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42-424: Alex Christophe Dupont (born 22 November 1960), best known as Leos Carax ( French: [leɔs kaʁaks] ), is a French film director , critic and writer. Carax is noted for his poetic style and his tortured depictions of love. His first major work was Boy Meets Girl (1984), and his notable works include Les Amants du Pont-Neuf (1991), Pola X (1999), Holy Motors (2012) and Annette (2021). For

84-608: A business , division , or corporation is a financial forecast for the near-term future, usually the next accounting period , aggregating the expected revenues and expenses of the various departments – operations, human resources , IT, etc. It is thus a key element in integrated business planning , with measurable targets correspondingly devolved to departmental managers (and becoming KPIs ); budgets may then also specify non-cash resources, such as staff or time. The budgeting process requires considerable effort , often involving dozens of staff; final sign-off resides with both

126-473: A film school to get a bachelor's degree studying film or cinema. Film students generally study the basic skills used in making a film. This includes, for example, preparation, shot lists and storyboards, blocking, communicating with professional actors, communicating with the crew, and reading scripts. Some film schools are equipped with sound stages and post-production facilities. Besides basic technical and logistical skills, students also receive education on

168-579: A government is a summary or plan of the anticipated resources (often but not always from taxes) and expenditures of that government. There are three types of government budgets: the operating or current budget, the capital or investment budget, and the cash or cash flow budget. The federal budget is prepared by the Office of Management and Budget , and submitted to Congress for consideration. Invariably, Congress makes many and substantial changes. Nearly all American states are required to have balanced budgets , but

210-399: A budget allows companies , authorities , private entities or families to establish priorities and evaluate the achievement of their objectives. To achieve these goals it may be necessary to incur a deficit (expenses exceed income) or, on the contrary, it may be possible to save, in which case the budget will present a surplus (income exceed expenses). In the field of commerce, a budget

252-425: A film critic, before he released Boy Meets Girl (1984), which established his reputation for a mature visual style. It also saw the first grouping of Carax with Denis Lavant and cinematographer Jean-Yves Escoffier . His next film was Mauvais Sang (literally Bad Blood but mostly known as The Night is Young ) in 1986, which alienated some of his audience, but continued to explore the complexities of love in

294-480: A flat fee for the project, as a weekly salary, or as a daily rate. A handful of top Hollywood directors made from $ 133.3 million to $ 257.95 million in 2011, such as James Cameron and Steven Spielberg , but the average United States film directors and producers made $ 89,840 in 2018. A new Hollywood director typically gets paid around $ 400,000 for directing their first studio film. The average annual salary in England

336-400: A general plotline and let the actors improvise dialogue, while others control every aspect and demand that the actors and crew follow instructions precisely. Some directors also write their own screenplays or collaborate on screenplays with long-standing writing partners. Other directors edit or appear in their films or compose music score for their films. A film director's task is to envisage

378-620: A music-filled drama feature film written by Sparks and starring Adam Driver and Marion Cotillard , for which he won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival . In 2024, Carax will star in the short film An Urban Allegory , co-directed by Alice Rohrwacher and JR , which will make its world premiere out of competition at the 81st Venice International Film Festival . Short film Feature film Acting roles Music video Film director The film director gives direction to

420-414: A personal budget. There are several methods and tools available for creating, using, and adjusting a personal budget. For example, jobs are an income source, while bills and rent payments are expenses. A third category (other than income and expenses) may be assets (such as property, investments, or other savings or value) representing a potential reserve for funds in case of budget shortfalls. The budget of

462-542: A recent trend of more attention to women directors in India, brought on partly by Amazon and Netflix moving into the industry. Of the movies produced in Nollywood , women direct only 2%. There are many different awards for film directing, run by various academies , critics associations , film festivals , and guilds . The Academy Award for Best Director and Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director are considered among

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504-403: A way to translate a screenplay into a fully formed film, and then to realize this vision. To do this, they oversee the artistic and technical elements of film production. This entails organizing the film crew in such a way to achieve their vision of the film and communicating with the actors. This requires skills of group leadership, as well as the ability to maintain a singular focus even in

546-508: A yearly salary from ¥4 million to ¥10 million, and the Directors Guild of Japan requires a minimum payment of ¥3.5 million. Korean directors make 300 million to 500 million won for a film, and beginning directors start out making around 50 million won. A Korean director who breaks into the Chinese market might make 1 billion won for a single film. According to a 2018 report from UNESCO ,

588-736: Is a film criticism concept that holds that a film director's film reflects the director's personal creative vision, as if they were the primary "auteur" (the French word for "author"). In spite of—and sometimes even because of—the production of the film as part of an industrial process, the auteur's creative voice is distinct enough to shine through studio interference and the collective process. Some film directors started as screenwriters , film editors , producers , actors , or film critics , as well as directing for similar media like television and commercials. Several American cinematographers have become directors, including Barry Sonnenfeld , originally

