Károly Grósz [ˈkaːroj ˈɡroːs] (1 August 1930 – 7 January 1996) was a Hungarian communist politician, who served as the General Secretary of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party from 1988 to 1989.
73-732: Grósz was born in Miskolc , Hungary . He joined the Hungarian Communist Party in 1945 at the age of 14. The Communists took full power in 1949, and Grósz rose through the party ranks, becoming an important party leader in his native region. He functioned as head of the Department of Agitation and Propaganda in the Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County branch of the Hungarian Working People's Party (MDP) from 1954. He also held
146-517: A faction of radical reformers who favoured jettisoning the Communist system in favour of a market economy. One of its leaders, Rezső Nyers , the architect of the New Economic Mechanism in the 1960s and 1970s, was elected as chairman of a four-man collective presidency that replaced the old MSZMP Politburo. Although General Secretary Károly Grósz , who had succeeded longtime leader János Kádár
219-604: A former Communist party holding a majority, but needed the Free Democrats' votes to get economic reforms (what became the Bokros package) past his own party's left wing. Thus the MSZP was released from a so-called "political quarantine" imposed by the other Hungarian parties; during the first five years after the change of system, the other parties cooperated to shut out the MSZP from decision-making. After being turned out of office in 1998 ,
292-525: A good deal of authority as a result, and his standing never really recovered. On 26 June 1989, he became a member of a four-man collective presidency of the MSZMP, chaired by Nyers. Although Grósz retained his post as general secretary, Nyers now outranked him–and thus replaced him as the de facto leader of Hungary. However, he opposed the radical reformers' drive to reorganize the party as a social democratic party. He remained general secretary until 7 October, when
365-619: A long history in the city. Miskolc was already an important market town in the Middle Ages, mostly due to its proximity to the main trade routes of the region. In regards of the economy, real development started only after the Ottoman occupation. In the 18th century, the town already had a lumber mill, a paper manufacture, a brewery, a gunpowder factory and fifteen mills on the Szinva stream. The glass works manufactures and iron furnaces appeared in
438-510: A mayor since 1990 (e. g. Mohács ). The 2019 local election results caused resignations from the party on the local level (e. g. Szeged mayor Laszlo Botka ). In 2020, the party's congress supported a change to the party's structure. Instead of having one leader, the party would nominate two co-leaders – a man and woman (similar structure has been implemented in 2019 by the Social Democratic Party of Germany ). In political terms,
511-627: A park with a boating pond and the unique Cave Bath . Lillafüred and Felsőhámor are pretty villages in a valley surrounded by mountains and forests; their sights include the Hotel Palace on the shore of the Lake Hámori, the Szinva waterfall (the highest waterfall of the country), the Anna Cave and the István Cave. The population (around 1910) is multidenominational and multiethnical, and the differences in
584-407: A part of Hungary, now Cluj-Napoca , Romania ). According to the first nationally held census (1786) the city had a population of 14,719, and 2,414 houses. These years brought prosperity, but the cholera epidemic of 1873 and the flood of 1878 took many lives. Several buildings were destroyed by the flood, but bigger and grander buildings were built in their places. World War I did not affect
657-405: A party conference was convened, which elected Grósz as general secretary of the party at Kádár's recommendation on 22 May 1988. He advocated moderate and measured changes in the political and economic spheres. As he put it, this would result in a careful reform of the Communist system without touching the latter's foundations. He liked to call this a "model change" (i.e. reforms and refinements within
730-631: A speech before the Central Committee of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party on 1 September 1989, where he provided some information on the former prime minister's alleged NKVD ties, however the committee decided not to publish the charges. Grósz's fate was sealed when he agreed to meet with Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaușescu to discuss what to do with a large number of ethnic Hungarians who had fled Romania. Many of Grósz' party colleagues thought he trusted Ceaușescu too much. He lost
