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76-535: Károly Gender masculine Language(s) Hungarian Name day January 28, November 4 Other gender Feminine Karola , Karolina Origin Language(s) Germanic Meaning Free man Other names Nickname(s) Karcsi Cognate (s) Carolus Anglicisation (s) Charles Károly ( Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈkaːroj] )

152-601: A Turkic language continued to be a matter of impassioned political controversy throughout the 18th and into the 19th centuries. During the latter half of the 19th century, a competing hypothesis proposed a Turkic affinity of Hungarian, or, alternatively, that both the Uralic and the Turkic families formed part of a superfamily of Ural–Altaic languages . Following an academic debate known as Az ugor-török háború ("the Ugric-Turkic war"),

228-417: A circumfix , to change a word's meaning and its grammatical function. Hungarian uses vowel harmony to attach suffixes to words. That means that most suffixes have two or three different forms, and the choice between them depends on the vowels of the head word. There are some minor and unpredictable exceptions to the rule. Nouns have 18 cases , which are formed regularly with suffixes. The nominative case

304-695: A space tourist and signed agreements with the space tourism company, Space Adventures , Ltd., for a ten-day mission to the International Space Station (ISS). In August 2006, he passed a pre-qualification medical exam by the Russian Federal Space Agency , called the State Medical Commission (GMK). He started training at Star City in September 2006. He launched on April 7, 2007 ( GMT ), on board Soyuz TMA-10 . He shared

380-659: A 2002 news item, The Age noted that Simonyi introduced the concept of metaprogramming at Microsoft, turning it into what people sometimes referred to as a software factory, but the metaprogramming concept "did not work out in practice." Simonyi introduced to Microsoft the techniques of object-oriented programming that he had learned at Xerox. He developed the Hungarian notation convention for naming variables. These standards were originally part of his doctoral thesis. The Hungarian notation has been widely used inside Microsoft. Simonyi remained at Microsoft during its rapid rise in

456-448: A Hungarian surname Karoli (disambiguation) Karola Karolj References [ edit ] ^ Fercsik Erzsébet – Raátz Judit: Keresztnevek enciklopédiája – Budapest 2009, ISBN   9789639902183 [REDACTED] Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to

532-455: A dissertation on a software project management technique he called meta-programming . This approach sought to defeat Brooks' law by scaling programming through a formalization of communication among programmers. In the 1992 book Accidental Empires ( ISBN   0-88730-855-4 ), Robert X. Cringely gave this description: Simonyi's dissertation was an attempt to describe a more efficient method of organizing programmers to write software...

608-681: A high proportion of words specific to agriculture and livestock are of Chuvash origin. A strong Chuvash influence was also apparent in Hungarian burial customs. The first written accounts of Hungarian date to the 10th century, such as mostly Hungarian personal names and place names in De Administrando Imperio , written in Greek by Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine VII . No significant texts written in Old Hungarian script have survived, because

684-399: A millennium. These include tehén 'cow' (cf. Avestan daénu ); tíz 'ten' (cf. Avestan dasa ); tej 'milk' (cf. Persian dáje 'wet nurse'); and nád 'reed' (from late Middle Iranian ; cf. Middle Persian nāy and Modern Persian ney ). Archaeological evidence from present-day southern Bashkortostan confirms the existence of Hungarian settlements between

760-785: A million additional people scattered in other parts of the world. For example, there are more than one hundred thousand Hungarian speakers in the Hungarian American community and 1.5 million with Hungarian ancestry in the United States . Hungarian is the official language of Hungary, and thus an official language of the European Union. Hungarian is also one of the official languages of Serbian province of Vojvodina and an official language of three municipalities in Slovenia : Hodoš , Dobrovnik and Lendava , along with Slovene . Hungarian

836-406: A process of nyelvújítás ( language revitalization ). Some words were shortened ( győzedelem > győzelem , 'victory' or 'triumph'); a number of dialectal words spread nationally ( e.g. , cselleng 'dawdle'); extinct words were reintroduced ( dísz , 'décor'); a wide range of expressions were coined using the various derivative suffixes; and some other, less frequently used methods of expanding

