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149-669: The dynasty officially began in 1428 with the enthronement of Lê Lợi after he drove the Ming army from Vietnam. The dynasty reached its peak during the reign of Lê Thánh Tông and declined after his death in 1497. In 1527, the Mạc dynasty usurped the throne; when the Lê dynasty was restored in 1533, the Mạc fled to the far north and continued to claim the throne during the period known as Southern and Northern Dynasties . The restored Lê emperors held no real power, and by

298-449: A Mạc – Trịnh version of Complete Annals of Đại Việt , the new Emperor had a weakness for women. He had many wives, and he discarded one favorite after another. The most prominent scandal was his affair with Nguyễn Thị Lộ, the wife of his father's chief advisor Nguyễn Trãi. The affair started early in 1442 and continued when the Emperor traveled to the home of Nguyễn Trãi, who was venerated as

447-518: A heraldic emblem ); the formal installation of a Belgian monarch requires only a solemn oath be taken on the constitution in the parliament , symbolic of the limited power allowed to the king under the 1831 Constitution . During the enthronement of King Albert II , a member of the Chamber of Representatives , Jean-Pierre Van Rossem , shouted out "Long live the Republic of Europe!", only to be shouted down by

596-457: A Chinese ship blew off course onto the shore. The Chinese were detained and not allowed to return to China as ordered by Le Thanh Tong. This incident may be the same one where Wu Rui was captured. Several Malay envoys from the Malacca sultanate were attacked and captured in 1469 by Vietnamese navy as they were returning to Malacca from China. The Vietnamese enslaved and castrated the young from among

745-673: A Vietnamese crackdown on trade with foreign countries. A 1499 entry in the Ming Shilu recorded that thirteen Chinese men from Wenchang including a young man named Wu Rui were captured by the Vietnamese after their ship was blown off course while traveling from Hainan to Guangdong 's Qin subprefecture ( Qinzhou ), after which they ended up near the coast of Vietnam, in the 1460s, during the Chenghua Emperor 's rule (1464–1487). Twelve of them were enslaved to work as agricultural laborers, while

894-439: A bishop is ordained in a church of the diocese he is to head, the principal consecrator invites him, after his investiture with mitre and crozier, to be seated on the cathedra of the church; if the ordination takes place elsewhere, the principal consecrator invites him merely to take first place among the concelebrating bishops. Instead of by enthronement, a Latin bishop takes office through an officially recorded presentation of

1043-644: A chair is seen as the symbol of the authority to teach . Thus in Christianity, bishops of almost all denominations have a ceremony of installation (or installment) after they assume office or by which they assume office. The Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Oriental Orthodox Churches , as well as the Lutheran Churches and the Anglican Communion often have elaborate ceremonies marking

1192-638: A formal banquet. Historically, Castilian coronations were performed at Toledo , or in the Church of St Jerome at Madrid, with the king being anointed by the archbishop of Toledo. The monarch assumed the royal sword, sceptre, crown of gold and the apple of gold, after receiving his anointing. Aragonese coronations were performed at Zaragoza by the Archbishop of Tarragona . In Sweden , no monarch has been crowned since Oscar II in 1873. Kings Carl XVI Gustaf and Gustaf VI Adolf have instead just been enthroned in

1341-421: A great Confucian scholar. Shortly after the Emperor left Trãi's home to continue his tour of the western province, he fell ill and died. At the time the powerful nobles in the court argued that the Emperor had been poisoned to death. Nguyễn Trãi was executed as were his three entire relations , the normal punishment for treason at that time. With the Emperor's sudden death at a young age, his infant heir Bang Co

1490-672: A great deal of action in the 1884 Sino-French War . Largely ineffective within Vietnam, it was still able to repulse the French from China itself at the Battle of Zhennan Pass (modern Friendship Pass ) on 23 March 1885. Following the Wuchang Uprising , Guangxi seceded from the Qing Empire on 6 November 1911. The Qing governor, Shen Bingdan , initially remained in place but was subsequently removed by

1639-497: A larger coronation rite. In a general sense, an enthronement may also refer to a ceremony marking a monarch's accession, generally distinguished from a coronation as no crown or other regalia is physically bestowed upon the one being enthroned, although regalia may be present at the ceremony. Enthronements occur in both church and state settings, since the throne is seen as a symbol of authority, both secular and spiritual. Enthronements are most popular in religious settings, as

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1788-762: A military position in northern Vietnam as military superintendent since his service in the palace was apparently valued by the Vietnamese. However the Lạng Sơn guard soldier Dương Tam tri (Yang Sanzhi) (楊三知) told him of an escape route back to China and Wu Rui escaped to Longzhou after walking for 9 days through the mountains. The local ethnic minority Tusi chief Wei Chen took him into custody, overruling objections from his family who wanted to send him back to Vietnam. Vietnam found out about his escape and sent an agent to buy Wu Rui back from Wei Chen with 100 Jin in payment since they were scared that Wu Rui would reveal Vietnamese state secrets to China. Wei Chen planned to sell him back to

1937-466: A mutiny commanded by General Lu Rongting . General Lu's Old Guangxi clique overran Hunan and Guangdong as well and helped lead the National Protection War against Yuan Shikai 's attempt to re-establish an imperial government. Zhuang's loyalty made his Self-Government Army cohesive but reluctant to move far beyond its own provinces. Subsequent feuding with Sun Yat-sen led to defeat in

2086-543: A new province out of former Cham land and allowed ethnic Vietnamese settlers to settle it. The conquest of the Cham kingdoms started a rapid period of expansion by the Vietnamese southwards into this newly conquered land. The government used a system of land settlement called đồn điền ( 屯 田 ). From 1478 to 1480, Lê Thánh Tông led an expedition against the kingdoms of Lan Xang and Lanna in today Laos and Northern Thailand . Laotians were overwhelmed, their capital Luang Prabang

2235-514: A revolt broke in Cao Bằng , led by Đoàn Thế Nùng against the government. Lê Thuần sent troops to Cao Bằng, defeating and killing Đoàn Thế Nùng along with 500 rebels. However, he fell gravely ill and died just six months after assuming the throne. Lê Uy Mục (黎威穆) was the second son of Emperor Lê Hiến Tông . In 1505, as older brother of Emperor Lê Túc Tông , he succeeded the throne, later known under posthumous name Uy Mục hoàng đế (威穆皇帝). Lê Uy Mục

2384-691: A simple ceremony in Rikssalen at the Royal Palace in Stockholm on 19 September 1973 and 30 October 1950 respectively. The regalia were displayed on cushions to the right and left of the royal Silver Throne , but were never worn by the King, who made an accession speech, which was the main purpose of the undertaking. Guangxi Guangxi , officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region ,

2533-508: A three-pronged attack on the Ming dynasty—with Japan from the north, Vietnam to the south, and other Southeast Asian nations to the southwest—would weaken the Ming army and allow the attackers to prevail. Although some officials supported the plan, the Lê emperor Quang Hưng and his ministers recognized the overwhelming strength of the Ming empire; the Lê ministers further viewed Japan and other Southeast Asian nations as "barbarians" and formally refused

2682-473: A visit to the shrines of his ancestors. The Grand Duke of Luxembourg is enthroned at a ceremony held in the nation's parliament at the beginning of his or her reign. The monarch takes an oath of loyalty to the state constitution, then attends a solemn mass at the Notre-Dame Cathedral . No crown or other regalia exists for the rulers of Europe's last sovereign Grand Duchy . The new ruler of Malaysia