803-459: A year earlier, was elected to this body, Nyers now outranked him–and was thus now the de facto leader of Hungary. At a party congress on 7 October 1989, the MSZMP dissolved and refounded itself as the MSZP, with Nyers as its first president. A marginal "Communist" faction led by Grósz broke away to form a revived Hungarian Communist Workers' Party, now known as the Hungarian Workers' Party ,
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#1733085795449876-506: Is Pál Veres (Independent). The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections , is made up of 28 members (1 Mayor, 19 Individual constituencies MEPs and 8 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances: List of City Mayors from 1990: Including people born in Miskolc as well as in Diósgyőr and other city parts that were independent towns at
949-463: Is a city in northeastern Hungary , known for its heavy industry . With a population of 161,265 as of 1 January 2014, Miskolc is the fourth largest city in Hungary (behind Budapest , Debrecen , and Szeged ). It is also the county capital of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and the regional centre of Northern Hungary . The name derives from Miško , Slavic form of Michael . Miškovec → Miskolc with
1022-497: Is a suburban area. One of the most well-known holiday resorts in the country, Tapolca (officially Miskolctapolca or Miskolc-Tapolca to avoid confusion with the Transdanubian town of the same name) is the home of the unique Cave Bath , a natural cave with thermal water. Tapolca is quite far from the city centre and counts as one of the posh areas of Miskolc. It is a popular tourist attraction. These former villages were annexed to
1095-423: Is located in Diósgyőr. Public transport in Miskolc is provided by the company MVK Zrt. , owned by the local government. There are 36 bus lines and 2 tram lines. The first tram entered service on July 10, 1897 (making Miskolc the third city in Hungary to have a tram line), the first scheduled bus line started on June 8, 1903 (first in the country as well.) Today the public transport of Miskolc
1168-409: Is one of the best ones in Hungary. There are several taxi companies too. The Lillafüred Forest Train connects Diósgyőr to Lillafüred. It is mainly a tourist attraction. The city has two railway stations ( Tiszai and Gömöri ) and a small unpaved airport , which is not open to the public, used mainly as a sports facility and has no role in public transport since 1963. The current mayor of Miskolc
1241-606: Is situated between Diósgyőr and Lillafüred ; the area is made up of limestone , slate , dolomite and other rocks from the Triassic period. The surface was formed mostly by karstic erosions. The highest area, the 600–900 m (2,000–3,000 ft) high Higher Bükk bore Bükk Highlands begin at Lillafüred. This mostly consists of sea sediments (limestone, slate, dolomite) from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic , and volcanic rocks like diabase and porphyry . Several caves can be found in
1314-544: Is where the largest housing estate of the city stands, with 10-story Socialist-style concrete buildings providing homes for about one-third of the city's population. Miskolc's city centre is not as rich in monuments as that of other cities; only the Main Street (Széchenyi St.), Városház tér (City Hall Square) and Erzsébet tér (Elizabeth Square) have preserved the 19th-century style of the town. There are not only historical buildings but also modern shopping malls and offices in
1387-451: The 2008 financial crisis . Following the 2010 election, MSZP became the largest opposition party in parliament, a position it held until 2018 , when it was overtaken by the former far and now centre-right Jobbik . The MSZP evolved from the communist Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (or MSZMP), which ruled Hungary between 1956 and 1989. By the summer of 1989, the MSZMP was no longer a Marxist–Leninist party, and had been taken over by
1460-553: The April parliamentary election . Mesterházy was elected candidate for the Prime Minister position, but the Unity alliance failed to win. After that the electoral coalition disestablished. On the 2014 European Parliament election , MSZP suffered the largest defeat since the 1990 parliamentary election , gaining third place and only 10% of the votes. After the obvious failure, Mesterházy and
1533-544: The Bokros package , when Hungary faced an economic and financial crisis. According to researchers, the elites of the Hungarian 'left' (MSZP and SZDSZ) have been differentiated from the 'right' by being more supportive of the classical neo-liberal economic policies, while the 'right' (especially extreme right) has advocated more interventionist policies. In contrast, issues like church and state and former communists show alignment along
