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73-620: According to the Coquille Indian Tribe's website, the name comes from a native word for lamprey , a staple food for the tribe. European settlers approximated the word as KOH -kwel but it came to be spelled Coquille (the French word for shell). Eventually the pronunciation of the town and river shifted to koh- KEEL , but the tribe's name retained the older pronunciation. The Coquille are part Lower Coquille Miluk and part Lower Rogue River Athabascan “tribes,” Tututni which included

146-573: A Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.946, the tenth-highest in the world as of the 2024 report. New Zealand is also well developed, with a nominal GDP per capita of US$ 48,072 and an HDI of 0.939, putting it at number 16 in the world in 2024. The least developed nations in the Southern Hemisphere cluster in Africa and Oceania, with Mozambique and Burundi at the lowest ends of the HDI, at 0.461 (number 183 in

219-635: A Pacific Coast Athabaskan language classified as part of the Oregon Athabaskan subgroup . After relocation to the Siletz Reservation, Coquille people had to resort to communicating in Chinuk Wawa , the lingua franca on the reservation, which was composed of many languages foreign to each other in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Coquille Indian Tribe is involved in language revitalization efforts for both Miluk and Upper Coquille Athabaskan, and

292-554: A diurnal cycle , becoming dark at day and pale at night. The skin also has photoreceptors , light sensitive cells, most of them concentrated in the tail, which helps them to stay buried. Lampreys may spend up to eight years as ammocoetes, while species such as the Arctic lamprey may only spend one to two years as larvae, prior to undergoing a metamorphosis which generally lasts 3–4 months, but can vary between species. While metamorphosing, they do not eat. The rate of water moving across

365-402: A notochord , dorsal hollow nerve cord , pharyngeal slits , pituitary gland / endostyle , and a post anal tail during the process of their development are considered to be chordates . Lampreys contain these characteristics that define them as chordates. Lamprey anatomy is very different based on what stage of development they are in. The notochord is derived from the mesoderm and is one of

438-498: A dark-colored back, which enables them to blend in with the ground below when seen from above by a predator. Their light-colored undersides allow them to blend in with the bright air and water above them if a predator sees them from below. Lamprey coloration can also vary according to the region and specific environment in which the species is found. Some species can be distinguished by their unique markings – for example, Geotria australis individuals display two bluish stripes running

511-417: A group of jawless fish comprising the order Petromyzontiformes / ˌ p ɛ t r oʊ m ɪ ˈ z ɒ n t ɪ f ɔːr m iː z / . The adult lamprey is characterized by a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth. The common name "lamprey" is probably derived from Latin lampetra , which may mean "stone licker" ( lambere "to lick" + petra "stone"), though the etymology is uncertain. Lamprey

584-411: A model system to work out the fundamental principles of motor control in vertebrates starting in the spinal cord and working toward the brain. In a series of studies by Rovainen and his student James Buchanan, the cells that formed the neural circuits within the spinal cord capable of generating the rhythmic motor patterns that underlie swimming were examined. Note that there are still missing details in

657-441: A single pair of regular eyes as well as two parietal eyes : a pineal and parapineal one (the exception is members of Mordacia ). The eyes of juvenile lampreys are poorly developed eyespot-like structures that are covered in non-transparent skin, while the eyes of adult lampreys are well developed. Accommodation is done by flattening the cornea, which pushes the lens towards the retina. The eye of family Mordaciidae possess just

730-423: A single type of photoreceptor (rod-like), the family Petromyzontidae possess two photoreceptor types (a cone-like and a rod-like), and the family Geotriidae possesses five types of photoreceptors. The buccal cavity , anterior to the gonads , is responsible for attaching the animal, through suction, to either a stone or its prey. This then allows the tongue to make contact with the stone to rasp algae , or tear at

803-446: A small number of radially arranged teeth, they lacked the specialised, heavily toothed discs with plate-like laminae present in modern lampreys, and it is possible that they fed by scraping algae off of animals, rather than feeding by predation/parasitism. They also lacked the modern three stage life cycle including ammocoetes found in modern lampreys, with the juvenile stages of these species closely resembling adults. Myxineidus from

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876-449: A sucking mouth. Those that are anadromous are carnivorous, feeding on fishes or marine mammals. Anadromous lampreys spend up to four years in the sea before migrating back to freshwater, where they spawn. Adults create nests (called redds ) by moving rocks, and females release thousands of eggs, sometimes up to 100,000. The male, intertwined with the female, fertilizes the eggs simultaneously. Being semelparous , both adults die after