2831-705: Is 99.7% Zhuang. The autonomous region also has sizable populations of indigenous Yao , Miao , Kam , Mulam , Maonan , Hui , Gin , Yi , Sui and Gelao peoples. Other ethnic minorities in Guangxi include the Manchu , Mongol , Korean , Tibetan , Hlai , and Tujia people. Religion in Guangxi The predominant religions in Guangxi among the Han Chinese are Chinese folk religions , Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism . The large Zhuang population mostly practices

2980-686: Is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China , located in South China and bordering Vietnam ( Hà Giang , Cao Bằng , Lạng Sơn , and Quảng Ninh Provinces ) and the Gulf of Tonkin . Formerly a province , Guangxi became an autonomous region in 1958. Its current capital is Nanning . Guangxi's location, in mountainous terrain in the far south of China, has placed it on the frontier of Chinese civilization throughout much of Chinese history . The current name "Guang" means "expanse" and has been associated with

3129-483: Is caused by typhoons blowing from the South China Sea . Guangxi is divided into fourteen prefecture-level divisions : all prefecture-level cities : These 14 prefecture-level cities are in turn subdivided into 111 county-level divisions (41 districts , 10 county-level cities , 48 counties , and 12 autonomous counties ). At the year-end of 2021, the total population is 48.85 million. The Han Chinese are

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3278-558: Is enthroned in a special ceremony after his election, which involves the use of several items of regalia including the Tengkolok Diraja , or Royal Headdress. According to legend, the first Sultan of Perak forswore the wearing of any diadems after the miraculous refloating of his ship, which had run aground during his journey to establish his reign in Perak. Hence, while Malaysian coronations are rather elaborate affairs, they do not involve

3427-458: Is forested. Major cities in Guangxi include Nanning , Liuzhou , Guilin , and Beihai . Notable towns include Longmen  [ zh ] , Sanjiang , and Yangshuo . The Xi River system provides waterways which connect to the Pearl River Delta . Important seaports along Guangxi's short coastline on the Gulf of Tonkin include Beihai , Qinzhou , and Fangchenggang . Pinglu Canal

3576-415: Is quite high in Guangxi, ranging from 1,080 millimetres (43 in) in drier zones to 1,730 millimetres (68 in) in wetter zones. The region also experiences monsoons, blowing from south-southwest from late April to the beginning of October. Most of the precipitation occurs between May and August. Microbursts can also occasionally occur in the extreme south of the region, from July to September. This

3725-573: The Nam tiến expansion of Vietnam's borders southwards through the domination of the Kingdom of Champa and expedition into today Laos and Myanmar , nearly reaching Vietnam's modern borders by the time of the Tây Sơn uprising. It also saw massive changes to Vietnamese society: the previously Buddhist state became Confucian after the preceding 20 years of Ming rule. The Lê emperors instituted many changes modeled after

3874-473: The 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War , Guangxi communities were important to the Chinese war effort. They supplied logistical support to the People's Liberation Army , including food and housing. Militia members from Guangxi performed tasks including building roads, bridges, trenches, other logistical efforts, and caring for the wounded. Located in the southern part of the country, Guangxi is bordered by Yunnan to

4023-627: The Chinese Civil War , but joined the People's Republic in December 1949, two months after its founding. In 1952, a small section of Guangdong's coastline ( Qinzhou , Lianzhou (now Hepu County ), Fangchenggang and Beihai ) was given to Guangxi, giving it access to the sea. This was reversed in 1955, and then restored in 1965. The Guangxi Massacre , during the Cultural Revolution , involved

4172-594: The Dali Kingdom in 1253 and eliminated the Southern Song following the Battle of Yamen in 1279. Rather than ruling Lingnan as a subject territory or military district, the Mongolians then established Guangxi ("Western Expanse") as a proper province. The area nonetheless continued to be unruly, leading the Ming dynasty to employ the different local groups against one another. At the Battle of Big Rattan Gorge between

4321-518: The Datuk Paduka Maharaja Lela brings forward a copy of the Quran , which the new monarch reverently receives, kisses, and places on a special table located between his throne and the queen's. A formal proclamation of the new king's reign is read, followed by the taking of a special coronation oath. The Prime Minister gives a special speech, which is followed by an address by the new king from

4470-634: The Ming dynasty of China as a tributary nation against the Lê dynasty. In 1597, the Ming dynasty recognized the legitimacy of the Lê monarch. However, the Ming recorded that the Lê rulers were very dissatisfied to the Ming Empire because the Chinese also concurrently supported the Mạc dynasty. In 1589, Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent envoys to the Lê court in Thanh Hoá , asking the Vietnamese to join Japan's alliance against Ming China and Joseon Korea. Hideyoshi hoped that

4619-703: The Qin River and the Nanliu River both flow into the Gulf of Tonkin, several tributary rivers flow into the larger Xiang River in neighbouring Hunan province, and the Xi River system flows southeast through the autonomous region into the South China Sea . Along the border with Vietnam there is the Ban Gioc–Detian waterfall (pinyin: Dé Tiān Pùbù ), which separates the two countries. About one-quarter of Guangxi's area

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4768-556: The Qing dynasty . Guangxi contains the largest population of China's ethnic minorities after Yunnan , in particular, the Zhuang people , who make up 34% of the population. Various regional languages and dialects such as Pinghua , Zhuang , Kam , Cantonese , Hakka , and Min are spoken alongside Mandarin Chinese . " Guǎng " ( simplified Chinese : 广 ; traditional Chinese : 廣 ) means 'expanse' or 'vast', and has been associated with

4917-515: The Song dynasty , the Two Guangs were formally separated as Guǎngnán Xīlù ( 廣南西路 ; 广南西路 ; 'vast south west region') and Guǎngnán Dōnglù ( 廣南東路 ; 广南东路 ; 'vast south east region'), which became abbreviated as Guǎngxī Lù ( 廣西路 ; 广西路 ) and Guǎngdōng Lù ( 廣東路 ; 广东路 ). Guangxi was also previously spelled as Kwangsi in postal and Wade–Giles romanizations. The spelling of

5066-581: The Thanh Hoá oligarchy of Dai Viet's southern region with a corps of bureaucrats selected through the Confucian civil service examinations. Following the Chinese model , he divided the government into six ministries: Finance, Rites, Justice, Personnel, Army, and Public Works. Nine grades of rank were set up for both the civil administration and the military. A Board of Censors was set up with imperial authority to monitor governmental officials and reported exclusively to

5215-617: The Tày chief Cầm Quý who having a ten-thousand army of raiders in the northwest region. In January 1436, the emperor ordered to make roads and canals from northwest region to the capital for showing the superior power of the Imperial court to the local tribes men. From 1437 to 1441, tribe men from Ai-Lao crossed the Annamite Range , raided in Thanh Hóa and southern Hưng Hóa (now Sơn La province ) with

5364-895: The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau , the Jiuwan Mountains and the Fenghuang Mountains both run through the north, the Nanling Mountains form the region's north-east border, and the Yuecheng and Haiyang Mountains both branch from the Nanling Mountains. Also in the north are the Duyao Mountains . The Duyang Mountains run through the west of Guangxi. Near the center of the region are the Da Yao and Da Ming Mountains . On

5513-545: The Zhuang folk religion centered around the worship of their ancestral god Buluotuo (布洛陀). According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 40.48% of the population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration , while 0.26% of the population identifies as Christian. The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 59.26% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities , Buddhism, Confucianism , Taoism, folk religious sects . The Yao , another numerous ethnic group inhabiting

5662-531: The papal bull of his appointment, a ceremony that does not necessarily involve his personal presence. In the section in the Caeremoniale Episcoporum on "The Reception of a Bishop in His Cathedral Church" there is no mention of a ritual taking possession of the episcopal cathedra . The same is true even of older editions of this work. Popes were traditionally enthroned and crowned with