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#17330857954491606-488: The Bükk mountains, in the valley of the river Sajó and the streams Hejő and Szinva . According to the 2001 Census the city has a total area of 236.68 km (91.38 sq mi). The ground level slopes gradually; the difference between the highest and lowest area is about 800 m (2,600 ft). The lowest areas are the banks of the river Sajó, with an altitude of 110–120 m (360–390 ft). The area belongs to
1679-477: The European Parliament election in 2009 , receiving only 17.37% of the votes and gaining four seats compared to the previous nine seats. This electoral defeat marked the end of the de facto two-party system in Hungary, which had lasted since 1998. The Hungarian Socialist Party suffered a heavy defeat in the 2010 election (won by Fidesz with a ⅔ majority), gaining only 19.3% of the votes, and 59 seats in
1752-623: The Great Plain region and is made up of sedimentary rocks. Between the Avas hill and Diósgyőr lies the hilly area of the Lower Bükk (250–300 m or 820–980 ft) consisting of sandstone, marl, clay, layers of coal, from the tertiary period , and volcanic rocks from the Miocene . The Central Bükk , a gently sloping mountainous area with an altitude between 400 and 600 m (1,300 and 2,000 ft),
1825-596: The Avas lookout tower, the symbol of the city. On the northern part of the hill, close to downtown Erzsébet Square, is the Gothic Protestant Church of Avas , one of the two oldest buildings of Miskolc (the other is the Castle of Diósgyőr .) The limestone caves of Avas are used as wine cellars; the narrow, winding streets give a Mediterranean atmosphere to this part of Avas Hill. The southern part of Avas, also called Avas-South,
1898-425: The Communist framework), as opposed to the total "system change", i.e. the replacement of Communism by a Western-style system, advocated by a growing faction of radical reformers in the party. Grósz remained prime minister until 24 November 1988, when he was succeeded by Miklós Németh , a representative of the radical reformer faction. As 1989 wore on, Grósz was increasingly sidelined by the radical reformers within
1971-491: The Hungarian government, German troops occupied Hungary on March 19, 1944 and put the anti-semitic Arrow Cross Party in charge of the government. Jews in Miskolc and elsewhere were ordered to wear yellow stars on their clothing. Under the supervision of Nazi SS - Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann , "deportations" from Miskolc began on June 11 or 12th, 1944. Over 14,000 Jewish adults and children were sent by cattle car to Auschwitz, where most were gassed on arrival. After
2044-818: The MSZP differentiates itself from its conservative opponents mainly in its rejection of Hungarian nationalism . The party is a member of the Progressive Alliance , the Socialist International , and the Party of European Socialists (PES), and it holds a chairmanship and several vice-chairmanships in committees at the European Parliament . The MSZP is a centre-left to left-wing party, but it has historically been centrist . The image shows Single Member Constituencies (or SMCs) voting for MSZP in 1998, 2002, 2006 in dark red, while showing SMCs voting for MSZP in 2002 and 2006 in red. The dark red districts are considered
2117-476: The Magnificent took Miskolc in 1544 and the city prospered further until 1687. It was also ruled by Ottomans after Battle of Mezőkeresztes in 1596 as part of Eyalet of Egir until 1687. It was during these years that Miskolc became an important centre of wine-growing. By the end of the 17th century the population of the city was as large as that of Kassa/Košice , and 13 guilds had been founded. During
2190-530: The People's Republic of Hungary - the second most powerful position after that of General Secretary) to succeed György Lázár , who had filled the post for more than eleven years. The appointment of the younger and more energetic Grósz was acclaimed both at home and abroad. As the country was facing economic troubles and growing discontent, the aging party leader János Kádár decided to resign, although originally he had planned to remain in office until 1990. In May 1988
2263-464: The Socialists have often been greater advocates of liberal , free market policies than the conservative opposition, which has tended to favor more state interventionism in the economy through economic and price regulations, as well as through state ownership of key economic enterprises. The MSZP, in contrast, implemented a strong package of market reforms, austerity and privatization in 1995–96, called
