's 28th king, Iha-tho-tho-ri (Thori Nyatsen), and then safeguarded. Later, Tibet marked the advent of its empire period under King Songsten Gampo, while Buddhism initially spread into Tibet after the king's conversion to Buddhism, and during his pursuits in translating Buddhist texts while also developing the Tibetan language. Under King Trisong Detsen, the empire again expanded as

7590-469: The ancient village of Shöl in front of the Potala in Lhasa, dating to c. 764 CE during Trisong Detsen's reign. It also contains an account of the conquest of large swathes of northwestern China including the capture of Chang'an , the Chinese capital, for a short period in 763 CE, during the reign of Emperor Daizong . Trisong Detsen is said to have had four sons. The eldest, Mutri Tsenpo, apparently died young. When Trisong Detsen retired he handed power to

7700-416: The cold of the mountains. Mostly, it is a timber frame with a multi-column landing structure. The four walls are made of wood or fenced with bamboo and wood. There are many festivals for the Yi people, such as the Lunar Festival, the 15th Festival, the February 8th, and the March 3rd Festival, especially the Torch Festival. The Lisu language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family. The Lisu people live in

7810-419: The country, and were about to attack him also. Lang and ‘Bal subsequently did revolt; they were killed by the army and their property was confiscated. In 756, prince Song Detsän was crowned Emperor with the name Trisong Detsen ( Khri srong lde brtsan ) and took control of the government when he attained his majority at 13 years of age (12 by Western reckoning) after a one-year interregnum during which there

7920-590: The east and west wings of Lijiang's tourism resources. Some 35 kilometers north of Lijiang is the Baishui Terrace , an area where spring water flows over a sinter terrace, leaving behind travertine . Fifteen kilometers north of Lijiang is the village of Baisha, famous for the Baisha Fresco and the Naxi Hand-made Embroidery Institute. The Fresco was built in the Ming dynasty 600 years ago,

8030-458: The eldest surviving son, Muné Tsenpo ( Mu-ne btsan-po ). Most sources say that Muné's reign lasted only about a year and a half. After a short reign, Muné Tsenpo was supposedly poisoned on the orders of his mother. After his death, Mutik Tsenpo was next in line to the throne. However, he had been apparently banished to Lhodak Kharchu (lHo-brag or Lhodrag) near the Bhutanese border for murdering

8140-498: The empire period include: The varied terrain of the empire and the difficulty of transportation, coupled with the new ideas that came into the empire as a result of its expansion, helped to create stresses and power blocs that were often in competition with the ruler at the center of the empire. Thus, for example, adherents of the Bön religion and the supporters of the ancient noble families gradually came to find themselves in competition with

8250-736: The end of the Warring States period, it was part of the territory of the Dian Kingdom . Han Dynasty , the Dian Kingdom submitted to the Han, and today's Lijiang City belonged to the Yuezhi Commandery, known as Suijiu County. Three Kingdoms , it was part of the Yunnan Prefecture. Northern and Southern Dynasties , Lijiang still belonged th the Yunnan Prefecture, known as Suijiu County, and it

8360-558: The end, they are not willing to retreat. Their lances are longer and thinner than those in China. Their archery is weak but their armor is strong. The men always use swords; when they are not at war they still go about carrying swords. The Tibetans might have exported their armour to the neighbouring steppe nomads. When the Turgesh attacked the Arabs , their khagan Suluk was reported to have worn Tibetan armour, which saved him from two arrows before

8470-626: The former Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County. Lijiang is located in the northwestern portion of Yunnan and borders Sichuan . It is within the region encompassed by the Hengduan Mountains , where the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau converge. It borders Sichuan Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Panzhihua City to the east, and Jianchuan, Heqing and Binchuan three of the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in

8580-482: The founding of Tibetan Buddhism and the revealing of the Vajrayana by Guru Padmasambhava was occurring. The empire period then corresponded to the reigns of Tibet's three 'Religious Kings', which includes King Rapalchen's reign. After Rapalchen's murder, King Lang darma nearly destroyed Tibetan Buddhism through his widespread targeting of Nyingma monasteries and monastic practitioners. His undertakings correspond to

8690-500: The freezing mark; January, the coolest month, with 24-hour average temperature of 6.7 °C (44.1 °F). Spring begins early and remains dry and sunny until late May, when there is a dramatic uptick in frequency and amount of rainfall that lasts until late September. Summers are warm, rainy (more so than it is sunny) and damp, with June, the warmest month, averaging 19.1 °C (66.4 °F). Autumn sees an abrupt reduction in rainfall and return to sunniness. The annual mean temperature