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912-466: A ride with two Russian cosmonauts to the International Space Station , and returned aboard Soyuz TMA-9 , landing on April 21, 2007. Upon arrival to the ISS on April 9, 2007, Simonyi said, "It is amazing how it appears from the blackness of the sky. It was very, very dramatic. It was like a big stage set, a fantastic production of some incredible opera or modern play. That's what I was referring to when I said I

988-806: A short-term visa but did not return. He was hired by Denmark 's A/S Regnecentralen in 1966 where he worked with Per Brinch Hansen and Peter Kraft on the RC 4000 minicomputer 's Real-time Control System , and with Peter Naur on the GIER ALGOL compiler. He subsequently moved from Denmark to the United States in 1968 to attend the University of California, Berkeley , where he earned his BS in Engineering Mathematics & Statistics in 1972 under Butler Lampson . He has honorary doctorate degrees from

1064-1045: A similarly dramatic way over these three centuries. After the arrival of the Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin , the language came into contact with a variety of speech communities , among them Slavic , Turkic , and German . Turkic loans from this period come mainly from the Pechenegs and Cumanians , who settled in Hungary during the 12th and 13th centuries: e.g. koboz " cobza " (cf. Turkish kopuz 'lute'); komondor "mop dog" (< * kumandur < Cuman ). Hungarian borrowed 20% of words from neighbouring Slavic languages : e.g. tégla 'brick'; mák 'poppy seed'; szerda 'Wednesday'; csütörtök 'Thursday'...; karácsony 'Christmas'. These languages in turn borrowed words from Hungarian: e.g. Serbo-Croatian ašov from Hungarian ásó 'spade'. About 1.6 percent of

1140-400: Is subject–verb–object (SVO). However, Hungarian is a topic-prominent language , and so has a word order that depends not only on syntax but also on the topic–comment structure of the sentence (for example, what aspect is assumed to be known and what is emphasized). A Hungarian sentence generally has the following order: topic, comment (or focus), verb and the rest. The topic shows that

1216-411: Is a Hungarian-American software architect . He introduced the graphical user interface to Bill Gates for the first time who later described it as the first of two revolutionary things he felt in his life. He started and led Microsoft 's applications group, where he built the first versions of Microsoft Office . He co-founded and led Intentional Software (acquired by Microsoft in 2017), with

1292-2066: Is a common Hungarian male given name . It is also sometimes found as a Hungarian surname . Károly is considered the equivalent of English Karl or Charles (because the Latin Carolus is very close to Károly). Given names [ edit ] Charles I of Hungary (1288–1342), in Hungarian Károly Róbert, King of Hungary and Croatia Károly Aggházy (1855–1918), Hungarian piano virtuoso and composer Károly Andrássy (1792–1845), Hungarian politician Károly Bajkó (1944–1997), Hungarian Olympic wrestler Károly Balzsay (born 1979), Hungarian boxer Károly Bartha (Minister of Defence) (1884–1964), Hungarian colonel general and politician Károly József Batthyány (1697–1772), Hungarian general, field marshal and ban (viceroy) of Croatia Károly Binder (born 1956), Hungarian jazz pianist, composer and educator Károly Brocky (1808–1855), Hungarian painter Károly Doncsecz (1918–2002), Slovene potter Károly Ecser (1931–2005), Hungarian weightlifter Károly Eperjes (born 1954), Hungarian actor Károly Ferencz (1913–1984), Hungarian wrestler Károly Ferenczy (1862–1917), Hungarian painter Károly Frenreisz (born 1946), Hungarian singer and songwriter Károly Gesztesi (1963–2020), Hungarian actor Károly Grósz (1930–1996), Hungarian politician Károly Hieronymi (1836–1911), Hungarian engineer and politician Károly Horvath (born 1947), Hungarian singer known as Charlie Károly Kárpáti (1906–1996), Hungarian Olympic wrestling Károly Kerkapoly (1824–1891), Hungarian politician and Minister of Finance Károly Kernstok (1873–1940), Hungarian painter Károly Kisfaludy (1788–1830), Hungarian dramatist and artist Károly Knezić (1808–1849), Hungarian Army general Károly Kós (1883–1977), Hungarian architect, writer, illustrator, ethnologist and politician Károly Leiningen-Westerburg (1819–1849), German general in