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2336-446: The area. The city is also known for the lowest temperature ever recorded in Hungary at−35 °C (−31 °F). Summers are fresh but sometimes warm and humid in Miskolc. Daytime temperatures of 20–30 °C (68–86 °F) or higher are commonplace. Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. Miskolc receives about 120 centimetres of snowfall annually. Days below freezing and nights below −20 °C (−4 °F) both occur in
2409-560: The campus, and the sport facilities are surrounded by a large park. Two former villages that were annexed to the city in 1945 and 1950. Görömböly still looks like a small town of its own. Another holiday resort, Miskolc-Lillafüred , is a village surrounded by the Bükk mountains. Its most notable building is the Palace Hotel (Palotaszálló). Martin-Kertváros (in Slovak: Martinská osada)
2482-508: The centre of northeastern Hungary. The 1990s brought a crisis in the iron industry with a decline in the population. Miskolc is now trying to become known as a cultural – instead of merely an industrial – city. Among the various cultural events, one of the most important festivities is the International Opera Festival , held every summer. Tourist destinations in Miskolc include Tapolca , Lillafüred and Felsőhámor. Tapolca has
2555-433: The city centre. The other town forming today's Greater Miskolc is mostly famous for its medieval castle . Miskolc's football team also got its name from Diósgyőr, since their stadium stands there. Historical Diósgyőr is connected to Historical Miskolc by a district called Új(diós)győr (Újgyőr); its main square is an important traffic hub. Also in Új(diós)győr (Diósgyőr-Vasgyár) stands the steel factory that made Miskolc
2628-663: The city directly, but many people died, either from warfare or from the cholera epidemic. It was occupied by Czechoslovak troops between 1918 and 1919 after the First World War . After the Treaty of Trianon , Hungary lost Kassa (today Košice, Slovakia) and Miskolc became the sole regional center of northern Hungary. This was one of the reasons for the enormous growth of the city during the 1930s and 1940s. Early in World War II Hungary became an ally of Nazi Germany. Unhappy with
2701-488: The city in 1950 ( Bükkszentlászló in 1981) and are still separated villages, connected to the city only by its public transport system . There is a narrow-gauge railway that connects Lillafüred to Miskolc known as the Lillafüredi Állami Erdei Vasút ( Lillafüred Forest State Railway ). It winds through scenic forests, and takes between a half hour and 45 minutes for the train to go between the two major stops. The Miskolc stop
2774-411: The city went through a change, smaller enterprises appeared in place of the large state-owned companies. By the early 2000s the decade of changes was over, and the city went through the recession successfully. International companies and supermarkets appeared in the area. The local government is trying to strengthen the city's role in culture and tourism. By the end of 2004, the highway M3 had reached
2847-479: The city where the county hall of Borsod county would be built. Many other significant buildings were built in the 18th and 19th centuries, including the city hall , schools such as Lévay József Református Gimnázium és Diákotthon , churches , the synagogue , and the theatre . The theatre is commonly regarded as the first stone-built theatre of Hungary, although the first one was actually built in Kolozsvár (then
2920-615: The city. The most popular sport in Miskolc is football . The leading club of the city is Diósgyőri VTK (short name: DVTK). They have won the Hungarian Cup several times and represented Hungary many times in Europe. The capacity of the stadium, DVTK Stadion , is 14 655 and the stadium has under-soil heating and fully covered stands. The other team, Miskolci VSC , plays in the county division. Miskolc has got other former first division representatives, namely Miskolci Attila (seven seasons at
2993-496: The entire population, such as subsidies available to all citizens, to one based on financial and social need. Besides Gyula Horn , the MSZP's most internationally recognized politicians were Ferenc Gyurcsány and László Kovács , a former member of the European Commission , responsible for taxation. The MSZP faced the voters for the first time at the 1990 elections , the first free elections held in Hungary in 44 years. It