8800-463: The influence of the Gar. From 700 until his death the emperor remained on campaign in the northeast, absent from Central Tibet, while his mother Thrimalö administrated in his name. In 702, Zhou China under Empress Wu Zetien and the Tibetan Empire concluded peace. At the end of that year, the Tibetan imperial government turned to consolidating the administrative organisation khö chenpo ( mkhos chen-po ) of

8910-524: The international stage. As a result, Lijiang City has been dubbed the "Kingdom of Alpine Plants" and the "Hometown of Medicinal Herbs." The government of Lijiang City sits in Gucheng District. Lijiang City comprises one district and four counties : Lijiang is a multi-ethnic settlement. The Naxi , originally from northwestern China and having a Tibeto-Burman language with pictographic characters of their own, are mainly distributed in Lijiang, with

9020-566: The late Paleolithic were active in what is now Lijiang. The discovery of cave paintings in the Jinsha River Valley along with numerous neolithic stone tools and later artifacts of Bronze and Iron Age provenance prove Lijiang to have been one of the most important centres of ancient human activity in southwest China. Warring States period , it belonged to the Shu Prefecture of the Qin state . At

9130-473: The myths, legends and stories are the most numerous. The Pumi people can sing and dance. In the event of a wedding or funeral festival, a "song to the song" competition is held. Pumi men also like sports such as shooting, archery, wrestling, and martial arts. The most popular national traditional festival of the Pumi is the "Ohwa Festival" (the New Year) on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month. In addition, there

9240-477: The new 33,300 square meters of domestic terminal building, procurement of supporting special facilities and equipment, navigation station construction and other major projects. On March 6, 2012, Yunnan Lijiang Airport aviation port opening to the outside world officially passed the national acceptance, for the third port airport in Yunnan Province . The airport has one runway numbered 02/20, 3,000 metres (9,843 ft) in length with turning bases at both ends of

9350-734: The northeastern Sumru area, which had been the Sumpa country conquered 75 years earlier. Sumru was organised as a new "horn" of the empire. During the summer of 703, Tridu Songtsen resided at Öljak ( ‘Ol-byag ) in Ling ( Gling ), which was on the upper reaches of the Yangtze , before proceeding with an invasion of Jang ( ‘Jang ), which may have been either the Mosuo or the kingdom of Nanzhao . In 704, he stayed briefly at Yoti Chuzang ( Yo-ti Chu-bzangs ) in Madrom ( Rma-sgrom ) on

9460-477: The only lake in China where spirulina can grow naturally. It covers an area of 77.2 square kilometers, with a water storage capacity of 1.987 billion cubic meters, an average water depth of 25.74 meters, and is the fourth largest lake in Yunnan Province. Lashihai is located in Lashi Town, Yulong County , 8 kilometers away from the urban area of Lijiang. The lake area is oval-shaped with an altitude of 2450 meters,

9570-427: The runway. Lijiang City Lijiang ( Chinese : 丽江 ), formerly romanized as Likiang , is a prefecture-level city in the northwest of Yunnan Province , China. It has an area of 21,219 square kilometres (8,193 sq mi) and had a population of 1,253,878 at the 2020 census whom 288,787 lived in the built-up area (metro) made of Gucheng District . Lijiang is famous for its UNESCO Heritage Site ,

9680-413: The salad is very tasty, and the fragrance is delicious. It is a dish on the Naxi table. Lijiang Baba is the local fine wheat noodles, plus ham, chemical oil, sugar and other condiments, and mix thoroughly to form a layer. Eat a golden crisp, sweet and delicious, oily but not greasy. Naxi barbecue is a traditional carbace dish popular on Lijiang Tea Horse Road. The main ingredient is pork belly. The skin

9790-592: The soup and therefore keep it warm for longer. Erkuai is a type of rice cake, the name literally means "ear piece," a reference to the shape of one of its common forms. It is often served stir-fried with vegetables, and málà sauce, which is a mixture of dried red chilis, Sichuan pepper, and salt. Lijiang railway station is currently the terminus of the Dali–Lijiang railway , which heads south. The Lijiang–Shangri-La railway , currently under construction, will extend this line north to Shangri-La . Old Town of Lijiang