949-653: Is south of the Equator . It contains all or parts of five continents (the whole of Antarctica , the whole of Australia , about 90% of South America , about one-third of Africa , and some islands off the continental mainland of Asia ) and four oceans (the whole Southern Ocean , the majority of the Indian Ocean , the South Atlantic Ocean , and the South Pacific Ocean ), as well as New Zealand and most of

1022-415: Is anterior to the intestines. It contains the sinus , one atrium , and one ventricle protected by the pericardial cartilages. The pineal gland , a photosensitive organ regulating melatonin production by capturing light signals through the photoreceptor cell converting them into intercellular signals of the lamprey is located in the midline of its body, for lamprey, the pineal eye is accompanied by

1095-479: Is mostly concentrated on/around the islands of Bali , Mauritius , and Fiji . The oldest continuously inhabited city in the Southern Hemisphere is Bogor , in western Java , which was founded in 669 . Ancient texts from the Hindu kingdoms prevalent in the area definitively record 669 CE as the year when Bogor was founded. However, some evidence shows that Zanzibar , an ancient port with around 200,000 inhabitants off

1168-624: Is native to Australia but is now also planted in Southern Africa and Latin America for pulp production, and increasingly, biofuel uses. One of the most notable animals to be found almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere is the penguin . A species is found around Isabela Island on the Galápagos archipelago in the Pacific Ocean , which straddles the equator. However, most of Isabela and

1241-531: Is sometimes seen for the plural form. There are about 38 known extant species of lampreys and around seven known extinct species. They are classified in three families: two small families in the Southern Hemisphere ( Geotriidae , Mordaciidae ) and one large family in the Northern Hemisphere ; ( Petromyzontidae ). Genetic evidence suggests that lampreys are more closely related to hagfish ,

1314-586: Is the autumnal equinox. The South Pole is in the centre of the southern hemispherical region. Southern Hemisphere climates tend to be slightly milder than those at similar latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere , except in the Antarctic which is colder than the Arctic . This is because the Southern Hemisphere has significantly more ocean and much less land; water heats up and cools down more slowly than land. The differences are also attributed to oceanic heat transfer and differing extents of greenhouse trapping. In

1387-742: The Age of Discovery , the Southern Hemisphere was largely cut off from the cultural constructs of the Western and Eastern worlds . Some view both the West and the East as being Northern Hemisphere-centric concepts. The most widespread religions in the modern Southern Hemisphere are Christianity , prevalent in South America, Africa, Oceania, and East Timor , followed by Islam in East Africa and Indonesia , and Hinduism , which

1460-585: The Coquille (Upper Coquille, Mishikwutinetunne) tribe, Shastacosta tribe and Tututni tribe (including Euchre Creek (Yukichetunne) band). Bands of Tututni tribe include the Kwatami , Tututunne , Mikonotunne , Chemetunne , Chetleshin , Kwaishtunnetunne , and Yukichetunne , The Coquille people historically spoke two languages, Miluk , a Coosan language , and the Upper Coquille dialect of Lower Rogue River ,

1533-632: The Middle Jurassic and the end of the Cretaceous . Modern lampreys spend the majority of their life in the juvenile "ammocoete" stage, where they burrow into the sediment and filter feed . Adult carnivorous lampreys are the most well-known species, and feed by boring into the flesh of other fish (or in rare cases marine mammals) to consume flesh and/or blood ; but only 18 species of lampreys engage in this predatory lifestyle (with Caspiomyzon suggested to feed on carrion rather than live prey ). Of

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1606-475: The Norte Chico civilization and Casma–Sechin culture from the northern coast of Peru. These civilizations built cities, pyramids, and plazas in the coastal river valleys of northern Peru with some ruins dating back to 3600 BCE . Easter Island , located about 3,500 kilometres from Chile and French Polynesia , is considered to be the most remote place on Earth to have been permanently inhabited by humans before

1679-561: The Pacific Islands in Oceania . Its surface is 80.9% water, compared with 60.7% water in the Northern Hemisphere , and it contains 32.7% of Earth's land. Owing to the tilt of Earth's rotation relative to the Sun and the ecliptic plane , summer is from December to February (inclusive) and winter is from June to August (inclusive). September 22 or 23 is the vernal equinox and March 20 or 21