630-468: Is also a financial document or report that details the cost that a service will have if performed. Whoever makes the budget must adhere to it and cannot change it if the client accepts the service. A budget expresses intended expenditures along with proposals for how to meet them with resources. A budget may express a surplus , providing resources for use at a future time, or a deficit in which expenditures exceed income or other resources. The budget of

672-578: Is in operation in relation to a State or a Union Territory, preparation of the Budget of such State. The first budget of India was submitted on 18 February 1860 by James Wilson . P C Mahalanobis is known as the father of Indian budget. The Philippine budget is considered the most complicated in the world, incorporating multiple approaches in one single budget system: line-item (budget execution), performance (budget accountability), and zero-based budgeting . The Department of Budget and Management (DBM) prepares

714-714: Is £50,440, in Canada is $ 62,408, and in Western Australia it can range from $ 75,230 to $ 97,119. In France, the average salary is €4000 per month, paid per project. Luc Besson was the highest paid French director in 2017, making €4.44 million for Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets . That same year, the top ten French directors' salaries in total represented 42% of the total directors' salaries in France. Film directors in Japan average

756-474: The financial director and operations director . The responsibility usually sits within the company's financial management area in general, sometimes, specifically in " FP&A ". Professionals employed in this role are often designated " Budget Analyst ", a specialized financial analyst function. Organisations may produce functional budgets, relating to activities, and / or cash budgets, focused on receipts and payments. Incremental budgeting starts with

798-461: The share price could suffer where these figures have been communicated to analysts . Criticism is sometimes directed at the nature of budgeting, and its impact on the organization. Additional to the cost in time and resources, two phenomena are identified as problematic: First, it is suggested that managers will often "game the system" in specifying targets that are easily attainable, and / or in asking for more resources than required, such that

840-1087: The Berlin/Brandenburg TV station RBB (Berlin-Brandenburg Broadcasting) and ARTE . In recent decades American directors have primarily been coming out of USC , UCLA , AFI , Columbia University , and NYU , each of which is known for cultivating a certain style of filmmaking. Notable film schools outside of the United States include Beijing Film Academy , Centro de Capacitación Cinematográfica in Mexico City, Dongseo University in South Korea, FAMU in Prague, Film and Television Institute of India , HFF Munich , La Fémis in Paris, Tel Aviv University , and Vancouver Film School . Film directors usually are self-employed and hired per project based on recommendations and industry reputation. Compensation might be arranged as

882-524: The Coen brothers' Director of Photography; Wally Pfister , cinematographer on Christopher Nolan 's three Batman films made his directorial debut with Transcendence (2014). Despite the misnomer, assistant director has become a completely separate career path and is not typically a position for aspiring directors, but there are exceptions in some countries such as India where assistant directors are indeed directors-in-training. Many film directors have attended

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924-759: The National Expenditure Program and forwards it to the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives to come up with a General Appropriations Bill (GAB). The GAB will go through budget deliberations and voting; the same process occurs when the GAB is transmitted to the Philippine Senate . After both houses of Congress approves the GAB, the President signs the bill into a General Appropriations Act (GAA); also,

966-452: The President may opt to veto the GAB and have it returned to the legislative branch or leave the bill unsigned for 30 days and lapse into law. There are two types of budget bill veto: the line-item veto and the veto of the whole budget. A personal budget or home budget is a finance plan that allocates future personal income towards expenses , savings and debt repayment. Past spending and personal debt are considered when creating

1008-450: The budget from the previous period, while under zero-based budgeting activities/costs are included only if justified. Under all approaches expected sales or revenue, is typically the starting point; this will be based on the business' planning for the period in question. Directly related elements and costs are typically linked to these ( activity based costing may be employed). Support and management functions may be revisited, and

1050-467: The cast and crew and creates an overall vision through which a film eventually becomes realized or noticed. Directors need to be able to mediate differences in creative visions and stay within the budget . There are many pathways to becoming a film director. Some film directors started as screenwriters , cinematographers , producers , film editors or actors. Other film directors have attended film school. Directors use different approaches. Some outline

1092-422: The director ensures that all individuals involved in the film production are working towards an identical vision for the completed film. The set of varying challenges they have to tackle has been described as "a multi-dimensional jigsaw puzzle with egos and weather thrown in for good measure". It adds to the pressure that the success of a film can influence when and how they will work again, if at all. Generally,

1134-435: The director works with the editor to edit the material into the director's cut . Well-established directors have the " final cut privilege ", meaning that they have the final say on which edit of the film is released. For other directors, the studio can order further edits without the director's permission. The director is one of the few positions that requires intimate involvement during every stage of film production . Thus,

1176-515: The door for Carax to enter more experimental waters with his fourth feature, Pola X (1999), an adaptation of Herman Melville 's Pierre: or, The Ambiguities . Carax's 2012 film Holy Motors also stars Lavant. The film competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival . In 2017, Carax performed vocals and accordion on the track "When You're a French Director" on Sparks 's album Hippopotamus . In 2021, Carax directed Annette ,