9900-426: The south. County and Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture Dayao and Yongren counties, west and north are adjacent to Lanping County of Nujiang Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Weixi County of Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. The city has a total area of 20,600 square kilometers and governs the ancient city, Yulong Naxi Autonomous County, Yongsheng County, Huaping County and Ninglang Yi Autonomous County. Lijiang City has

10010-592: The spring of 670, Tibet attacked the remaining Chinese territories in the western Tarim Basin after winning the Battle of Dafeichuan against the Tang dynasty . With troops from Khotan they conquered Aksu , upon which the Chinese abandoned the region, ending two decades of Chinese control. They thus gained control over all of the Chinese Four Garrisons of Anxi in the Tarim Basin in 670 and held them until 692, when

10120-410: The subsequent dissolution of the unified empire period, after which semi-autonomous polities of chieftains, minor kings and queens, and those surviving Tibetan Buddhist polities evolved once again into autonomous independent polities, similar to those polities also documented in the Tibetan Empire's nearer frontier region of Do Kham ( Amdo and Kham ). Other unreferenced ideas about the dissolution of

10230-481: The threat of force, according to Tibetan sources ) to provide a Chinese princess to Songtsen Gampo. Circa 639, after Songtsen Gampo had a dispute with his younger brother Tsänsong ( Brtsan-srong ), the younger brother was burned to death by his own minister Khäsreg ( Mkha’s sregs ) (presumably at the behest of his older brother the emperor). The Chinese Princess Wencheng (Tibetan: Mung-chang Kung-co ) departed China in 640 to marry Songtsen Gampo's son. She arrived

10340-482: The three major mountain ranges that rise abruptly on both sides—the Yunling Mountains ' Laojun Mountain , Yulong Mountain, and Mianmian Mountain (commonly known as Xiao Liangshan), form the basic framework and backbone of the topography of Lijiang City. Laojun Mountain stretches like a barrier from north to south on the west side, with its main peak reaching an elevation of 4,247.4 meters. Yulong Snow Mountain, which

10450-405: The tota. Irrigated land amounting to 5,857.66 hectares (88,765 mu), accounting for 3.15% of the total. Dry land amounting to 150,605.26 hectares (2,259,079 mu), accounting for 81.08% of the total. Yongsheng County and Ninglang Yi Autonomous County have relatively larger areas of arable land, making up 64.28% of the total arable land in Lijiang City. All the arable land is located in regions with

10560-678: The upper hand, and the Tibetan governor of Kabul submitted to the Caliphate and became a Muslim about 812 or 815. The Caliphate then struck east from Kashmir but were held off by the Tibetans . In the meantime, the Uyghur Khaganate attacked Tibet from the northeast. Strife between the Uyghurs and Tibetans continued for some time. Tritsu Detsen ( Khri gtsug lde brtsan ), best known as Ralpacan ,

10670-499: The west and east power transmission bases of China's hydropower industry. Lijiang City is a multi-ethnic settlement, except for the Han nationality , there are a total of 22 ethnic minorities. Lijiang is the only prefecture-level city with three World Heritage Sites , rich in tourism resources, 104 tourist attractions , such as Lijiang Ancient City, Yulong Snow Mountain , Tiger Leaping Gorge , Laojun Mountain , and Shuhe Ancient Town. As far back as 100,000 years ago, people of

10780-835: The year 658 AD to 1107AD. The Dabaoji Palace of the Baisha Fresco, very close to the Baisha Naxi Hand-made Embroidery Institute, was built in the year 658 AD in the Tang dynasty (618 AD to 907 AD). In ancient times, the Baisha Old Town used to be the center of silk embroidery in the southwest of China and the most important place of the Ancient Southern Silk Road , also called the Ancient Tea and Horse Road or Ancient tea route . The Ancient Southern Silk Road started from Burma , crossed Lijiang, Shangri-La County , Tibet , continued through Iran ,

10890-658: Was aeound of the Naxi people migrated here. Tang Dynasty , it was once the territory of the Yaozhou Governor's Office, later it became part of the Tibetan Empire , and the territory of Nanzhao ,known as Sangchuan, under the jurisdiction of the Jianchuan Military Commission. The Baisha Old Town was the political, commercial and cultural center for the local Naxi people and other ethnic groups for 450 years from

11000-453: Was agreed on in 821/822 under Ralpacan, which established peace for more than two decades. A bilingual account of this treaty is inscribed on a stone pillar which stands outside the Jokhang temple in Lhasa. The reign of Langdarma ( Glang dar ma ), regal title Tri Uidumtsaen ( Khri 'U'i dum brtsan ), was plagued by external troubles. The Uyghur state to the north collapsed under pressure from