5811-775: The papal tiara in the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran . However, during the Avignon papacy the papacy could not make use of its cathedra , as the Pope was in France while the cathedral was in Rome. Thus the coronations continued, while enthronements could not take place until the Pontiffs' return to Rome. Upon the return of Pope Gregory XI to Rome, the Lateran Palace was badly in need of repair, so

5960-576: The "Flying Army" and the "Army of Steel". After the death of Sun Yat-sen, Li also repulsed Tang Jiyao 's revolt and joined the Northern Expedition establishing control over other warlords by the Republic of China . His was one of the few Kuomintang units free from serious Chinese Communist Party (CCP) influence and was therefore employed by Chiang Kai-shek for the Shanghai massacre of 1927 . Within

6109-576: The 1430 execution of the two generals Trần Nguyên Hãn and Phạm Văn Xảo that is considered by Vietnamese historians as a political purge. Lê Lợi's reign would be short-lived, as he died in 1433. Lê Thái Tông (黎太宗, ruled 1433–1442) was the official heir to Lê Lợi. However, he was just eleven, so a close friend of Lê Lợi, Lê Sát, assumed the regency of the kingdom. Not long after he assumed the official title as Emperor of Vietnam in 1438, Lê Thái Tông accused Lê Sát of abuse of power and had him executed. In December 1435, Thái Tông ordered general Tư Mã Tây to subdue

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6258-558: The 1920 and 1921 Guangdong–Guangxi War . After a brief occupation by Chen Jiongming 's Cantonese forces, Guangxi fell into disunity and profound banditry for several years until Li Zongren 's Guangxi Pacification Army established the New Guangxi clique dominated by Li, Huang Shaohong , and Bai Chongxi . Successful action in Hunan against Wu Peifu led to the Zhuang GPA becoming known as

6407-479: The 8th century to Emperor Kōmei , the benkan , influenced by the Chinese mianguan , was used in the enthronement ceremonies of Japanese emperors. From Emperor Meiji to the present, the more Japanese style ryūei no kan ( 立纓冠 , lit.   ' crown with standing tail ornament ' ) has been used in enthronement ceremonies. This ancient rite was held in Kyoto , the former capital of Japan, until 1990 when

6556-414: The Chinese pirate junks on small boats. The Chinese pirates and northern Vietnamese girls had sex but the Vietnamese women then wet the gun barrels of the Chinese pirates ships with their handkerchiefs which they got wet. They then left in the same boats. The Vietnamese navy then attacked the Chinese pirate fleet which was unable to fire back with their wet guns. The Chinese pirate fleet, originally 206 junks,

6705-497: The Chinese system, including the civil service and laws. Their long-lasting rule was attributed to the popularity of the early emperors. Lê Lợi's liberation of the country from 20 years of Ming rule and Lê Thánh Tông 's bringing the country into a golden age was well-remembered by the people. Even though the restored Lê emperors' rule was marked by civil strife and constant peasant uprisings, few dared to openly challenge their power for fear of losing popular support. The Lê dynasty also

6854-727: The Europeans. Trịnh Tráng hired the VOC to make European cannons and ships for his army. In 1642–43, the Trịnh army attacked the Nguyễn walls. With the aid of the Dutch cannons, the Trịnh army broke through the first wall but failed to break through the second. At sea, the Trịnh, with their Dutch ships Kievit , Nachtegaels and Woekende Book were defeated at sea by the Nguyễn fleet with their Chinese style galleys. Trịnh Tráng staged yet another offensive in 1648 but at

7003-497: The Hundred Yue" ( 和集百越 ) until its collapse in 111 BC during the southward expansion of the Han dynasty . The name "Guangxi" can be traced to the "Expansive" or "Wide" province ( 廣州 ) of the Eastern Wu , which controlled southeastern China during the Three Kingdoms period. Guilin formed one of its commanderies. Under the Tang dynasty , the Zhuang moved to support Piluoge 's kingdom of Nanzhao in Yunnan , which successfully repulsed imperial armies in 751 and 754. Guangxi

7152-498: The Japanese lord's invitation. The Ming loyalist Chinese pirate Yang Yandi (Dương Ngạn Địch) and his fleet sailed to Vietnam to leave the Qing dynasty in March 1682, first appearing off the coast of Tonkin in north Vietnam . According to the Vietnamese account, Vũ Duy Chí 武惟志, a minister of the Vietnamese Lê dynasty came up with a plan to defeat the Chinese pirates by sending more than 300 Vietnamese girls who were beautiful singing girls and prostitutes with red handkerchiefs to go to

7301-524: The Khmers. Duong's followers named their settlement as "Minh Huong", to recall their allegiance to the Ming dynasty. In 1620, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên officially refused to send taxes to the court in Hanoi. A formal demand was made to the Nguyễn to submit to the authority of the court, and it was formally refused. In 1623 Trịnh Tùng died and was succeeded by his son Trịnh Tráng . Trịnh Tráng made yet another formal demand for submission, and again Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên refused. Finally in 1627 open warfare broke out between

7450-455: The Laotian guerrillas, and then the Laotians were able to recaptured their capital. As the Vietnamese withdrew their army through the kingdom of Muang Phuan in December 1479, they annexed and incorporated it into Ninh Protectorate (Trấn Ninh) in 1480. With the death of Lê Thánh Tông , the Lê dynasty fell into a swift decline (1497–1527). Prince Lê Tăng , the eldest of Lê Thánh Tông 's 14 sons, succeeded his father as Lê Hiến Tông (黎憲宗). He

7599-436: The Lê dynasty (see Mạc dynasty for more details). Mạc Đăng Dung's seizure of the throne prompted other families of the aristocracy, notably the Nguyễn and Trịnh, to rush to the support of the Lê loyalists. With the usurpation of the throne, the civil war broke out anew. Again the Nguyễn and the Trịnh gathered an army and fought against Mạc Đăng Dung, this time under the leadership of Nguyễn Kim and Trịnh Kiểm . The Trịnh and

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7748-497: The Lê dynasty and took the reign name Lê Thái Tổ, receiving recognition and formal protection from the Ming dynasty in a tributary relationship .In 1429, he introduced the Thuận Thiên code, largely based on the Tang Code , with severe charges for gambling, bribery and corruption. Lê Lợi granted a land reform in 1429 that took lands from people who collaborated with the Chinese and distributed them among landless peasants and soldiers. He distrusted many of his former generals, resulting in

7897-421: The Lê dynasty introduced personnel firearm like matchlocks into their army and surprised the Mạc army. Trịnh Tùng succeed his father in 1570, established the Trịnh lords and launched a large-scale offensive against the Mạc army in January 1592. Unable to resist the forces of the Lê loyalists, in December 1592 the Mạc dynasty retreated to the north and established a new capital at Cao Bằng Province allying with

8046-401: The Lê loyalists in a sixty-year-long civil war . In 1536 and 1537, Nguyên Hòa sent two envoys to Beijing to ask the Jiajing Emperor of the Ming dynasty to send an army to fight against the Mạc to restore the Lê dynasty . Many Ming officials like Mao Bowen showed strong supports for the Lê loyalists and urged Jiajing Emperor for prepare a military campaign. The Ming Emperor agreed. In 1527,

8195-478: The Ming Chinese, restore the Vietnamese independence and sovereignty. The Lam Sơn ("blue mountain") campaign began on the day after Tết (Lunar New Year) in February 1418. In November 1424, the Lam Sơn captured the Nghệ An citadel in a surprise attack from their base in Laos, leading to the retreat of the ethnic-Vietnamese Ming commander Lương Nhữ Hốt (Liang Juihu) to the north. From their new base in high-density population Nghệ An, Lê Lợi's rebel forces captured