1218-599: The federal government is allowed to run deficits. The budget is prepared by the Budget Division Department of Economic Affairs of the Ministry of Finance annually. The Finance Minister is the head of the budget making committee. The present Indian Finance minister is Nirmala Sitharaman . The Budget includes supplementary excess grants and when a proclamation by the President as to failure of Constitutional machinery

1260-474: The film industry throughout the world has a disproportionately higher number of male directors compared to female directors, and they provide as an example the fact that only 20% of films in Europe are directed by women. 44% of graduates from a sample of European films schools are women, and yet women are only 24% of working film directors in Europe. However only a fraction of film school graduates aspire to direct with

1302-462: The last, he won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival . His professional name is an anagram of his real name, 'Alex', and 'Oscar'. Carax was born Alex Christophe Dupont in Suresnes , Hauts-de-Seine , a commune in the suburbs of Paris , France. His mother is American and his father is French. Carax's film career began with a series of short films, and as

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1344-472: The majority entering the industry in other roles. In Hollywood, women make up only 12.6 percent of film directors, as reported by a UCLA study of the 200 top theatrical films of 2017, but that number is a significant increase from 6.9% in 2016. As of 2014, there were only 20 women in the Directors Guild of Japan out of the 550 total members. Indian film directors are also greatly underrepresented by women, even compared to other countries, but there has been

1386-592: The modern world, this time through a darker, more criminal viewpoint. The work was clearly an homage to French New Wave cinema, and his use of such actresses as Juliette Binoche was a tribute to his influences, especially Jean-Luc Godard . The film was entered into the 37th Berlin International Film Festival . Five years later, Carax returned to directing with Les Amants du Pont-Neuf , an expensive undertaking as Parisian authorities granted him only 10 days to film on Pont Neuf . His initial reaction to

1428-456: The monitoring is ongoing, with financial and operational adjustments ( or interventions ) made as warranted; see Financial risk management § Corporate finance for further discussion. Here, if the actual figures delivered come close to those budgeted, this suggests that managers understand their business and have been successful in delivering. On the other hand, if the figures diverge this sends an "out of control" signal; additionally,

1470-739: The most prestigious awards for directing, and there is even an award for worst directing given out during the Golden Raspberry Awards . Budget A budget is a calculation plan, usually but not always financial , for a defined period , often one year or a month. A budget may include anticipated sales volumes and revenues , resource quantities including time, costs and expenses , environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions, other impacts, assets , liabilities and cash flows . Companies, governments, families, and other organizations use budgets to express strategic plans of activities in measurable terms. Preparing

1512-548: The nature of professional relationships that occur during film production. A full degree course can be designed for up to five years of studying. Future directors usually complete short films during their enrollment. The National Film School of Denmark has the student's final projects presented on national TV. Some film schools retain the rights for their students' works. Many directors successfully prepared for making feature films by working in television. The German Film and Television Academy Berlin consequently cooperates with

1554-415: The position of film director is widely considered to be a highly stressful and demanding one. It has been said that "20-hour days are not unusual". Some directors also take on additional roles, such as producing, writing or editing. Under European Union law, the film director is considered the "author" or one of the authors of a film, largely as a result of the influence of auteur theory . Auteur theory

1596-458: The problems of filming on a public bridge had been to construct a model of the bridge in the community of Lansargues , in Southern France . But on the first day of filming Lavant severely injured his thumb, which pushed the movie back by a month. Subsequent financial difficulties further pushed filming over a much longer period than intended. The movie was released to critical acclaim and opened

1638-407: The restrictions of the film's budget and the demands of the producer and studio (such as the need to get a particular age rating ). Directors also play an important role in post-production . While the film is still in production, the director sends " dailies " to the film editor and explains their overall vision for the film, allowing the editor to assemble an editor's cut . In post-production,

1680-480: The resultant "fixed" costs , such as rent and payroll, will be adjusted, at a minimum, for inflation. Capital expenditure , both new investments and maintenance, may be budgeted separately; debt servicing and repayments likewise. The master budget aggregates these all. See Financial forecast , Cash flow forecast , Financial modeling § Accounting . Whereas the budget is typically compiled on an annual basis - although, e.g. in mining , this may be quarterly -

1722-403: The sole superiors of the director are the producers and the studio that is financing the film, although sometimes the director can also be a producer of the same film. The role of a director differs from producers in that producers typically manage the logistics and business operations of the production, whereas the director is tasked with making creative decisions. The director must work within

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1764-477: The stressful, fast-paced environment of a film set. Moreover, it is necessary to have an artistic eye to frame shots and to give precise feedback to cast and crew, thus, excellent communication skills are a must. Because the film director depends on the successful cooperation of many different creative individuals with possibly strongly contradicting artistic ideals and visions, they also need to possess conflict-resolution skills to mediate whenever necessary. Thus

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