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3066-512: The entire presidium of the Socialist Party resigned. József Tóbiás was elected leader of the Socialist Party on 19 July 2014 following the resignation of Mesterházy. He also became leader of the parliamentary group in September 2014. During his leadership, the Socialist Party won a parliamentary by-election (2014) and an important mayoral by-election ( Salgótarján ), however the party itself
3139-464: The forming of Greater Miskolc with the unification of Miskolc and Diósgyőr (1945) and several nearby towns and villages (between 1950 and 1981). The unification was only the first step in Miskolc being developed into an industrial centre. Development reached its highest point in the 1980s, when the metal factory had more than 18,000 workers and production was over one million tons per year. The population hit all-time record (over 200,000 inhabitants), ⅔ of
3212-551: The governing Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party . In 1979 Grósz was elected first secretary of the party committee of his home county. In 1984 he returned to national prominence as the head of the party committee in Budapest . At the next Party Congress in 1985, he became a member of the Politburo. In 1987, he was appointed Prime Minister of Hungary ( Chairman of the Council of Ministers of
3285-554: The highest Hungarian level. Former motorcycle speedway team Speedway Miskolc (8 times champions of Hungary) joined the Team Speedway Polish Championship from 2006 to 2010. They won the 2007 European Speedway Club Champions' Cup with world champion Jason Crump . They were based at the Borsod Volán Stadion . The Avas is a hill (234 m or 768 ft) in the heart of Miskolc. On the hilltop stands
3358-606: The highest level), and Perecesi TK (one). Miskolc's most successful women's basketball team, DKSK Miskolc MISI, has won the National Cup twice. The DVTK Jegesmedvék ice hockey team plays in the Slovak-based Tipsport Liga . The team's home rink, Miskolc Ice Hall , is in the People's Garden downtown. It has 1 304 seats, a total capacity of 2 200, and opened in 2006. The women's volleyball team of MVSC also plays at
3431-451: The late 18th and early 19th centuries. The first iron furnace, built by Henrik Fazola around 1770, did not survive, but the second one, built in 1813, can still be visited. Several new settlements were formed in the Bükk mountains to provide dwellings for the workers of glass works manufactures and furnaces. Many of them – including Alsóhámor, Felsőhámor, Ómassa and Bükkszentlászló – are now parts of Miskolc. Development quickened from
3504-512: The level of education mirrors the stratification of society, following these facts. http://mek.oszk.hu/16900/16992 Religion in Miskolc (2022) Dominant religion in Miskolc is Roman Catholicism followed by Calvinism and Greek Catholicism . Miskolc is generally thought of as an industrial city, and the largest boost to its economy was indeed provided by the industrialization during the Socialist era; in fact industry (including metallurgy) has
3577-421: The most important heavy industrial city of Hungary (and earned it the nickname "Steel City"). Diósgyőri Gimnázium also stands in this district. The University of Miskolc is among the newer ones. It was founded in the 1950s, so its buildings are not old, historical ones. University Town is one of the newer parts of the city and can be found between Miskolc and the holiday resort Miskolctapolca. The university,
3650-407: The national centre of heavy industry, a position the city maintained until the 1990s. Although Miskolc suffered a lot during the last year of the war, it recovered quickly, and by absorbing the surrounding villages, it became the second-largest city of Hungary with more than 200,000 inhabitants. On July 30 and August 1, 1946, the Miskolc pogrom led to death of one accused Jewish black marketeer ,
3723-550: The newly formed Republic of Hungary. These elections took place on 25 March and 8 April 1990. On 7 January 1996, he died of kidney cancer at age 65 in Gödöllő , Hungary. Miskolc Miskolc ( UK : / ˈ m iː ʃ k ɒ l t s / MEESH -kolts , US : / ˈ m ɪ ʃ k oʊ l t s / MISH -kohlts , Hungarian: [ˈmiʃkolt͡s] ; Czech and Slovak : Miškovec ; German : Mischkolz ; Yiddish : Mishkoltz ; Romanian : Mișcolț )
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#17330857954493796-463: The other successor of the MSZMP. The decision to declare the MSZP a successor of the MSZMP was controversial, and still carries repercussions for both the MSZP and Hungary. Another source of controversy is that some members of the former communist elite maintained political influence in the MSZP. Indeed, many key MSZP politicians were active members or held leadership positions within the MSZMP (like Gyula Horn and László Kovács ). On economic issues,