8344-465: The Ming sent a large army of approximately 100,000 men to Vietnam. After the pivotal Battle of Tốt Động – Chúc Động in October 1426, the Ming dynasty withdrew by 1428. By early 1427, Lê Lợi's forces had controlled most of northern Vietnam, advancing as far as the southern tip of modern-day Guangxi . Following negotiations with the Ming, Lê Lợi selected Trần Cảo as a puppet king of Annam who nominally ruled from 1426 to 1428. In 1428, Lê Lợi established

8493-420: The Mạc dynasty. The power of imperial court was then passed to Nguyễn Kim's son-in-law Trịnh Kiểm who became the founder of the Trịnh lords . Since then the emperor has only become a figurehead, Trịnh Kiểm and his successors were the de facto rulers of the country and continue the war with the Mạc. The war has three actual fighting periods: 1533–1537, 1551–1564 and 1584–1592. During the early confront period,

8642-404: The Nguyễn were able to take advantage of their contacts with the Europeans, specifically the Portuguese , to purchase advanced European weapons and hire European military experts in fortifications. Third, the geography was favorable to them, as the flat plains of the North suitable for large organized armies ended at Nguyễn-controlled territory; the mountains of the central highlands reach almost to

8791-420: The Nguyễn were nominally fighting on behalf of the Lê emperor but in reality, for their own power. The Lê loyalists under Lê Ninh, a descendant of the Imperial family, escaped to Muang Phuan (today Laos ). Marquis of An Thanh Nguyễn Kim summoned the people who were still loyal to the Lê emperor and formed a new army to begin a revolt against Mạc Đăng Dung. Subsequently, Nguyễn Kim returned to Đại Việt and led

8940-437: The Nguyễn. Under his direction the walls held repeatedly against multiple Trịnh assaults, even when they mustered an army of 100,000 men, 500 elephants, and 500 large ships. In 1633 the Trịnh tried attacking the Nguyễn by sea to avoid costly assaults on the great walls. However, the Trịnh fleet was defeated by the Nguyễn fleet at the battle of Nhat-Le. Around 1635 the Trịnh decided to emulate the Nguyễn and sought military aid from

9089-566: The Patriarchal Archbasilica of the Lateran, according to the prescribed ritual", which includes taking his seat upon the episcopal cathedra and which can therefore be considered a form of enthronement. Previously, most inaugural ceremonies marking the accession of a monarch took the form of a coronation rite, wherein the ruler was consecrated, physically crowned , and invested with other items of regalia. Now that coronations are no longer being practiced in most monarchies (most nations require only that their monarchs take an oath upon accession),

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9238-430: The People's Republic of China, Guangxi is also noted for the Baise Uprising , a failed CCP revolt led by Chen Zhaoli and Deng Xiaoping in 1929. In 1937, the Guangxi Women's Battalion was founded as a response to Soong Mei-ling 's appeal for women to support the Sino-Japanese War . Reports on the size of the battalion vary from 130 students, to 500, to 800. Being in the far south, Guangxi did not fall during

9387-434: The Pope made the Vatican his residence and transferred coronations to Saint Peter's Basilica . However, the Lateran Basilica is the cathedral of Rome, so enthronements continued there, with brief interruptions (see prisoner in the Vatican ). Today, " a solemn ceremony of the inauguration of the pontificate " is held after the election of a pope and only later, "within an appropriate time", the new pope "take(s) possession of

9536-453: The Song, who administered the area as the Guangnanxi ("West Southern Expanse") Circuit . Harassed by both Song and the Jiaozhi in modern Vietnam , the Zhuang leader Nong Zhigao led a revolt in 1052 for which he is still remembered by the Zhuang people. His independent kingdom was short-lived, however, and the tattooed Song general Di Qing returned Guangxi to China. The Yuan dynasty established control over Yunnan during its conquest of

9685-415: The Trịnh and the Nguyễn lords that began at the end of the 17th century did not, however, mark the beginning of a period of peace and prosperity. Instead the decades of continual warfare between the two families had left the ruists and peasantry in a weakened state, the victim of taxes levied to support the courts and their military adventures. Having to meet their tax obligations had forced many peasants off

9834-482: The Trịnh and the Nguyễn on the other side. Thanh Hóa Province , the ancestral home to the Trịnh and the Nguyễn, was the battle ground between the two sides. After several years of warfare, Emperor Lê Chiêu Tông was assassinated in 1522 by Mạc Đăng Dung's supporters. Not long after, the leaders of the Nguyễn and the Trịnh were executed. Mạc Đăng Dung was now the most powerful man in Vietnam. The degenerated Lê dynasty, which endured under six rulers between 1497 and 1527, in

9983-408: The Trịnh and the Nguyễn. For four months a large Trịnh army campaigned against the Nguyễn army but were unable to defeat them. The result of this war was that Vietnam had effectively been partitioned into northern and southern regions, with the Trịnh controlling most of the north and the Nguyễn controlling most of the south; the dividing line was the Gianh River in Quảng Bình Province . This border

10132-433: The Vietnamese but told them the amount they were offering was too little and demanded more however before they could agree on a price, Wu was rescued by the Pingxiang magistrate Li Guangning and then was sent to Beijing to work as a eunuch in the Ming palace at the Directorate of Ceremonial (silijian taijian 司禮監太監). The Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư records that in 1467 in An Bang province of Dai Viet (now Quảng Ninh Province )

10281-426: The Vietnamese captured Chinese whose ships had blown off course and detained them. Young Chinese men were selected by the Vietnamese for castration to become eunuch slaves to the Vietnamese. It has been speculated by modern historians that Chinese who were captured and castrated by the Vietnamese were involved in regular trade between China and Vietnam instead of being blown off course, and that they were punished after

10430-426: The Vietnamese sent an army south to attack the Champa kingdom in 1446; second, the Dowager Empress ordered the execution of Trịnh Khả, for reasons lost to history, in 1451. In 1453 at the age of twelve, Lê Nhân Tông was formally given the title of Emperor. This was unusual as according to custom, youths could not ascend the throne till the age of 16. It may have been done to remove Nguyễn Thi Anh from power, but if that

10579-431: The Vũ Văn clan in Hà Giang and northern Hưng Hóa rebelled against Mạc Đăng Dung and set up their own government. Vu Van Uyen and his family rules were called Bầu lords. In 1534, after Nguyễn Kim forces recaptured Thanh Hóa, Vũ Văn Uyên declared allied with Lê loyalists and Ming army to fought against the Mạc dynasty. But Mạc Đăng Dung himself in 1540 went and surrendered the Ming army, wished for peace. Mạc Đăng Dung ceded

10728-524: The Zhuang and the Yao in 1465, 20,000 deaths were reported. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, parts of Guangxi were ruled by the powerful Cen ( 岑 ) clan. The Cen were of Zhuang ethnicity and were recognized as tusi or local rulers by the Chinese emperors. The Qing dynasty left the region alone until the imposition of direct rule in 1726, but the 19th century was one of constant unrest. A Yao revolt in 1831

10877-543: The antiviral oseltamivir . Guangxi is one of China's key production centers for nonferrous metals. The region holds approximately 1/3 of all tin and manganese deposits in China. Liuzhou is the main industrial center and a major motor vehicle manufacturing center. General Motors have a manufacturing base here in a joint venture as SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile . The city also has a large steel factory and several related industries. The local government of Guangxi hopes to expand

11026-415: The battle of Truong Duc, the Trịnh army was again badly beaten by the Nguyễn. The new Lê emperor died around this time, perhaps as a result of the defeat. This now left the door open for the Nguyễn to finally go on the offensive. The Nguyễn launched their own invasion of northern Vietnam in 1653. The Nguyễn army went north and defeated the weakened Trịnh army, capturing Quảng Bình and Hà Tĩnh Province . In