1368-662: Is a licensed amateur radio operator with the call sign KE7KDP, and planned to contact a number of schools while on his flight on the International Space Station using amateur radio for the communication with those schools. On April 11, 2007 the American Radio Relay League reported that Simonyi was already making ham radio contacts from space. One of the schools Simonyi contacted was Cedar Point Elementary in Bristow , Virginia . A telebridge conversation

1444-579: Is always on the first syllable of a word, as in Finnish and the neighbouring Slovak and Czech . There is a secondary stress on other syllables in compounds: viszontlátásra ("goodbye") is pronounced /ˈvisontˌlaːtaːʃrɒ/ . Elongated vowels in non-initial syllables may seem to be stressed to an English-speaker, as length and stress correlate in English. Hungarian is an agglutinative language . It uses various affixes , mainly suffixes but also some prefixes and

1520-585: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Hungarian language It is also spoken by Hungarian diaspora communities worldwide, especially in North America (particularly the United States and Canada ) and Israel . With 14 million speakers, it is the Uralic family's largest member by number of speakers. Hungarian is a member of the Uralic language family . Linguistic connections between Hungarian and other Uralic languages were noticed in

1596-549: Is expressed by a possessive suffix on the possessed object, rather than the possessor as in English (Peter's apple becomes Péter almája , literally 'Peter apple-his'). Noun plurals are formed with –k ( az almák 'the apples'), but after a numeral, the singular is used ( két alma 'two apples', literally 'two apple'; not *két almák ). Unlike English, Hungarian uses case suffixes and nearly always postpositions instead of prepositions. There are two types of articles in Hungarian, definite and indefinite, which roughly correspond to

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1672-442: Is marked with boldface. Hungarian has a four-tiered system for expressing levels of politeness. From highest to lowest: The four-tiered system has somewhat been eroded due to the recent expansion of " tegeződés " and " önözés ". Some anomalies emerged with the arrival of multinational companies who have addressed their customers in the te (least polite) form right from the beginning of their presence in Hungary. A typical example

1748-613: Is officially recognized as a minority or regional language in Austria , Croatia , Romania , Zakarpattia in Ukraine , and Slovakia . In Romania it is a recognized minority language used at local level in communes, towns and municipalities with an ethnic Hungarian population of over 20%. The dialects of Hungarian identified by Ethnologue are: Alföld, West Danube, Danube-Tisza, King's Pass Hungarian, Northeast Hungarian, Northwest Hungarian, Székely and West Hungarian. These dialects are, for

1824-399: Is sometimes described as having free word order, different word orders are generally not interchangeable, and the neutral order is not always correct to use. The intonation is also different with different topic-comment structures. The topic usually has a rising intonation, the focus having a falling intonation. In the following examples, the topic is marked with italics, and the focus (comment)

1900-475: Is the Funeral Sermon and Prayer , which dates to the 1190s. Although the orthography of these early texts differed considerably from that used today, contemporary Hungarians can still understand a great deal of the reconstructed spoken language, despite changes in grammar and vocabulary. A more extensive body of Hungarian literature arose after 1300. The earliest known example of Hungarian religious poetry

1976-693: Is the 14th-century Lamentations of Mary . The first Bible translation was the Hussite Bible in the 1430s. The standard language lost its diphthongs , and several postpositions transformed into suffixes , including reá "onto" (the phrase utu rea "onto the way" found in the 1055 text would later become út ra ). There were also changes in the system of vowel harmony . At one time, Hungarian used six verb tenses , while today only two or three are used. In 1533, Kraków printer Benedek Komjáti published Letters of St. Paul in Hungarian (modern orthography: A Szent Pál levelei magyar nyelven ),