1752-456: The T cells and B cells present in higher vertebrates immune system. Pouched lamprey ( Geotria australis ) larvae also have a very high tolerance for free iron in their bodies, and have well-developed biochemical systems for detoxification of the large quantities of these metal ions. The adults spawn in nests of sand, gravel and pebbles in clear streams. After hatching from the eggs, young larvae—called ammocoetes —will drift downstream with

1825-515: The otic vesicle . The lamprey has been extensively studied because its relatively simple brain is thought in many respects to reflect the brain structure of early vertebrate ancestors. Beginning in the 1970s, Sten Grillner and his colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm followed on from extensive work on the lamprey started by Carl Rovainen in the 1960s that used the lamprey as

1898-403: The pharyngeal slits , are openings found between the pharynx or throat. Pharyngeal slits are filter feeding organs that help the movement of water through the mouth and out of these slits when feeding. During the lamprey's larval stage they feed by filter feeding. Once lampreys reach their adult phase they become parasitic on other fish, and these gill slits become very important in aiding in

1971-400: The phylum Chordata , which also includes the invertebrate subphyla Tunicata (sea-squirts) and the fish-like Cephalochordata ( lancelets or Amphioxus). Recent molecular and morphological phylogenetic studies place lampreys and hagfish in the infraphylum Agnatha or Agnathostomata (both meaning without jaws). The other vertebrate infraphylum is Gnathostomata (jawed mouths) and includes

2044-591: The 11th-century Norman Conquest of England, lampreys were found as far upstream in the River Thames as Petersham . The reduction of pollution in the Thames and River Wear has led to recent sightings in London and Chester-le-Street . Distribution of lampreys may also be adversely affected by dams and other construction projects due to disruption of migration routes and obstruction of access to spawning grounds. Conversely,

2117-543: The 18 carnivorous species, nine migrate from saltwater to freshwater to breed (some of them also have freshwater populations), and nine live exclusively in freshwater. All non-carnivorous forms are freshwater species. Adults of the non-carnivorous species do not feed; they live on reserves acquired as ammocoetes. Lampreys live mostly in coastal and fresh waters and are found in most temperate regions. Some species (e.g. Geotria australis , Petromyzon marinus , and Entosphenus tridentatus ) travel significant distances in

2190-1068: The 20th century, both names were used indiscriminately, even by the same author in subsequent publications. In the mid-1970s, the ICZN was called upon to fix one name or the other, and after much debate had to resolve the issue by voting. Thus, in 1980, the spelling with a "t" won out, and in 1981, it became official that all higher-level taxa based on Petromyzon have to start with "Petromyzont-". Phylogeny based on Brownstein & Near, 2023. Geotria Gray 1851 (pouched lampreys) Mordacia Gray 1853 (southern topeyed lampreys) Caspiomyzon Berg 1906 Petromyzon Linnaeus 1758 ( Sea lamprey ) Ichthyomyzon Girard 1858 Entosphenus Gill 1863 Tetrapleurodon Creaser & Hubbs 1922 (Mexican lampreys) Western American " Lampetra " Lethenteron Creaser & Hubbs 1922 Eudontomyzon Regan 1911 Lampetra sensu stricto Bonnaterre 1788 (Eastern American and European Lampetra ) Recent studies differ regarding

2263-745: The Age of Discovery. It was settled by a Polynesian group known as the Rapa Nui . Areas of the Southern Hemisphere that had no contact with humans before the Age of Discovery include Christmas Island and Mauritius (in the Indian Ocean ), the Galápagos Islands , Juan Fernández Islands and Lord Howe Island (in the South Pacific), the Falkland Islands and Tristan da Cunha (in the South Atlantic ) and

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2336-557: The Carboniferous of France, often considered to be a hagfish , has been found to be a lamprey in some studies. The earliest lamprey with the specialised toothed oral disc typical of modern lampreys is Yanliaomyzon from the Middle Jurassic of China around 163 million years old, which is thought to have had a predatory lifestyle like modern lampreys, and probably had a three stage life cycle including ammocoetes. Mesomyzon from

2409-648: The Confederated Tribe of Siletz has a language program focused on Siletz Dee-ni , a loosely standardized variety of the Oregon Athabaskan language, which is a heritage language for many of the communities that make up Siletz. Human occupation of the coastal areas of the Coquille watershed dates back as far as 8,000 years, and 11,000 years in inland areas. Fish traps used on the lower Coquille River have been dated back at least 1,000 years. Extensive oral histories of