11175-399: The capital Hanoi (then called Đông Đô) and fled south, with the Emperor "under their protection". In 1524, Mạc Đăng Dung forces captured and executed the leaders of the revolt (Nguyễn Hoàng Du, Trịnh Duy Đại, and Trịnh Duy Sản). The revolt by the Trịnh clan and the Nguyễn clan was defeated for the moment. This was the start of a civil war with Mạc Đăng Dung and his supporters on one side and

11324-643: The captured. A 1472 entry in the Ming Shilu reported that some Chinese from Nanhai escaped back to China after their ship had been blown off course into Vietnam, where they had been forced to serve as soldiers in Vietnam's military. The escapees also reported that they found out that more than 100 Chinese men remained captives in Vietnam after they were caught and castrated by the Vietnamese after their ships were blown off course into Vietnam in other incidents. The Chinese Ministry of Revenue responded by ordering Chinese civilians and soldiers to stop going abroad to foreign countries. These 100 men were taken prisoner around

11473-451: The control of Cochinchina, fled by ship to the Mekong delta . Nguyễn's capital Phú Xuân was captured by Trịnh lord. Nguyễn Phúc Thuần later was taken and executed by the Tây Sơn in 1777. The remnant Nguyen led by Nguyễn Ánh with help from the French priest Pigneau de Behaine (Bá Đa Lộc) , he soon recruited his army by enlisted French, Cambodian troops and weapons, but mostly were defeated by

11622-497: The country. In 1771, three brothers Nguyễn Nhạc , Nguyễn Lữ and Nguyễn Huệ in An Khê, Bình Định with local peasants' support, revolted against the Nguyễn lord. In 1773, the Tây Sơn captured Quy Nhơn fort in 1773, gave them financial and manpower support, thus made the rebellion and became widespread. In 1774, Trịnh army from the north launched an offensive against the Nguyễn. Unable to fight two-front war, Lord Nguyễn Phúc Thuần lost

11771-458: The court vied with one another for control of the government. One powerful and growing faction was led by Mạc Đăng Dung, a military leader who rose through the ranks. His growing power was resented by the leaders of two noble families in Vietnam: the Nguyễn, under Nguyễn Hoàng Dụ and the Trịnh, under Trịnh Duy Đại and Trịnh Duy Sản. After several years of increasing tension, the Nguyễn and the Trịnh left

11920-483: The dynasty's and the nation's security and sustainability. Hiến Tông agreed; and although the emperor had two elder sons: Lê Tuân and Lê Tuấn, Lê Thuần was designed as crown prince due to his deep interest in intellectuality and Neo-Confucianism , which caused Hiến Tông to perceive him as being far superior to his two older brothers. chose his third son, Lê Túc Tông (黎肅宗) to be his successor. In 1504, Lê Hiến Tông died at 44 years old. The 17th years old Lê Thuần inherited

12069-486: The economy led to neglect of the extensive network of irrigation systems as well. As they fell into disrepair, disastrous flooding and famine resulted, unleashing great numbers of starving and landless people to wander aimlessly about the countryside. The widespread suffering in North Vietnam led to numerous peasant revolts between 1730 and 1770, notable the peasant rebellion of Nguyễn Hữu Cầu from 1748 to 1751. Although

12218-451: The emperor and eventually rose to the rank of general. Despite his precautions, in 1509 a cousin, whom Lê Uy Mục had put in prison, escaped and plotted with court insiders to assassinate the emperor. The assassination succeeded and the killer proclaimed himself emperor under the name Lê Tương Dực. Lê Tương Dực (黎襄翼), posthumous name Tương Dực Hoàng đế (襄翼皇帝), proved to be just as bad a ruler as Lê Uy Mục . He reigned from 1510 to 1516, all

12367-514: The emperor's favoured architect Vũ Như Tô . He also spent much time enjoying sexual activities with his concubines, many of whom were former concubines of Lê Hiến Tông and Lê Uy Mục. According to court chroniclers, he ordered the build of special boats for his nude concubines to row on large artificial lakes. As the result of the emperor's luxurious lifestyle and ignorance of state affairs, the people suffered considerable hardships. Many soldiers committed to build imperial palaces died due to diseases. As

12516-772: The emperor, at 25, was relatively young, he had already restored Vietnam's stability, which was a marked contrast from the turbulent times marking the reigns of the two emperors before him. Article 344 of the Nguyen dynasty code and Article 305 of the Le dynasty code both forbade self-castration and castration of Vietnamese men. Self-castration of Vietnamese men was banned by Lê Thánh Tông, the emperor, in 1464. The Vietnamese under Emperor Le Thanh Tong cracked down on foreign contacts and enforced an isolationist policy. A large amount of trade between Guangdong ( Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan ) and Vietnam happened during this time. Early accounts recorded that

12665-419: The emperor. However, governmental authority did not extend all the way to the village level. The villages were ruled by their own councils in Vietnam. With the death of Nguyễn Xí in 1465, the noble families from Thanh Hóa province lost their leader. Soon they were mostly relegated to secondary positions in the new Confucian government of Thánh Tông. However, they still retained control over Vietnam's armies as

12814-412: The end was no longer able to maintain control over the northern part of the country, much less the new territories to the south. The weakening of the monarchy created a vacuum that the various noble families of the aristocracy were eager to fill. Soon after Lê Chiêu Tông fled south with the Trịnh and the Nguyễn in 1522, Mạc Đăng Dung proclaimed the Emperor's younger brother, Lê Xuân, as the new Emperor under

12963-582: The enthronement ceremony for Emperor Akihito took place at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo . The ceremony is not public, and the regalia are generally seen only by the emperor himself and a few Shinto priests. However, an account in Time from the enthronement of Akihito's father Hirohito in 1928 reveals a few details. First is a three-hour ceremony in which the emperor ritually informed his ancestors that he had assumed

13112-491: The entirety of Vietnamese history at that point, from the Hồng Bàng dynasty to the enthronement of Lê Thái Tổ . In 1471, Lê Thánh Tông conquered Champa and captured the Cham capital Vijaya , ending independent Cham rule in the south. The Kingdom of Champa was reduced to a small enclave near Panduranga (modern day Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm) and Kauthara (now Nha Trang) with many Chams fleeing to Cambodia . Lê Thánh Tông created

13261-449: The following year, Trịnh Tráng died as Nguyễn forces entered Nghệ An Province . Under the leadership of Trịnh Tráng's successor the capable Trịnh Tạc however, the northern army managed to defeat the Nguyễn army. The Nguyễn were also further weakened by a division between their two top generals who refused to cooperate with each other. In 1656 the Nguyễn army was driven back all the way to their original territories. Trịnh Tạc tried to break

13410-481: The government became increasingly unpopular, many rebellions broke out. The largest of them was that of Trần Cảo , a northerner who claimed to be an heir of the House of Trần . His rule ended in 1516 when a group officials and generals led by Trịnh Duy Sản stormed the palace and killed him. At 14 years old, nephew of Lê Tương Dực, prince Lê Y, was enthroned as the new emperor Lê Chiêu Tông (ruled 1516–1522). Factions within

13559-489: The government. He built temples to Confucius throughout the provinces of Đại Việt . In nearly all respects, his reforms mirrored those of the Ming dynasty . Thánh Tông was strongly influenced by his Confucian teachers and he resolved to make Việt Nam more like the Ming dynasty with its Neo-Confucianist philosophy and the key idea that the government should be run by men of noble character as opposed to men from noble families. This meant that he needed to take power away from