3869-567: The parliament. Following the resignation of Ildikó Lendvai , the party's prime minister candidate Attila Mesterházy was elected Chairman of the Socialist Party. Nevertheless, MSZP became the biggest opposition party in Hungary. The left-wing fragmented after the 2010 election; at first Katalin Szili left the MSZP to form Social Union (SZU), following the similarly significant defeated local elections in October 2010, nevertheless Gyurcsány's detachment
3942-538: The party reorganized itself as the Hungarian Socialist Party . The communist ("hardline") faction, led by Grósz, was defeated at the congress and broke away in December 1989 as a new Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party , with Grósz as its first acting chairman (later renamed Workers' Party and the 'Communist Workers' Party'). The party failed to win parliamentary representation in the first multiparty election in
4015-475: The party was able to form a renewed centre-left coalition with the Free Democrats in 2002 . At the 2006 elections , MSZP won with 43.2% of party list votes, which gave it 190 representatives out of 386 in the Parliament . The MSZP was therefore able to retain its coalition government from the previous term. In earlier elections, the MSZP polled 10.89% (1990), 32.98% (1994), 32.92% (1998) and 42.05% (2002). After
4088-420: The party, including Németh, Rezső Nyers , Gyula Horn and Imre Pozsgay . He tried to slow down, stop or reverse the radical changes advocated by his adversaries that were aimed at establishing a liberal political system and market economy in Hungary. He opposed the rehabilitation of the executed Imre Nagy , Prime Minister during the 1956 revolution. In order to prevent Nagy's political rehabilitation, Grósz gave
4161-492: The position during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 , when he banned local journals from coverage of events and forced to remove Kossuth Coat of Arms from letterhead of local newspaper Észak-Magyarország . On 4 November 1956, after the revolution was crushed, Grósz was appointed head of the local party apparatus of the ruling communist party. In 1974 he was appointed head of the Department of Agitation and Propaganda of
4234-467: The power of the oligarchs. Miskolc was elevated to the rank of oppidum (market town) in 1365 by King Louis I . He also had the castle of the nearby town Diósgyőr (now a district of Miskolc) transformed into a Gothic fortress . The city developed in a dynamic way, but during the Ottoman occupation of most of Hungary the development of Miskolc was brought to a standstill. The Ottomans under Suleiman
4307-483: The same development as Lipovec → Lipólc , Lipóc . The name is associated with the Miskolc clan (also Miskóc or Myscouch, Slovak Miškovec, plural Miškovci) named after the settlement or vice versa. Earliest mentions are que nunc vocatur Miscoucy (around 1200), de Myschouch (1225), Ponyt de genere Myscouch (1230), in Miscovcy (1245). The city lies at the meeting point of different geographical regions – east of
4380-456: The second half of the 19th century, partly because of the political situation (after the Ausgleich ) and partly because of the newly constructed railway line. A large furnace (second largest in the country) was built in Diósgyőr, and several other factories were built. The mining industry became more and more important, too. Within forty years the population doubled. The industrialization led to
4453-675: The successful fees abolishment referendum , MSZP formed the first minority government of Hungary, following the SZDSZ's backing out of the coalition with a deadline of 1 May 2008. On 21 March 2009 Gyurcsány announced his resignation as Prime Minister due to failure management of the economic crisis . Gordon Bajnai became the nominee of MSZP for the post of prime minister in March 2009 and he became Prime Minister on 14 April. Gyurcsány also resigned from his position of party chairman, which he had occupied since 2007. MSZP lost half of its supporters during
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#17330857954494526-453: The time of their birth. Hungarian Socialist Party The Hungarian Socialist Party ( Hungarian : Magyar Szocialista Párt , pronounced [ˈmɒɟɒr ˈsot͡sijɒliʃtɒ ˈpaːrt] ), commonly known by its acronym MSZP ( Hungarian: [ˈɛmɛspeː] ), is a centre-left to left-wing social-democratic and pro-European political party in Hungary . It
4599-407: The traditional left-right spectrum. It is also noteworthy that, according to research, the MSZP elite's positions used to be closer to voters of the SZDSZ than to their own. Besides a more liberal approach to the economy overall, the MSZP differentiated itself from the conservative opposition through its more recent focus on transforming state social policy from a collection of measures that benefit
