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22-635: Köster is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: Adolf Köster (1883–1930), German politician and diplomat Bärbel Köster (b. 1957), German athlete Franz Köster (f. 1940s), German Luftwaffe pilot during World War II Fritz Köster (1855–1934), German trade unionist Gaby Köster (born 1961), German actress Johann Adolf Köster (1550–1630), German pastor and educator Maartje Köster (born 1975), Dutch cricketer See also [ edit ] Koester Koster (surname) [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with

44-412: A list, with the first 60,000 votes going to the first candidate on the list (as ranked by the party), the second 60,000 to the second candidate, and so on. Residual votes were transferred to the level of the electoral association. There, the remaining votes from the districts making up the association were added together; for a full 60,000 votes, there was one seat from the district list that had contributed

66-493: A public holiday, in accordance with a long-standing social democratic demand. The Reich was divided into 35 electoral districts (sg. Wahlkreis ) that were combined into 16 electoral associations (sg. Wahlkreisverband ). The parties drew up a list of candidates for each electoral district in which they were participating and also a list of candidates at the Reich level. A district received one seat for every 60,000 votes cast for

88-577: Is a list of constituencies as they existed from 1924 onwards. The Reichstag president and his deputies (the Presidium ) were elected by Reichstag members at the beginning of the legislative period. According to parliamentary custom, a representative of the strongest party in the Reichstag was usually elected president. The Presidium was supported by the Council of Elders ( Ältestenrat ). The body consisted of

110-614: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Adolf K%C3%B6ster Adolf Köster was born on 8 March 1883 in Verden an der Aller in the Province of Hanover , Prussia. He grew up in Kappeln . In 1906, he became a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). In 1907, he was awarded a Dr. phil. and in 1912 habilitated in history of literature . He taught at

132-578: The Communist Party of Germany , which together had a majority in the Reichstag following the Reichstag election of 31 July 1932 . In 1933 the National Socialists used the two constitutional articles, along with the ability to transfer the legislative function from the Reichstag to the government through an Enabling Act , to establish a dictatorship . Following the banning of the left-wing parties and

154-562: The Reichstag from 1920 to 1924. After serving as Envoy to Riga from 1923 to 1928, he was appointed in 1928 as Envoy to Belgrade . He died in Belgrade in 1930. Reichstag (Weimar Republic) The Reichstag of the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) was the lower house of Germany's parliament; the upper house was the Reichsrat , which represented the states. The Reichstag convened for

176-908: The Technical University of Munich . During the First World War , he was a war correspondent for SPD newspapers like Vorwärts as well as for the Berliner Tageblatt . Following the November Revolution in 1918, he started to work as a Referent at the Reichskanzlei . In 1919, he worked for the Prussian Staatskommissar in Schleswig-Holstein , where he had grown up. He was Abstimmungskommissar , and in that function worked successfully for German interests in

198-503: The plebiscites . He served as Foreign Minister of Germany from 10 April to 21 June 1920 in the first cabinet of Hermann Müller based on SPD, the Zentrum and the liberal German Democratic Party (DDP). In the second cabinet of Joseph Wirth (Zentrum, SPD, DDP), he served as Minister of the Interior of Germany from 26 October 1921 to 14 November 1922. Köster was also a member of

220-441: The surname Köster . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Köster&oldid=1153702332 " Categories : Surnames German-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

242-407: The Reich president in constitutional articles 48 and 25 (emergency decrees and dissolution of parliament) made possible the so-called presidential cabinets ( Präsidialkabinette ) from 1930 onward, when the Reich president and the Reich government largely did the legislative work instead of the Reichstag. The practice was reinforced by the electoral successes of the anti-republican Nazi Party and

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264-434: The Reichstag president, the deputy presidents and a total of twenty-one members appointed by the Reichstag parties. Those appointed usually included the party chairmen. The Council of Elders was chaired and convened by the president or his deputies. The body was responsible for reaching agreement among the parties on agendas and work plans. These agreements were not, however, legally binding. The Council of Elders also determined

286-530: The Reichstag. While parties of the political center dominated in 1919 (the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), Centre Party and German Democratic Party (DDP)), the party spectrum of the Weimar Republic was characterized by fragmentation and, towards the end, increasing radicalization (the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and the Nazi Party (NSDAP)). % of votes / # of members The powers given to

308-413: The age of 20 were allowed to vote, including women for the first time, but excluding soldiers on active duty. The Reichstag voted on the laws of the Reich and was responsible for the budget, questions of war and peace, and confirmation of state treaties. Oversight of the Reich government (the ministers responsible for executing the laws) also resided with the Reichstag. It could force individual ministers or

330-417: The chairmen of the committees and their deputies as well as certain other organizational issues. In spite of its limited powers, the Council of Elders had considerable importance for the functioning of parliament. In essence, its tasks were comparable to those of the Ältestenrat in the modern German Bundestag . Between 1919 and 1933 there was one election to the constituent National Assembly and eight to

352-564: The entire government to resign by means of a vote of no confidence, and under Article 48 of the constitution it could rescind emergency decrees issued by the Reich president . The Reich president could dissolve the Reichstag under Article 25 of the constitution, but only once for the same reason. The Reichstag as a free and democratic institution ceased to exist following the passage of the Enabling Act of 1933 which granted Chancellor Adolf Hitler

374-643: The first time on 24 June 1920, taking over from the Weimar National Assembly , which had served as an interim parliament following the collapse of the German Empire in November 1918. Under the Weimar Constitution of 1919, the Reichstag was elected every four years by universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage, using a system of party-list proportional representation . All citizens who had reached

396-432: The most residual votes. Any additional remaining votes were carried over to the national level where a party again received one seat (from the national list) per 60,000 votes. A number of additional rules were added to this basic procedure. The most important was that a party could win seats only if it had received 30,000 or more votes in at least one district. Furthermore, a national list could deliver only as many seats as

418-404: The party had already received in total at the lower levels. These provisions disadvantaged small parties without a regional focus. They nevertheless also resulted in a large number of parties being represented in the Reichstag. Beyond the 30,000 vote hurdle there was no minimum threshold (such as the 5% threshold of second votes in modern Germany) for a party to enter the Reichstag. The following

440-463: The power to draft and enforce laws as he pleased. The main rights, duties and responsibilities of the Reichstag were defined in the Weimar Constitution . (All references to constitutional articles can be found in the footnoted English translation). Each voter had one vote, which was cast on an electoral district ballot. The number of seats was determined by proportional representation . The number of Reichstag seats fluctuated because they depended on

462-402: The right to vote and the voting age was lowered from 25 to 20. Those who could not exercise the right to vote were active duty soldiers, people living in a sanatorium or nursing home and those in criminal or pre-trial detention. Citizenship had to have been obtained at least one year before election day. The election date was set by the Reich president. After November 1918 it had to be a Sunday or

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484-529: The total number of votes cast, with one seat allocated for 60,000 votes. In 1919 the Weimar National Assembly consisted of 421 members; in 1933 the last Reichstag had 647. In the election to the Weimar National Assembly, the group of eligible voters expanded considerably, from 14,441,400 in 1912 (the last Reichstag election under the Empire ) to 37,362,100 in 1919, primarily because women had been given

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