13708-533: The help of the local raiders led by Nghiễm Sinh Tượng were suppressed by the Imperial army. The Lê dynasty started treating hostilely to the ethnic minorities in western region. On a stone monument that was carved in 1439 under Thái Tông's reign said "Bồn-Man ( Muang Phuan ) barbarians were against our assimilation, they need to be exterminated to their roots, and with the Sơn-Man ( Mường and Chứt ) barbaric raiders, we need to eliminated all of them,..." According to

13857-526: The imposition of a crown. The new king proceeds into the Istana Negara Throne Hall at the head of a large procession also consisting of his spouse, specially-picked soldiers carrying the royal regalia, and other notables including the Grand Chamberlain , or Datuk Paduka Maharaja Lela . The king and his wife are seated upon their thrones, and the regalia are brought forward. Following this,

14006-571: The inauguration of their episcopates. However, in the Catholic Church the rite of enthronement is limited to Eastern Catholic Churches . In these, enthronement is the rite by which a new bishop assumes authority over his eparchy and before which he is forbidden to intervene in its governance in any way, whether personally or by proxy. The overwhelmingly majority Latin Church of the Catholic Church has no ceremony of enthronement, although when

14155-407: The initial support for the various rebellions, but they were often joined later by craftsmen, fishermen, miners, and traders, who had been taxed out of their occupations. Some of these movements enjoyed limited success for a short time, but it was not until 1771 that any of the peasant revolts had a lasting national impact. Dissatisfaction against two ruling families Trịnh and Nguyễn spread throughout

14304-577: The killing of 100,000 to 150,000 in the region in 1967 and 1968. While some development of heavy industry occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, the region remained largely a scenic tourist destination. Even the economic growth of the 1990s seemed to leave Guangxi behind. However, in recent years, there has been a growing amount of industrialization and increasing concentration on cash crops. Per capita GDP has risen as industries in Guangdong transfer production to comparatively lower-wage areas in Guangxi. During

14453-498: The land and facilitated the acquisition of large tracts by a few wealthy landowners, nobles, and scholar—officials. Because scholar—officials were exempted from having to pay a land tax, the more land they acquired, the greater was the burden that fell on those peasants who had been able to retain their land. In addition, the peasantry faced new taxes on staple items such as charcoal, salt, silk, and cinnamon, and on commercial activities such as fishing and mining. The disparate condition of

14602-641: The largest ethnic group in Guangxi. Han Chinese populations in Guangxi largely live along the autonomous region's southern coast and eastern portions. Of these, the main subgroups are those that speak Yue and Southwestern Mandarin varieties of Chinese . Qinzhou and Goulou Yue are spoken in the southern and eastern regions, respectively. Pinghua is spoken in Nanning and Guilin. There are Hakka-speaking regions in Luchuan County , Bobai County and in some areas bordering Vietnam. Guangxi has over 16 million Zhuangs ,

14751-507: The largest minority ethnicity in China. Over 90 percent of Zhuang in China live in Guangxi, especially in the central and western regions. High concentrations of Zhuang people can be found in Nanning , Liuzhou , Chongzuo , Baise , Hechi , and Laibin . The highest concentration of ethnic Zhuang people is found in the county-level city of Jingxi , with a 2021 publication by the People's Government of Guangxi stating that Jingxi's population

14900-531: The monarch's head. Five days after his visit to the Cortes, Spanish King Juan Carlos I attended an "Enthronement Mass" at the Church of San Jerónimo el Real in Madrid . Accompanied by his wife Sofia , he was escorted beneath a canopy to a set of thrones set up near the high altar. Following the service, the King and queen returned to the palace , where they greeted the people from the balcony, reviewed troops, and attended

15049-512: The name Lê Cung Hoàng . In reality, the new Emperor had no power. Three years after Mạc's forces killed his older brother Lê Chiêu Tông, was pressured from Mạc Đăng Dung, in Bắc Sứ garden, Lê Cung Hoàng hanged himself on 18 June 1527. Mạc Đăng Dung , being a scholar-official who had effectively controlled the Lê for a decade, murdered all the Lê imperial family member then proclaimed himself the new Emperor of Vietnam on 15 June 1527, ending (so he thought)

15198-568: The name of the state to "Thiên Nam" (Heavenly South) to make the parallel position with their northern neighbor and shared classical culture more explicit. Thánh Tông encouraged the spread of Confucian values throughout Vietnam by having " temples of literature " built in all the provinces. There, Confucius was venerated and classic works on Confucianism could be found. He also halted the building of any new Buddhist or Taoist temples and ordered that monks were not to be allowed to purchase any new land. Lê Thánh Tông introduced reforms designed to replace

15347-423: The new Emperor, who they proclaimed to be Lê Thánh Tông. Quang Thuận Hoàng Đế (光順皇帝), whose reign was named Hồng Đức Thịnh Thế (洪德之盛治, "Prosperous reign of Hồng Đức"), instituted a wide range of government reforms, legal reforms, and land reforms. He restarted the examination system for selecting men for important government positions. He reduced the power of the noble families and reduced the degree of corruption in

15496-420: The north. This division continued for the next century. The border between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn was strongly fortified yet remained peaceful. Despite the de facto partition of the empire, both the ruling families of the two realms claimed to be loyal subjects under the authority of the singular imperial Lê family, and their territories were de jure all under the same empire, Đại Việt. The stalemate between

15645-557: The northeast Vietnamese coastal to the Ming dynasty for exchanging that the Ming dynasty would never invade Vietnam again. The Chinese now recognized both Mạc and Lê legitimacy over Đại Việt and withdrew their army. Bầu Lords showed strong support for the Lê dynasty and refused to accept Trịnh family at the early stage of Trịnh–Nguyễn War. Later, they cooperated with the Trịnh. Bầu Lords lasted for nearly 200 years from 1527 to 1699. In 1542, Lê army from Muang Phuan recaptured Nghệ An . Mạc general Dương Chấp Nhất surrendered. After capturing

15794-453: The old general, Đinh Liệt, was still in command of the army. In the same year, Vietnam was attacked by Ryukyuan pirates from the northeast. This was dealt with by sending additional forces to the north to fight the pirates. Thánh Tông also sent a military force to the west to subdue the Ai-lao mountain tribes that was raiding the northwest border.In 1469, all of Vietnam was mapped and a full census

15943-441: The others, who cried "Vive le Roi!" . A similar protest had occurred during the 1950 enthronement of King Baudouin . The Emperor of Japan attends an enthronement ceremony soon after his accession; the last such ritual was held in 2019 for Emperor Naruhito . The Imperial Regalia consist of a sword, known as Kusanagi , a jewel, known as Yasakani no magatama , and a mirror, called Yata no Kagami . From Emperor Shōmu in

16092-465: The province was replaced by the pinyin spelling of Guangxi in 1958 and has been widely used internationally after 1986. The official name was also known as Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Region in a number of Western publications outside of China published in the 1950s to 1970s. Originally inhabited by a mixture of tribal groups known to the Chinese as the Baiyue ("Hundred Yue", Vietnamese : Bách Việt ),

16241-460: The province, mostly practices a form of indigenised and conservative Taoism . Today, there are 21 mosques in Guangxi This may include: Important crops in Guangxi include rice , maize and sweet potatoes . Cash crops include sugar cane , peanuts , tobacco , and kenaf . 85 percent of the world's star anise is grown in Guangxi. It is a major ingredient in

16390-603: The region first became part of China during the Qin dynasty . In 214 BC, the Han Chinese general Zhao Tuo ( Vietnamese : Triệu Đà ) claimed most of southern China for Qin Shi Huang before the emperor's death. The ensuing civil war permitted Zhao to establish a separate kingdom at Panyu known as Nanyue ("Southern Yue"). Alternatively submissive to and independent of Han dynasty control, Southern Yue expanded colonization and sinicization under its policy of "Harmonizing and Gathering