2052-523: Is the Swedish furniture shop IKEA , whose web site and other publications address the customers in te form. When a news site asked IKEA—using the te form—why they address their customers this way, IKEA's PR Manager explained in his answer—using the ön form—that their way of communication reflects IKEA's open-mindedness and the Swedish culture. However IKEA in France uses the polite ( vous ) form. Another example

2128-485: Is the communication of Yettel Hungary (earlier Telenor, a mobile network operator) towards its customers. Yettel chose to communicate towards business customers in the polite ön form while all other customers are addressed in the less polite te form. During the first early phase of Hungarian language reforms (late 18th and early 19th centuries) more than ten thousand words were coined, several thousand of which are still actively used today (see also Ferenc Kazinczy ,

2204-407: Is unmarked ( az alma 'the apple') and, for example, the accusative is marked with the suffix –t ( az almát '[I eat] the apple'). Half of the cases express a combination of the source-location-target and surface-inside-proximity ternary distinctions (three times three cases); there is a separate case ending – ból / –ből meaning a combination of source and insideness: 'from inside of'. Possession

2280-750: The Juilliard School in New York and from the University of Pecs in Hungary. Simonyi was recruited to Xerox PARC by Butler Lampson during its most productive period, working alongside Lampson, Alan Kay and Robert Metcalfe on the development of the Xerox Alto , one of the first personal computers. He and Lampson developed Bravo , the first WYSIWYG document preparation program, which became operational in 1974. During this time he received his PhD in computer science from Stanford University in 1977 with

2356-663: The Romanian lexicon is of Hungarian origin. In the 21st century, studies support an origin of the Uralic languages, including early Hungarian, in eastern or central Siberia , somewhere between the Ob and Yenisei rivers or near the Sayan mountains in the Russian – Mongolian border region. A 2019 study based on genetics, archaeology and linguistics, found that early Uralic speakers arrived in Europe from

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2432-589: The Vera C. Rubin Observatory , which will host the Simonyi Survey Telescope. The $ 100 million foundation closed in 2013. In February 2017, Simonyi and his wife Lisa gave the University of Washington Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) department $ 5 million towards the completion of a new building. Simonyi was one of few notable early supporters of Donald Trump 's 2016 presidential campaign when he made

2508-832: The Volga River and the Ural Mountains . The Onoğurs (and Bulgars ) later had a great influence on the language, especially between the 5th and 9th centuries. This layer of Turkic loans is large and varied (e.g. szó ' word ' , from Turkic ; and daru ' crane ' , from the related Permic languages ), and includes words borrowed from Oghur Turkic ; e.g. borjú ' calf ' (cf. Chuvash păru , părăv vs. Turkish buzağı ); dél 'noon; south' (cf. Chuvash tĕl vs. Turkish dial. düš ). Many words related to agriculture, state administration and even family relationships show evidence of such backgrounds. Hungarian syntax and grammar were not influenced in

2584-686: The 1670s, and the family itself was established in 1717. Hungarian has traditionally been assigned to the Ugric branch along with the Mansi and Khanty languages of western Siberia ( Khanty–Mansia region of North Asia ), but it is no longer clear that it is a valid group. When the Samoyed languages were determined to be part of the family, it was thought at first that Finnic and Ugric (the most divergent branches within Finno-Ugric) were closer to each other than to

2660-872: The 2011 Hungarian census, 9,896,333 people (99.6% of the total population) speak Hungarian, of whom 9,827,875 people (98.9%) speak it as a first language, while 68,458 people (0.7%) speak it as a second language . About 2.2 million speakers live in other areas that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon (1920). Of these, the largest group lives in Transylvania , the western half of present-day Romania , where there are approximately 1.25 million Hungarians . There are large Hungarian communities also in Slovakia , Serbia and Ukraine , and Hungarians can also be found in Austria , Croatia , and Slovenia , as well as about

2736-559: The Finno-Ugric hypothesis was concluded the sounder of the two, mainly based on work by the German linguist Josef Budenz . Hungarians did, in fact, absorb some Turkic influences during several centuries of cohabitation. The influence on Hungarians was mainly from the Turkic Oghur speakers such as Sabirs , Bulgars of Atil , Kabars and Khazars . The Oghur tribes are often connected with