2482-672: The Coquille have been collected and preserved at the Coquille Indian Tribe Library in Coos Bay, Oregon . The Coquille fished in the tidewaters and estuaries along the Oregon coastline using fishing weirs and basket traps , and collected shellfish. Some lived in lean-tos made of cedar planks, others constructed homes on wood-frame poles out of willow frames covered with sod or grass reeds. Modern scholars have documented an extensive network of trails, footpaths, and canoe routes that

2555-1024: The Coquille people had developed by the time of contact by the North West Company's Alexander McLeod in 1826. After the treaty of 1855, the Coquille people were forced to move to the Coastal Indian Reservation (now the Siletz Reservation ). Today Coquille people may be part of one of two tribal entities: the Coquille Indian Tribe or the Confederated Tribes of the Siletz . The Rogue River Athabascan tribes (including Coquille), Takelma, Latgawa and Shasta peoples were in 19th century collectively known as Rogue River Indians. Lamprey Lampreys / ˈ l æ m p r eɪ z / (sometimes inaccurately called lamprey eels ) are

2628-464: The Early Cretaceous of China, which displays the three stage life cycle with ammocoetes, was found in one study to be more closely related to the family Petromyzonidae than to other living lampreys, though other studies have found it to be outside the group containing all living lampreys. Synapomorphies are certain characteristics that are shared over evolutionary history. Organisms possessing

2701-629: The Moon moves from right to left during solar eclipses. The Coriolis effect causes cyclones and tropical storms to spin clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, as opposed to anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. The southern temperate zone , a subsection of the Southern Hemisphere, is nearly all oceanic. The Sagittarius constellation that includes the galactic centre is a southern constellation as well as both Magellanic Clouds . This, combined with clearer skies, makes for excellent viewing of

2774-408: The Southern Hemisphere include Bali , Buenos Aires , Cape Town , Easter Island , Lima , Rio de Janeiro , Sydney and Tahiti . According to a 2017 report, the most popular Southern Hemisphere " bucket list " destinations among Australians were Antarctica , New Zealand , the Galápagos Islands , South Africa and Peru . Quito, Ecuador is the closest major city to the equatorial line on

2847-745: The Southern Hemisphere include São Paulo , where the B3 (stock exchange) is headquartered, along with Sydney, home to the Australian Securities Exchange , Jakarta, the seat of the Indonesia Stock Exchange , Johannesburg , home to the Johannesburg Stock Exchange , and Buenos Aires, headquarters of the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange , the oldest stock market in the Southern Hemisphere. Common tourist destinations in

2920-514: The Southern Hemisphere, the Sun passes from east to west through the north, although north of the Tropic of Capricorn the mean Sun can be directly overhead or due south at midday. The Sun follows a right-to-left trajectory through the northern sky unlike the left-to-right motion of the Sun when seen from the Northern Hemisphere as it passes through the southern sky. Sun-cast shadows turn anticlockwise throughout

2993-649: The Southern Hemisphere. It is thought that most modern lamprey diversity emerged during the Cenozoic, particularly within the last 10–20 million years. The oldest fossil lamprey, Priscomyzon , is known from the latest Devonian of South Africa around 360 million years ago, with other stem-group lampreys, like Pipiscius , Mayomyzon and Hardistiella known from the Carboniferous of North America. These Paleozoic stem-lampreys are small relative to modern lampreys, and while they had well developed oral discs with

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3066-594: The World classifies lampreys within the Class Petromyzontida, a taxon called Petromyzonti in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes . The debate about their systematics notwithstanding, lampreys constitute a single order Petromyzontiformes . Sometimes still seen is the alternative spelling "Petromyzoniformes" , based on the argument that the type genus is Petromyzon and not "Petromyzonta" or similar. Throughout most of

3139-473: The ammocoetes' feeding apparatus is the lowest recorded in any suspension feeding animal, and they therefore require water rich in nutrients to fulfill their nutritional needs. While the majority of (invertebrate) suspension feeders thrive in waters containing under 1 mg suspended organic solids per litre (<1 mg/L), ammocoetes demand minimum 4 mg/L, with concentrations in their habitats having been measured up to 40 mg/L. During metamorphosis