16539-503: The region of Thanh Hóa and Nghệ An , the Revival Lê dynasty eventually recaptured three-quarters of their former kingdom. Inasmuch as the Mac dynasty ruled the northern portion of Đại Việt while the Lê dynasty ruled the remainder of the country, this time became known as the period of Northern and Southern dynasties . In 1545, Nguyễn Kim was poisoned by Dương Chấp Nhất, a surrendered general of

16688-445: The region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in 226 AD. It was given provincial level status during the Yuan dynasty , but even into the 20th century, it was considered an open, wild territory. The abbreviation of the region is " 桂 " ( Hanyu pinyin : Guì ; Zhuang: Gvei ), which comes from the name of the city of Guilin , the provincial capital during both the Ming dynasty and

16837-482: The region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226. Guangxi and neighboring Guangdong literally mean 'expanse west' and 'expanse east'. Together, Guangxi and Guangdong are called Liangguang ( Liangkwang ; traditional Chinese : 兩廣 ; simplified Chinese : 两广 ; pinyin : liǎng guǎng ; Cantonese Yale : léuhng gwóng ; lit. 'Two Expanses', Vietnamese : Lưỡng Quảng ). During

16986-425: The region's manufacturing sector, and during the drafting of China's Five Year Plan in 2011, earmarked 2.6 trillion RMB for investment in the region's Beibu Gulf Economic Zone(See Below). In recent years Guangxi's economy has languished behind that of its wealthy neighbor and twin, Guangdong . Guangxi's 2017 nominal GDP was about 2039.63 billion yuan (US$ 302.09 billion) and ranked 17th in China. Its per capita GDP

17135-447: The ruling families (mostly from Thanh Hóa province ) and give power to the scholars who did well on the official examinations. The first step on this path was to revive the examination process, which had continued sporadically in the 1450s. The first examination was held in 1463 and, as expected, the top scholars were men from elsewhere- usually from the river delta surrounding the capital, not from Thanh Hóa .In 1467, Lê Thánh Tông changed

17284-521: The same time as Wu Rui and the historian Leo K. Shin believes all of them may have been involved in illegal trade instead of being blown off course by wind. The over 100 Chinese men who were castrated and made into eunuchs by the Vietnamese remained captives in Vietnam when the incident was reported. Both the incidents of the young Chinese man Wu Rui and the more than 100 Chinese men being castrated and used as eunuchs point to possible involvement in trade according to historians John K. Whitmore and Tana Li which

17433-415: The sea. After the first campaign, the Nguyễn built two massive fortified lines which stretched a few miles from the sea to the central highlands. The walls were built north of Huế near the city of Đồng Hới . The Nguyễn defended these lines against numerous Trịnh offensives which lasted till 1672. Tradition holds that the builder of these walls was a Vietnamese general who was hired from the Trịnh court by

17582-529: The southeastern border are the Yunkai Mountains . Guangxi's highest point is Kitten Mountain , in the Yuecheng Mountains, at 2,141 metres (7,024 ft). Karst landforms , characterized by steep mountains and large caverns, are common in Guangxi, accounting for 37.8 percent of its total land area. Guangxi is also home to several river systems, which flow into several different bodies of water:

17731-483: The superior and more numerous Tây Sơn rebels four times, and Ánh went into exile in Siam . The Tây Sơn rebellion were not content to simply conquer the southern provinces of the country. Enthronement An enthronement is a ceremony of inauguration , involving a person—usually a monarch or religious leader—being formally seated for the first time upon their throne . Enthronements may also feature as part of

17880-403: The term enthronement may be used by some to describe ceremonies surrounding the monarch's accession, including his or her oath-taking, since the "throne" (physical or symbolic) of the monarch remains. While no Norwegian monarch has been crowned in nearly a century, Olav V instituted a "consecration" ceremony, wherein he received the church 's blessing, to inaugurate his reign. This practice

18029-528: The territory in modern-day central Vietnam, from Thanh Hoá to Đà Nẵng . By August 1426, the Lam Sơn rebellion launched an offensive to the north with new forces against a fresh Ming army commanded by Wang Tong in charge of defending northern Vietnam. The new Ming ruler, the Xuande Emperor , wished to end the war with Vietnam, but his advisors urged one more effort to subdue the rebellious province. Consequently,

18178-616: The throne. A prayer is said, the Quran is returned to the Chamberlain, and the ceremony is completed. No monarch of Spain has been physically crowned since John I of Castile and Ferdinand I of Aragon . Instead, the new monarch appears at the Cortes , where he or she takes a formal oath to uphold the Constitution. Although the crown is visibly present at the ceremony, it is never actually placed on

18327-401: The throne. The Confucian annalists portrayed him as a relatively good emperor who released many prisoners, stopping several construction works that posed heavy burden on his subjects, as well as reducing tributes from vassals and holding high-ranking officials in high regard. He was also said to have maintained harmony in the court and the whole country. In the other hand, the annals also recorded

18476-617: The throne. This was followed by the enthronement itself, which took place in an enclosure called the Takamikura , which contained a great square pedestal upholding three octagonal pedestals topped by a simple chair. This was surrounded by an octagonal pavilion with curtains, surmounted by a great golden phoenix . The new emperor proceeded to the chair, where after being seated, the Kusanagi and Yasakani no magatama were placed on stands next to him. A simple shaku (a flat wooden baton or sceptre)

18625-632: The time the Mạc dynasty was finally eradicated in 1677, actual power lay in the hands of the Trịnh lords in the North and Nguyễn lords in the South, both ruling in the name of the Lê emperor while fighting each other . The Lê dynasty officially ended in 1789, when the peasant uprising of the Tây Sơn brothers defeated both the Trịnh and the Nguyễn, ironically in order to restore power to the Lê dynasty. The Lê dynasty continued

18774-555: The two sides agreed to a peace. With the Qing dynasty under the Kangxi Emperor serving as mediator, the Trịnh and the Nguyễn finally agreed to end the fighting by making the Linh River the border between their lands (1673). Although the Nguyễn nominally accepted the Lê emperor as the legitimate and sole ruler of Vietnam. However, the reality was that the Nguyễn ruled the south, and the Trịnh,

18923-515: The uprisings took place throughout the country, they were essentially local phenomena, breaking out spontaneously from similar local causes. The occasional coordination between and among local movements did not result in any national organization or leadership. Moreover, most of the uprisings were conservative, in that the leaders supported the restoration of the Lê dynasty. They did, however, put forward demands for land reform, more equitable taxes, and rice for all. Landless peasants accounted for most of

19072-406: The walls of the Nguyễn in 1661 but this attack, like so many before it, failed. In 1672, the Trịnh army made a last effort to conquer the Nguyễn. The attacking army was under the command of Trịnh Tạc's son, Trịnh Căn , while the defending army was under the command of Nguyễn Phúc Tần 's son Prince Nguyễn Phúc Thuận . The attack, like all the previous attacks on the Nguyễn walls, failed. This time

19221-484: The west, Guizhou to the north, Hunan to the northeast, and Guangdong to the east and southeast. It is also bordered by Vietnam in the southwest and the Gulf of Tonkin in the south. Its proximity to Guangdong is reflected in its name, with "Guang" ( simplified Chinese : 广 ; traditional Chinese : 廣 ; pinyin : Guǎng ) being used in both names. Large portions of Guangxi are hilly and mountainous. The northwest portion of Guangxi includes part of

19370-417: The while spending down the imperial treasury, and doing nothing to improve the country. He was heedless to the reaction that his taxes caused throughout the country. Later in his reign, he spent extravagantly in building many colossal palaces in the imperial capital, Thăng Long . The most notable of those places was one known to the Vietnamese as Cửu Trùng Đài (九重臺, trans. "Nine-Leveled Tower"), designed by