4672-517: The war Jews who survived the holocaust returned to Miskolc hoping to reclaim their land and possessions. Over 130 were rounded up by members of the local Arrow Cross Party and summarily murdered. The Jewish cemetery on a hill overlooking Miskolc has a memorial for them. It includes the 10 commandments, carved in stone, all written in Hebrew except Thou shall not kill, which is written in Hungarian. The preparation for World War II established Miskolc as
4745-454: The war of independence against Habsburg rule in the early 18th century, Prince Francis II Rákóczi , the leader of the Hungarians put his headquarters in Miskolc. The imperial forces sacked and burnt the city in 1707. Four years later half of the population fell victim of a cholera epidemic. Miskolc recovered quickly, and another age of prosperity began again. In 1724, Miskolc was chosen to be
4818-621: The winter. The area has been inhabited since ancient times – archaeological findings date back to the Paleolithic , proving human presence for over 70,000 years . Its first known dwellers were the Cotini , one of the Celt tribes. The area has been occupied by Hungarians since the "Conquest" in the late 9th century. It was first mentioned by this name around 1210 AD. The Miskóc clan lost their power when King Charles I centralized his power by curbing
4891-430: The working people worked in heavy industry. The economic recession after the end of the Socialist era hit the industrial cities of Northern Hungary the hardest. The unemployment rate rose until it became one of the highest in the country, the population of Miskolc dramatically decreased (not only because of unemployment though, but also due to suburbanization which became prevalent nationwide). The economic situation of
4964-572: The wounding of another, and subsequently the death of a Jewish policeman. Economic hardship and anti-Semitism motivated the riots. In 1949, the University of Miskolc was founded (as a successor of the Academy of Mining , formerly in Selmecbánya, which is now Banská Štiavnica , Slovakia). During its long history Miskolc survived fires, floods, plagues and foreign invasions, but maintained its position as
5037-465: Was a much worse disaster for the Socialists. Initially, the former PM wanted to reform the party, but his goals remained in the minority. As a result, Gyurcsány, along with nine other members of the parliamentary group, left MSZP and established Democratic Coalition (DK). Thus MSZP's number of MPs reduced to 48. The Socialist Party entered into an alliance with four other parties in January 2014 to contest
5110-592: Was elected president in the MSZP, shortly after the party suffered its worst electoral defeat since 1990. The party further declined in the 2019 European election , only scoring 6.61% of votes (even in alliance with Dialogue for Hungary ) and being overtaken by the Democratic Coalition and Momentum . In 2019 local elections the party managed (due to cooperation with other parties) to win mayorships ir Érd and Szombathely . Also in these elections MSZP managed to win mayorships in those areas, where it never had
5183-470: Was founded on 7 October, 1989 as a post-communist evolution and one of two legal successors of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSZMP). Along with its conservative rival Fidesz , MSZP was one of the two most dominant parties in Hungarian politics until 2010 ; however, the party lost much of its popular support as a result of the Őszöd speech , the consequent 2006 protests , and then
5256-410: Was knocked down to fourth place with only 33 seats. Nyers handed the leadership to Horn, Hungary's last Communist foreign minister. Horn led the MSZP to an outright majority at the 1994 parliamentary election . Although the MSZP could have governed alone, he opted to form a coalition with the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ). He not only wanted to allay concerns inside and outside Hungary of
5329-546: Was permanently pushed back to the third place by far-right Jobbik according to the opinion polls. Tóbiás did not support the full cooperation and unification of the left-wing opposition parties against Viktor Orbán . During the MSZP party congress in June 2016, he was defeated by Gyula Molnár , a former Socialist MP and mayor, who succeeded him as party chairman. In February 2016, the party decided to sell its headquarters at Jókai Street for financial reasons. In June 2018, Bertalan Tóth
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