11110-536: Was an empire centered on the Tibetan Plateau , formed as a result of imperial expansion under the Yarlung dynasty heralded by its 33rd king, Songtsen Gampo , in the 7th century. The empire further expanded under the 38th king, Trisong Detsen , and expanded to its greatest extent under the 41st king, Rapalchen , whose 821–823 treaty was concluded between the Tibetan Empire and the Tang dynasty . This treaty, carved into

11220-422: Was apparently murdered by two pro- Bön ministers who then placed his anti-Buddhist brother, Langdarma , on the throne. Tibet continued to be a major Central Asian empire until the mid-9th century. It was under the reign of Ralpacan that the political power of Tibet was at its greatest extent, stretching as far as Mongolia and Bengal, and entering into treaties with China on a mutual basis. A Sino-Tibetan treaty

11330-428: Was appointed to replace him. In 692, the Tibetans lost the Tarim Basin to the Chinese. Gar Tridring Tsendrö defeated the Chinese in battle in 696 and sued for peace. Two years later in 698 emperor Tridu Songtsen reportedly invited the Gar clan (who numbered more than 2000 people) to a hunting party and had them massacred. Gar Tridring Tsendrö then committed suicide, and his troops joined the Chinese. This brought to an end

11440-456: Was born in 704. Upon the death of Tridu Songtsen, his mother Thrimalö ruled as regent for the infant Gyältsugru. The following year the elder son of Tridu Songtsen, Lha Balpo ( Lha Bal-pho ) apparently contested the succession of his one-year-old brother, but was "deposed from the throne" at Pong Lag-rang. Thrimalö had arranged for a royal marriage to a Chinese princess. The Princess Jincheng (Tibetan: Kyimshang Kongjo) arrived in 710, but it

11550-671: Was born. The power of Emperor Tridu Songtsen was offset, to an extent, by that of his mother, Thrimalö and the influence of the Gar clan. ( Wylie mgar ; also sgar and ′gar ). (There is evidence that the Gar were descended from members of the Lesser Yuezhi , a people who had originally spoken an Indo-European language and migrated, sometime after the 3rd century BC, from Gansu or the Tarim into Kokonur .) In 685, minister Gar Tsenye Dompu ( mgar btsan-snya-ldom-bu ) died and his brother, Gar Tridring Tsendrö ( mgar Khri-‘bring-btsan brod )

11660-586: Was established. In the second year of the Republic of China (1912), the Lijiang Prefecture was abolished, retaining only the county, and the county government moved into the former Lijiang Prefecture's office building. In the 20th year of the Republic of China (1931), three counties were established within the current area of Lijiang: Lijiang, Yongbei, and Huaping. In 2002 Lijiang City was established, replacing

11770-530: Was inscribed in Lhasa in 823 (see below). At the same time, the Uyghurs , nominal allies of the Tang emperors, continued to make difficulties along Tibet's Northern border. Toward the end of this king's reign Uyghur victories in the North caused the Tibetans to lose a number of their allies in the Southeast. Recent historical research indicates the presence of Christianity in as early as the sixth and seventh centuries,

11880-575: Was no emperor. In 755, China had already begun to be weakened because of the An Shi Rebellion started by An Lushan in 751, which would last until 763. In contrast, Trisong Detsän's reign was characterised by the reassertion of Tibetan influence in Central Asia. Early in his reign regions to the West of Tibet paid homage to the Tibetan court. From that time onward the Tibetans pressed into the territory of

11990-717: Was restrustured into the Lijiang Prefecture. By the 30th year of the Hongwu Emperor(1397), it was promoted to the Lijiang Junmin Fu(Lijiang Military and Civil Administration), which governed over four states, one county, and one patrol inspection office:Tong'an State, Baoshan State, Ju Jin State, Lin Xi county, and Shimen pass patrol Inspection office. In the 17th year of the Qing Dynasty 's Shunzhi Emperor 's reign(1660),

12100-428: Was ultimately forced to pay homage to Tibet. In 747, the hold of Tibet was loosened by the campaign of general Gao Xianzhi , who tried to re-open the direct communications between Central Asia and Kashmir. By 750, the Tibetans had lost almost all of their central Asian possessions to the Chinese. In 753, even the kingdom of "Little Balur" (modern Gilgit) was captured by the Chinese. However, after Gao Xianzhi's defeat by

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