19519-527: The youngest Chinese man, Wu Rui (吳瑞) was selected by the Vietnamese court for castration since he was the only young man in among the thirteen and he became a eunuch at the Vietnamese imperial palace in Thang Long for nearly one fourth of a century. After years of serving the Vietnamese as a eunuch slave in the palace, he was promoted to a position with real power after the death of the Vietnamese ruler in 1497 to

19668-459: Was 38 years old at the time of his father's death. He was an affable, meek and mild-mannered person. Due to his short period of rule and that he didn't pass many significant reforms, his reign is considered to be an extension of Lê Thánh Tông's rule. The new emperor was known to historical annals as Lê Hiến Tông . In early 1499, several high-ranking officials including Lê Vĩnh and Lê Năng Nhượng persuaded Hiến Tông to choose an heir in order to maintain

19817-479: Was also followed by his son Harald V . The formal inauguration ceremony of monarchs of Japan , Sweden , Belgium and the Netherlands take on many different forms and are also known as "enthronements" in a broader sense. However, the term "coronation" is still sometimes used to describe these ceremonies, even though they are not coronations in the truest sense of the word. Belgium has no physical crown (except as

19966-407: Was brief, and he was never officially recognized as a sovereign by later Vietnamese historians. Revolts against his rule started almost immediately and the second revolt, occurring on June 24, 1460, succeeded. The rebels, led by Lê Lợi's surviving former advisors Nguyễn Xí and Dinh Liêt captured and killed Nghi Dân along with his followers. The rebels then selected the youngest son of Lê Thái Tông to be

20115-451: Was captured. Laotians retreated to the jungles, waged two-years guerrilla warfare against the Vietnamese. King of Lan Xang Chakkaphat Phaen Phaeo seek refugee in Lanna . Some of the Vietnamese army had reached the kingdom of Ava . The expedition ended inconclusively, many Vietnamese soldiers died because of the hostile climate and rampant diseases; The Vietnamese forces were unable to suppressed

20264-407: Was considered a shocking display of evil behavior. Lê Uy Mục was described by a Ming ambassador – as a cruel, sadistic, and depraved person, who wasted the court's money and finances to indulge his whims. Well aware that he was detested by his subjects, Lê Uy Mục protected himself by hiring a group of elite bodyguards to surround him at all times. Among them was Mạc Đăng Dung , who became very close to

20413-617: Was constructed to connect Xi River system and coastal Guangxi. Guangxi has a subtropical climate. Summers are generally long, hot, and humid, lasting from April to October. Winters are mild, and snow is rare. The autonomous region's average annual temperature ranges from 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) to 23.5 °C (74.3 °F), with January temperatures typically ranging from 4 °C (39 °F) to 16 °C (61 °F), and July temperatures typically ranging from 27 °C (81 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F). Due to frequent rain-bearing monsoon winds, average annual precipitation

20562-806: Was followed by the Jintian Uprising , the beginning of the Taiping Rebellion , in January 1851 and the Da Cheng Rebellion in April 1854. The execution of St. Auguste Chapdelaine by local officials in Guangxi provoked the Second Opium War in 1858 and the legalization of foreign interference in the interior. Although Louis Brière de l'Isle was unable to invade its depot at Longzhou , the Guangxi Army saw

20711-456: Was made emperor - although he was the second son of his father, his older brother Nghi Dân had been officially passed over due to his mother's low social status. Bang Co assumed the throne as Lê Nhân Tông (黎仁宗) but the real rulers were Trịnh Khả and the child's mother, the young Empress Nguyễn Thị Anh . The next 17 years were good years for Vietnam – there were no great troubles either internally or externally. Two things of note occurred: first,

20860-401: Was portrayed by Neo-Confucianist chroniclers as being deeply contrasted to his predecessors Lê Thánh Tông, Lê Hiến Tông and Lê Túc Tông, who closely followed Neo-Confucianist principles in governing the nation. The first thing the new emperor did was to take revenge against those who had barred him from the throne by having them killed. Among his victims were the former emperor's mother – which

21009-518: Was presented to the monarch, who faced his Prime Minister standing in an adjacent courtyard, representing the Japanese people. The emperor offered an address announcing his accession to the throne, calling upon his subjects to single-mindedly assist him in attaining all of his aspirations. The Prime Minister replied with an address promising fidelity and devotion, followed by three shouts of " Banzai " from all of those present. The timing of this last event

21158-560: Was reduced to 50-80 junks by the time it reached south Vietnam 's Quang Nam and the Mekong delta . The Chinese pirates having sex with north Vietnamese women may also have transmitted a deadly epidemic from China to the Vietnamese which ravaged the Tonkin regime of north Vietnam. French and Chinese sources say a typhoon contributed to the loss of ships along with the disease. The Nguyễn court allowed Yang (Duong) and his surviving followers to resettle in Đồng Nai , which had been newly acquired from

21307-472: Was synchronized, so that Japanese around the world could join in the "Banzai" shout at precisely the moment that it was being offered in Kyoto. In 1990 after the shouts of Banzai, a 21 gun salute fired out from the grounds of the palace a short distance away. After this ceremony, the new Emperor gave offerings to Amaterasu , offering rice specially prepared for the occasion. This was followed by three banquets and

21456-560: Was taken, listing all the villages in the Empire. Around this time the country was divided into 13 dao (provinces). Each was administrated by a Governor, Judge, and the local army commander. The emperor Thánh Tông also ordered that a new census should be taken every six years. Other public works that were undertaken included building and repair of granaries, using the army to rebuild and repair irrigation systems after floods, and sending out doctors to areas afflicted by outbreaks of disease. Even though

21605-586: Was the period Vietnam saw the coming of Western Europeans and Christianity in early 16th-century. During the Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam , Lê Lợi led an uprising against the rule of the Ming dynasty in 1418, after resistance forces of two Trần dynasty princes Trần Ngỗi and Trần Quý Khoáng were crushed by the Ming army. He joined a secret Taoist swearing commentary in Lũng Nhai, Thanh Hoá in winter 1416, with other 18 men, all swore will fought against

21754-493: Was the reason, it failed and the Dowager Empress still controlled the government up until a coup in 1459. In 1459, Lê Nhân Tông's older brother, Nghi Dân, plotted with a group of followers to kill the Emperor. On October 28, the plotters with some 100 "shiftless men" infiltrated the palace and murdered the Emperor (he was just 18). The next day, facing certain execution the Dowager Empress committed suicide. The rule of Nghi Dân

21903-578: Was then divided into an area of Zhuang ascendancy west of Nanning and an area of Han ascendancy east of Nanning. After the collapse of the Southern Zhao, Liu Yan established the Southern Han (Nanhan) in Xingwangfu (modern Guangdong ). Although this state gained minimal control over Guangxi, it was plagued by instability and annexed by the Song dynasty in 971. The name "Guangxi" itself can be traced to

22052-399: Was then suppressed by the Vietnamese government instead of them really being blown off course by the wind. China's relations with Vietnam during this period were marked by the punishment of prisoners by castration. Under the order of Lê Thánh Tông, the official historical text of the Lê dynasty, Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư (大越史記全書), was compiled and finished in 1479. The 15-volume book covered

22201-600: Was very close to the Seventeenth parallel (in actuality the Bến Hải River located just to the south in Quảng Trị Province ), which was imposed as the border between North Vietnam and South Vietnam during the 1954–1975 Partition of Vietnam . While the Trịnh ruled over a much more populous territory, the Nguyễn had several advantages. First, they were on the defensive and as such were more motivated to fight. Second,

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