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26-720: Motard enlisted in the French Navy in 1786. He was promoted to ensign in 1791, to lieutenant in 1793, and to capitaine de frégate in 1797. He then served in Brueys 's general staff. Motard helped organise the naval component of the Napoleonic Campaign in Egypt , and took part in the Battle of the Nile aboard the flagship Orient . He evacuated her before she exploded, but sustained severe injuries and

52-405: A cannon shot, Brueys died at his command post around 9 PM. According to a British account, after a round shot had taken off both his legs, he had himself strapped to an armchair on deck so that he could continue to direct the fight. His ship exploded one hour later after a fire on board reached the gunpowder stores. The resulting blast was seen from miles away and may have killed as many as 800 of

78-468: A defensive position than take the offensive and he refused to weigh anchor when Horatio Nelson attacked his fleet on the evening of 1 August 1798. In the ensuing Battle of the Nile , the Orient fought HMS  Bellerophon , causing her major damage but receiving little support, especially from the rearguard under Denis Decrès and Villeneuve . Already wounded twice during the day, and almost cut in half by

104-651: A noble. Truguet's ministry in 1795 restored his rank and he received promotion to contre-amiral the following year. He commanded French naval forces in the Adriatic from 1796 to 1798, flying his flag in the ship-of-the-line Guillaume Tell . He transported troops to the Ionian Islands and supported Bonaparte's campaign in Italy by blockading the coasts but keeping supply lines open to Bonaparte 's troops. Bonaparte noted Brueys's conduct in Italy and made him commander-in-chief of

130-466: Is a Dutch type of sailing vessel originally designed by the shipwrights of Hoorn as a dedicated cargo vessel . Originating in the Dutch Republic in the 16th century, the vessel was designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery with the maximum of space and crew efficiency. Unlike rivals, it was not built for conversion in wartime to a warship, so it was simpler and cheaper to build and carried twice

156-457: Is a persistent myth that the fluyt was developed to evade Sound Tolls . The toll registers, however, show that during the 70 years from 1562 to 1632 it was a well-established procedure in the Sound for the toll-officers to use the bills of lading to determine the loading-capacities of the vessels passing through. They did not employ any sort of measuring device to assess the width, length, and depth of

182-573: The Tunis expedition on the frigate Atalante and the Saint Domingue campaign on the ship-of-the-line Actionnaire , though he was forced to leave the latter due to sickness and return to France, where he served at shore establishments, mostly on France's Mediterranean coast. He rose to enseigne de vaisseau in 1777 and lieutenant de vaisseau in April 1780, before serving on the ship-of-the-line Terrible then

208-614: The Zélé in Guichen 's squadron. He fought in three battles against Admiral Rodney in April and May 1780, then in the battle against Hood's fleet before Fort-de-France in April 1781. He was present at all the battles involving Grasse's squadron, including the Chesapeake (September 1781) and the capture of Saint Kitts in February 1782. He then moved to the frigate Vestale , by chance he was not present at

234-672: The battle of Les Saintes . He was made a chevalier de Saint-Louis at the end of the war. On the peace he was put in command of the aviso Chien de Chasse , with which he spent four years in the Antilles and off the American coast. In 1787 he moved to command another aviso, the Coureur , which cruised along the coasts of Latin America . He then returned to France to command the fluyt Barbeau before taking one year's leave (1788–89). In 1790 he commanded

260-702: The Dutch dominated the market. During the 17th century, English companies leased ships like the Swan to carry colonists to America. The Hector , constructed in Pictou , Nova Scotia, and launched in 2000, is a replica of an early 18th-century fluyt which, in the summer of 1773 carried 189 Scottish immigrants to Nova Scotia. The replica was constructed according to line drawings from the Maritime Museum Rotterdam , and built using traditional shipbuilding techniques. As of 2017,

286-555: The Dutch merchant marine totalled 568,000 tons of shipping—about half the European total. The standard fluyt design minimized or completely eliminated its armaments to maximize available cargo space, and used block and tackle extensively to facilitate ship operations. Another advantage of its pear-shape (when viewed from the fore or aft) was a shallow draft which allowed the vessel to bring cargo in and out of ports and up and down rivers which other vessels could not reach. This ship class

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312-640: The French fleet in the Mediterranean campaign of 1798 until his death at the Battle of the Nile . Brueys was born to an aristocratic family in Rue Boucairie, Uzès , southern France in a house which now bears a plaque with his name. Joining the navy at 13, he was a volunteer on the ship-of-the-line Protecteur in 1766, he served in several campaigns in the Levant . Becoming a Garde de la marine in 1768, he fought in

338-408: The cargo, and could be handled by a smaller crew. Construction by specialized shipyards using new tools made it half the cost of rival ships. These factors combined to sharply lower the cost of transportation for Dutch merchants, giving them a major competitive advantage, particularly with bulk goods. The fluyt was a significant factor in the 17th-century rise of the Dutch seaborne empire . In 1670