2812-742: The Holocaust Károly Takács (1910–1976), Hungarian Olympic sport shooter Károly Tersztyánszky (1854–1921), Austro-Hungarian general in World War I Károly Than (1834–1908), Hungarian chemist Károly Vécsey (1803–1849), Hungarian Army general Károly Zipernowsky (1853–1942), Austrian-born Hungarian engineer Surnames [ edit ] David Karoly (born 1955), Australian atmospheric scientist Jenő Károly (1886–1926), Hungarian footballer See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with Károly All pages with titles containing Károly Károlyi ,

2888-529: The Hungarian lexemes collected from technical texts, dialects etc. would total up to 1,000,000 words. Parts of the lexicon can be organized using word-bushes (see an example on the right). The words in these bushes share a common root, are related through inflection, derivation and compounding, and are usually broadly related in meaning. Charles Simonyi Charles Simonyi ( / s ɪ ˈ m oʊ n i / ; Hungarian : Simonyi Károly , pronounced [ˈʃimoɲi ˈkaːroj] ; born September 10, 1948)

2964-613: The Hungarian Army Károly Lotz (1833–1904), German-Hungarian painter Károly Makk (1925–2017), Hungarian film director and screenwriter Károly Markó the Elder (1793–1860), Hungarian painter Károly Reich (1922–1988), Hungarian artist Károly Sándor (1928–2014), Hungarian footballer Károly Simonyi (1916–2001), Hungarian physicist, father of Charles Simonyi Károly Szabó (1916–1964), Austro-Hungarian assistant of Raoul Wallenberg in rescuing Hungarian Jews from

3040-524: The Hungarian language contains 75,000 words, and the Comprehensive Dictionary of Hungarian Language (to be published in 18 volumes in the next twenty years) is planned to contain 110,000 words. The default Hungarian lexicon is usually estimated to comprise 60,000 to 100,000 words. (Independently of specific languages, speakers actively use at most 10,000 to 20,000 words, with an average intellectual using 25,000 to 30,000 words. ) However, all

3116-505: The Hungarians whose exoethnonym is usually derived from Onogurs (> (H)ungars), a Turkic tribal confederation . The similarity between customs of Hungarians and the Chuvash people , the only surviving member of the Oghur tribes, is visible. For example, the Hungarians appear to have learned animal husbandry techniques from the Oghur speaking Chuvash people (or historically Suvar people ), as

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3192-671: The Samoyed branch of the family, but that is now frequently questioned. The name of Hungary could be a result of regular sound changes of Ungrian/Ugrian , and the fact that the Eastern Slavs referred to Hungarians as Ǫgry/Ǫgrove (sg. Ǫgrinŭ ) seemed to confirm that. Current literature favors the hypothesis that it comes from the name of the Turkic tribe Onoğur (which means ' ten arrows ' or ' ten tribes ' ). There are numerous regular sound correspondences between Hungarian and

3268-448: The Ugric and Finnic languages is greater, but the correspondences are also regular. The traditional view holds that the Hungarian language diverged from its Ugric relatives in the first half of the 1st millennium BC, in western Siberia east of the southern Urals . In Hungarian, Iranian loanwords date back to the time immediately following the breakup of Ugric and probably span well over

3344-496: The aim of developing and marketing his concept of intentional programming . In April 2007, aboard Soyuz TMA-10 , he became the fifth space tourist and the second Hungarian in space. In March 2009, aboard Soyuz TMA-14 , he made a second trip to the International Space Station . As of November 15, 2022 , Simonyi's net worth was US$ 5.2 billion. Simonyi was born in Budapest , Hungary . His father, Károly Simonyi ,

3420-498: The daughter of a Swedish millionaire. She is 32 years his junior. They were married on November 22, 2008 in a private ceremony in Gothenburg , Sweden , attended by their closest friends, among them Bill Gates . The couple went on to have two daughters. Simonyi became a United States citizen in 1982. Simonyi formerly spent six months per year on his custom-built 233-foot (71 m) long super yacht named Skat . The yacht