3212-408: The animal attach itself to its prey. Made of keratin and other proteins, lamprey teeth have a hollow core to give room for replacement teeth growing under the old ones. Some of the original blood-feeding forms have evolved into species that feed on both blood and flesh, and some who have become specialized to eat flesh and may even invade the internal organs of the host. Tissue feeders can also involve

3285-568: The body, which pull rather than push their bodies through the water. Different species of lamprey have many shared physical characteristics. The same anatomical structure can serve different functions in the lamprey depending on whether or not it is carnivorous . The mouth and suction capabilities of the lamprey not only allow it to cling to a fish as a parasite , but provide it with limited climbing ability so that it can travel upstream and up ramps or rocks to breed. This ability has been studied in an attempt to better understand how lampreys battle

3358-583: The classes Chondrichthyes (sharks), Osteichthyes (bony fishes), Amphibia , Reptilia , Aves , and Mammalia . Some researchers have classified lampreys as the sole surviving representatives of the Linnean class Cephalaspidomorphi . Cephalaspidomorpha is sometimes given as a subclass of the Cephalaspidomorphi. Fossil evidence now suggests lampreys and cephalaspids acquired their shared characters by convergent evolution . The 5th edition of Fishes of

3431-512: The coast of Tanzania , may be older than Bogor. A Greco-Roman text written between 1 and 100 CE , the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , mentioned the island of Menuthias ( Ancient Greek : Μενουθιάς) as a trading port on the east African coast, which is probably the small Tanzanian island of Unguja on which Zanzibar is located. The oldest monumental civilizations in the Southern Hemisphere are

3504-524: The construction of artificial channels has exposed new habitats for colonisation, notably in North America where sea lampreys have become a significant introduced pest in the Great Lakes . Active control programs to control lampreys are undergoing modifications due to concerns of drinking water quality in some areas. Adults superficially resemble eels in that they have scaleless , elongated bodies, with

3577-492: The current and move forward despite only being able to hold onto the rock at a single point. Some scientists are also hoping to design ramps that will optimize the lamprey's climbing ability, as lampreys are valued as food in the Northwest United States and need to travel upstream to reproduce. Many lampreys exhibit countershading , a form of camouflage . Similarly to many other aquatic species, most lampreys have

3650-429: The current till they reach soft and fine sediment in silt beds, where they will burrow in silt, mud and detritus, taking up an existence as filter feeders, collecting detritus, algae, and microorganisms. The eyes of the larvae are underdeveloped, but are capable of discriminating changes in illuminance. Ammocoetes can grow from 3–4 inches (8–10 centimetres) to about 8 inches (20 cm). Many species change color during

3723-521: The day and sundials have the hours increasing in the anticlockwise direction. During solar eclipses viewed from a point to the south of the Tropic of Capricorn, the Moon moves from left to right on the disc of the Sun (see, for example, photos with timings of the solar eclipse of November 13, 2012 ), while viewed from a point to the north of the Tropic of Cancer (i.e., in the Northern Hemisphere),

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3796-410: The defining characteristics of a chordate. The notochord provides signaling and mechanical cues to help the organism when swimming. The dorsal nerve cord is another characteristic of lampreys that defines them as chordates. During development this part of the ectoderm rolls creating a hollow tube. This is often why it is referred to as the dorsal "hollow" nerve cord. The third chordate feature, which are

3869-421: The eggs are fertilized. Research on sea lampreys has revealed that sexually mature males use a specialized heat-producing tissue in the form of a ridge of fat cells near the anterior dorsal fin to stimulate females. After having attracted a female with pheromones, the heat detected by the female through body contact will encourage spawning. Taxonomists place lampreys and hagfish in the subphylum Vertebrata of

3942-492: The flesh of their prey to yield blood. The last common ancestor of lampreys appears to have been specialized to feed on the blood and body fluids of other fish after metamorphosis. They attach their mouthparts to the target animal's body, then use three horny plates (laminae) on the tip of their piston-like tongue, one transversely and two longitudinally placed, to scrape through surface tissues until they reach body fluids. The teeth on their oral disc are primarily used to help

4015-470: The highest number of chromosomes (164–174) among vertebrates. Due to certain peculiarities in their adaptive immune system , the study of lampreys provides valuable insight into the evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity. Generated from a somatic recombination of leucine-rich repeat gene segments, lamprey leukocytes express surface variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs). This convergently evolved characteristic allows them to have lymphocytes that work as