364-554: The corvette Poulette . He sailed her from Toulon to Algiers with M. Vallière, France's consul general in Algeria . She also carried dispatches for the naval station and French consuls in the Levant . He saw aristocratic family and friends killed during the Reign of Terror but managed to avoid such a fate himself. He did not emigrate and even found himself promoted to capitaine de vaisseau on 1 January 1792, before being put in command of

390-537: The encountered HMS  Sceptre and HMS  Cornwallis ; an engagement developed on 13 November, from which the British retreated. Between 15 March and 18 March 1808, Sémillante fought a running battle with HMS Terpsichore , and escaped to Île de France . Motard sustained life-threatening injuries and returned to France. In December 1809, Motard was elevated to commander of the Legion of Honour. In November 1810, he

416-545: The fleet that would transport his army for the Egyptian campaign , with the rank of vice-admiral and flying his flag on the Orient . The fleet set sail from Toulon on 19 May 1798. He succeeded in evading British attempts to prevent the French fleet reaching Egypt, reaching Malta and then (on 1 July 1798) Alexandria without incident. As soon as the land troops were disembarked, he was reputedly ordered by Bonaparte either to anchor in

442-624: The later part of the 17th century as English merchants, seeing how much cheaper Dutch shipping was, acquired Dutch-built ships captured in the Anglo-Dutch wars . The design of the fluyt evolved from the early galleon , to which it bore a resemblance ; the galleon, developed in Spain, was also built in the Netherlands, then under the same monarchs. Fluyts typically had a displacement of 200 to 300 tons and were approximately 80 feet (24 metres) in length. It

468-505: The port of Alexandria or to return quickly to France, Malta or Corfu . Citing concern that the Alexandria harbour was too shallow and difficult to enter for his large warships, and unwilling to leave Egypt until the situation of the French army was secured, he instead opted to anchor in Aboukir Bay to await the British. Knowing the poor quality of his ships and crews, he preferred to guard

494-607: The ship's crew. Brueys was criticised in France for remaining at anchor right up until the moment of the attack, but Bonaparte replied to such criticism by saying " If, in this disastrous event, he made mistakes, he expiated them by his glorious end ". His name appears on the southern pillar (23rd column) of the Arc de triomphe in Paris . Fluyt A fluyt (archaic Dutch : fluijt "flute"; Dutch pronunciation: [flœyt] )

520-649: The ship-of-the-line Le Lys at Toulon (renamed le Tricolore on the fall of the monarchy). He fought in the campaigns undertaken by Admiral Truguet 's fleet - the bombardment of Oneglia , the Naples operation led by Latouche-Tréville , and finally the attack on Cagliari on Sardinia . In the Toulon affair the town authorities arrested him. A decree of the National Convention in September 1793 stripped him of his rank as

546-440: The vessels and then calculate the size of the ships. The fluyt was square rigged with two or three masts. When rigged with three masts, the fore and main (front two) masts were square rigged, with the mizzen (rearmost) mast often rigged with a triangular lateen sail, as pictured above. Masts were much higher than those of galleons to allow for greater speed. At times fluyts were also armed and served as auxiliary vessels, which

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572-518: The wreck's rudder is decorated with three flowers which is typical of Dutch-built ships of the era. This ship is believed to be named the Swan due to the sculpted body of a swan found in the wreckage. At the time it was customary to attach a figure depicting the name of the ship to the transom . Dutch fluyts were built and used in the 16th and 17th centuries as a contract-for-hire vessel. England had not yet established its own large-scale shipbuilding industry and

598-528: Was a common practice in the Baltic Sea . In 2003, Martin Mattenik and Deep Sea Productions, using side scanning sonar, discovered a shipwreck lying on the floor of the Baltic Sea . The wreck was visited five times between 2003 and 2010. The Baltic is unusual in that there is a thick layer of fresh water inhospitable to saltwater-loving shipworms and shipwrecks are protected from the ravages of shipworms. The top of

624-518: Was credited for making the Dutch more competitive in international trade, and was widely employed by the Dutch East India Company in the 17th and 18th centuries. However, its usefulness caused the fluyt to gain such popularity that similar designs were soon developed by seagoing competitors of the Dutch. For example, the English shipbuilding industry began to adapt the design of the fluyt during

650-574: Was made a baron of Empire. From 4 January 1811, he headed the École spéciale de Marine in Toulon. He retired with the rank of contre-amiral in 1814. Fran%C3%A7ois-Paul Brueys d%27Aigalliers Vice-Admiral François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers, Comte de Brueys (12 February 1753 – 1 August 1798) was a French Navy officer who served in the American Revolutionary War and the French Revolutionary Wars . He commanded

676-616: Was taken prisoner by the British. After he was released, Motard served as staff officer to Ganteaume , taking part in operations in Saint Domingue. Promoted to capitaine the vaisseau in 1803, he took command of the 32-gun Sémillante , in Linois' squadron. He took part in the Battle of Pulo Aura on 14 February 1804. On 8 June 1806, Sémillante captured the East Indiamen Acteon , Warren Hastings , and Active . On 11 November,

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