3496-461: The east, specifically from eastern Siberia. Hungarian historian and archaeologist Gyula László claims that geological data from pollen analysis seems to contradict the placing of the ancient Hungarian homeland near the Urals. Today, the consensus among linguists is that Hungarian is a member of the Uralic family of languages. The classification of Hungarian as a Uralic/Finno-Ugric rather than

3572-630: The equivalents in English. Adjectives precede nouns ( a piros alma 'the red apple') and have three degrees: positive ( piros 'red'), comparative ( pirosabb 'redder') and superlative ( a legpirosabb 'the reddest'). If the noun takes the plural or a case, an attributive adjective is invariable: a piros almák 'the red apples'. However, a predicative adjective agrees with the noun: az almák piros ak 'the apples are red'. Adjectives by themselves can behave as nouns (and so can take case suffixes): Melyik almát kéred? – A piros at . 'Which apple would you like? – The red one'. The neutral word order

3648-707: The establishment of three professorships: In 2003 he founded the Charles and Lisa Simonyi Fund for Arts and Sciences, a nonprofit organization based in Seattle. The foundation provides grants to outstanding organization in art, sciences and education. Grant recipients have included the Seattle Symphony ($ 10 million), and the Seattle Public Library ($ 3 million), the Metropolitan Opera , the Juilliard School and

3724-419: The first Hungarian-language book set in movable type . By the 17th century, the language already closely resembled its present-day form, although two of the past tenses remained in use. German, Italian and French loans also began to appear. Further Turkish words were borrowed during the period of Ottoman rule (1541 to 1699). In the 19th century, a group of writers, most notably Ferenc Kazinczy , spearheaded

3800-547: The first application being a WYSIWYG word processor. At Microsoft, Simonyi built the organization and applications of what became its most profitable products, Word and Excel , as well as Excel's predecessor Multiplan . For the applications, Simonyi pursued a strategy called the "revenue bomb", whereby the product ran on a virtual machine that was ported to each platform. The resulting applications were highly portable, although Microsoft's focus and IBM's standardization on MS-DOS eventually made portability less important. In

3876-509: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Károly&oldid=1254879545 " Categories : Given names Surnames Hungarian masculine given names Masculine given names Hungarian-language surnames Hidden categories: Pages using the Phonos extension Pages with Hungarian IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations Articles with short description Short description

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3952-446: The laboratory's engineers. By the time he left school, he had learned to develop compilers and sold one of these to a government department. He presented a demonstration of his compiler to the members of a Danish computer trade delegation. In 2006 he said that when he was young his dream was, "to get out of Hungary, go to the West and be free." At the age of 17, Simonyi left Hungary on

4028-477: The language holds official status nationally in Hungary and regionally in Romania , Slovakia , Serbia , Austria and Slovenia . In 2014 The proportion of Transylvanian students studying Hungarian exceeded the proportion of Hungarian students, which shows that the effects of Romanianization are slowly getting reversed and regaining popularity. The Dictate of Trianon resulted in a high proportion of Hungarians in

4104-436: The language were utilized. This movement produced more than ten thousand words, most of which are used actively today. The 19th and 20th centuries saw further standardization of the language, and differences between mutually comprehensible dialects gradually diminished. In 1920, Hungary signed the Treaty of Trianon , losing 71 percent of its territory and one-third of the ethnic Hungarian population along with it. Today,

4180-489: The leading figure of the Hungarian language reforms.) Kazinczy's chief goal was to replace existing words of German and Latin origins with newly created Hungarian words. As a result, Kazinczy and his later followers (the reformers) significantly reduced the formerly high ratio of words of Latin and German origins in the Hungarian language, which were related to social sciences, natural sciences, politics and economics, institutional names, fashion etc. Giving an accurate estimate for

4256-470: The maximum primary donation of $ 2,700 in 2015. Simonyi went on to contribute $ 200,000 to Donald Trump 's 2020 presidential campaign . OpenSecrets shows Simonyi has contributed to numerous Republican candidates, the Republican National Committee , and several state Republican committees. Simonyi dated Martha Stewart for 15 years until 2008. Simonyi is married to Lisa Persdotter,

4332-448: The medium of writing used at the time, wood, is perishable. The Kingdom of Hungary was founded in 1000 by Stephen I . The country became a Western -styled Christian ( Roman Catholic ) state, with Latin script replacing Hungarian runes . The earliest remaining fragments of the language are found in the establishing charter of the abbey of Tihany from 1055, intermingled with Latin text. The first extant text fully written in Hungarian

4408-490: The metaprogrammer was the designer, decision maker, and communication controller in a software development group.... individual programmers were allowed to make no design decisions about the project. All they did was write the code as described by the metaprogrammer.... A programmer with a problem or a question would take it to the metaprogrammer, who could come up with an answer or transfer the question to another programmer... Simonyi remained at PARC until 1981. In 1997, Simonyi

4484-574: The most part, mutually intelligible . The Hungarian Csángó dialect, which is mentioned but not listed separately by Ethnologue, is spoken primarily in Bacău County in eastern Romania. The Csángó Hungarian group has been largely isolated from other Hungarian people , and therefore preserved features that closely resemble earlier forms of Hungarian. Hungarian has 14 vowel phonemes and 25 consonant phonemes. The vowel phonemes can be grouped as pairs of short and long vowels such as o and ó . Most of

4560-548: The name of the country, " Magyarország " (Hungary), pronounced /ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ/ . It is one of three palatal consonants, the others being ⟨ty⟩ and ⟨ny⟩ . Historically a fourth palatalized consonant ʎ existed, still written ⟨ly⟩ . A single 'r' is pronounced as an alveolar tap ( akkora 'of that size'), but a double 'r' is pronounced as an alveolar trill ( akkorra 'by that time'), like in Spanish and Italian . Primary stress

4636-407: The new information for the listeners that may not have been known or that their knowledge must be corrected. For example, "Én vagyok az apád". ('I am your father'. Literally, 'It is I who am your father'.), from the movie The Empire Strikes Back , the pronoun I ( én ) is in the focus and implies that it is new information, and the listener thought that someone else is his father. Although Hungarian

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4712-443: The other Ugric languages. For example, Hungarian /aː/ corresponds to Khanty /o/ in certain positions, and Hungarian /h/ corresponds to Khanty /x/ , while Hungarian final /z/ corresponds to Khanty final /t/ . For example, Hungarian ház [haːz] ' house ' vs. Khanty xot [xot] ' house ' , and Hungarian száz [saːz] ' hundred ' vs. Khanty sot [sot] ' hundred ' . The distance between

4788-478: The pairs have an almost similar pronunciation and vary significantly only in their duration. However, pairs a / á and e / é differ both in closedness and length. Consonant length is also distinctive in Hungarian. Most consonant phonemes can occur as geminates . The sound voiced palatal plosive /ɟ/ , written ⟨gy⟩ , sounds similar to 'd' in British English 'duty'. It occurs in

4864-612: The programmer, then describe the program's intended behavior in a What You See Is What You Get ( WYSIWYG )-like manner. An automated system uses the program description and the language to generate the final program. Successive changes are only done at the WYSIWYG level. In 2004, Simonyi received the Wharton Infosys Business Transformation Award for the industry-wide impact of his innovative work in information technology. On April 18, 2017, Intentional Software

4940-411: The proposition is only for that particular thing or aspect, and it implies that the proposition is not true for some others. For example, in " Az almát János látja". ('It is John who sees the apple'. Literally 'The apple John sees.'), the apple is in the topic, implying that other objects may be seen by not him but other people (the pear may be seen by Peter). The topic part may be empty. The focus shows

5016-506: The second Hungarian astronaut , the fifth space tourist , and the only one in history who went twice to space as a space tourist who paid his own way on spaceflights. Earlier, the Hungarians were the seventh nation to be represented in space, in 1980, by Bertalan Farkas 's spaceflight, 27 years before Simonyi's first one, in 2007. The next Hungarian astronaut will follow Simonyi to the International Space Station by 2025. Charles Simonyi

5092-459: The software industry, becoming one of its highest-ranking developers. He left Microsoft in 2002 to co-found, with business partner Gregor Kiczales , a company called Intentional Software . This company markets the intentional programming concepts Simonyi developed at Microsoft Research. In this approach to software, a programmer first builds a language environment specific to a given problem domain (such as life insurance). Domain experts, aided by

5168-540: The students from the school "made his day." Simonyi used his Hungarian call sign HA5SIK when he contacted 25 radio amateurs from Hungary in a record attempt on April 12. He contacted former and current students of Tivadar Puskás Polytechnic, Budapest on April 13. Simonyi supports The Museum of Flight in Seattle, funding the Space Gallery housing the NASA Shuttle Trainer and many space artifacts. Simonyi

5244-414: The surrounding 7 countries, so it is widely spoken or understood. Although host countries are not always considerate of Hungarian language users, communities are strong. The Szeklers , for example, form their own region and have their own national museum, educational institutions, and hospitals. Hungarian has about 13 million native speakers, of whom more than 9.8 million live in Hungary. According to

5320-517: The total word count is difficult, since it is hard to define a "word" in agglutinating languages, due to the existence of affixed words and compound words. To obtain a meaningful definition of compound words, it is necessary to exclude compounds whose meaning is the mere sum of its elements. The largest dictionaries giving translations from Hungarian to another language contain 120,000 words and phrases (but this may include redundant phrases as well, because of translation issues) . The new desk lexicon of

5396-476: Was a Kossuth Prize -winning professor of electrical engineering at the Technical University of Budapest , and created the first Hungarian nuclear particle accelerator . While in secondary school he worked part-time as a night watchman at a computer laboratory in the early 1960s, overseeing a large Soviet Ural II mainframe . He took an interest in computing and learned to program from one of

5472-557: Was acquired by Microsoft . Simonyi currently holds 11 patents: US patent 6070007   US patent 6665866   US patent 2001037496   WO patent 2004102380   WO patent 2007053833   WO patent 2007076269   EP patent 1923782   JP patent 2008140410   US patent 2010146377   JP patent 2010146583   US patent 2010229092   Simonyi has been an active philanthropist. He has funded

5548-612: Was blown away." Simonyi's expected return on April 20, 2007, was delayed by one day due to 'boggy ground'. He returned to Earth on April 21, 2007 along with an American astronaut and a Russian cosmonaut. In October 2008, he booked for a second trip to the ISS through Space Adventures on board Soyuz TMA-14 . On March 26, 2009 he returned to space aboard Soyuz TMA-14 . He returned to Earth on board Soyuz TMA-13 . Along with Soyuz Commander Yuri Lonchakov and Michael Fincke , Simonyi landed in Kazakhstan on April 8, 2009. Simonyi became

5624-908: Was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for developing widely used desktop productivity software. He also became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2008. Since 1998 Simonyi has served as member of the Board of Trustees of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and was its Chairman in 2008. Simonyi received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 2000. In 1981, at Metcalfe's suggestion, he visited Bill Gates at Microsoft who suggested Simonyi start an applications group at Microsoft with

5700-554: Was held on Tuesday, April 17, 2007. On board with him were Oleg Kotov and Fyodor Yurchikhin . On March 30, 2009 he held a phone conversation with students at the Girls' Middle School in Mountain View, California , United States in which he said that one of the most surprising things about traveling to space was that upon returning to Earth the air feels very thick, very heavy, like "breathing Pepto-Bismol ." He also stated that talking with

5776-563: Was sold in 2021. As of 2023 he is instead the owner a yacht named NORN which is 295-foot long (90 m). The yacht was designed by Espen Oeino , and is registered in the Cayman Islands. His residence in Medina, Washington , "Villa Simonyi", is a modern house designed by architect Wendell Lovett , where Simonyi displays his collection of paintings by Roy Lichtenstein and Victor Vasarely . In early 2006, Simonyi expressed interest in becoming

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