4088-428: The jaws of juvenile lampreys, a muscular flap-like structure called the velum is present, which serves to generate a water current towards the mouth opening, which enables feeding and respiration. The unique morphological characteristics of lampreys, such as their cartilaginous skeleton , suggest they are the sister taxon (see cladistics ) of all living jawed vertebrates ( gnathostomes ). They are usually considered

4161-515: The lamprey loses both the gallbladder and the biliary tract , and the endostyle turns into a thyroid gland. Some species, including those that are not carnivorous and do not feed even following metamorphosis, live in freshwater for their entire lifecycle, spawning and dying shortly after metamorphosing. In contrast, many species are anadromous and migrate to the sea, beginning to prey on other animals while still swimming downstream after their metamorphosis provides them with eyes, teeth, and

4234-507: The largest country by land area in the Southern Hemisphere, while more than 150 million live in Java , the most populous island in the world. The most populous country in the Southern Hemisphere is Indonesia , with 275 million people (roughly 30 million of whom live north of the Equator on the northern portions of the islands of Sumatra , Borneo , and Sulawesi , as well as most of North Maluku , while

4307-436: The largest species, the sea lamprey having a maximum body length of around 1.2 metres (3.9 ft). Lacking paired fins , adult lampreys have one nostril atop the head and seven gill pores on each side of the head. The brain of the lamprey is divided into the telencephalon , diencephalon , midbrain , cerebellum , and medulla . Lampreys have been described as the only living vertebrates to have four eyes, having

4380-444: The length of its body as an adult. These markings can also sometimes be used to determine what stage of the life cycle the lamprey is in; G. australis individuals lose these stripes when they approach the reproductive phase and begin to travel upstream. Another example is Petromyzon marinus , which shifts to more of an orange color as it reaches the reproductive stage in its life cycle. Northern lampreys ( Petromyzontidae ) have

4453-462: The most basal group of the Vertebrata . Instead of true vertebrae, they have a series of cartilaginous structures called arcualia arranged above the notochord. Hagfish , which resemble lampreys, have traditionally been considered the sister taxon of the true vertebrates (lampreys and gnathostomes) but DNA evidence suggests that they are in fact the sister taxon of lampreys. The heart of the lamprey

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4526-406: The network scheme despite claims by Grillner that the network is characterised (Parker 2006, 2010 ). Spinal cord circuits are controlled by specific locomotor areas in the brainstem and midbrain, and these areas are in turn controlled by higher brain structures, including the basal ganglia and tectum . Southern Hemisphere The Southern Hemisphere is the half ( hemisphere ) of Earth that

4599-401: The night sky from the Southern Hemisphere with brighter and more numerous stars. Forests in the Southern Hemisphere have special features which set them apart from those in the Northern Hemisphere. Both Chile and Australia share, for example, unique beech species or Nothofagus , and New Zealand has members of the closely related genera Lophozonia and Fuscospora . The eucalyptus

4672-459: The only other living group of jawless fish, than they are to jawed vertebrates , forming the superclass Cyclostomi . The oldest fossils of stem-group lampreys are from the latest Devonian Period , around 360 million years ago, with modern looking forms only appearing during the Jurassic Period , around 163 million years ago, with the modern families likely splitting from each sometime between

4745-408: The open ocean, as evidenced by their lack of reproductive isolation between populations. Other species are found in land-locked lakes. Their larvae ( ammocoetes ) have a low tolerance for high water temperatures, which may explain why they are not distributed in the tropics. Lamprey distribution may be adversely affected by river habitat loss, overfishing and pollution. In Britain, at the time of

4818-488: The parapineal organ. One of the key physical components to the lamprey are the intestines , which are located ventral to the notochord . Intestines aid in osmoregulation by intaking water from its environment and desalinating the water they intake to an iso-osmotic state with respect to blood, and are also responsible for digestion . Studies have shown that lampreys are among the most energy-efficient swimmers. Their swimming movements generate low-pressure zones around

4891-476: The planet, and Ushuaia, Argentina claims the title of world's southernmost city. Cape Town, Christchurch , Hobart , Punta Arenas and Ushuaia are officially acknowledged as the five international Antarctic gateway cities that serve as primary entry points for travel to the Antarctic region. Among the most developed nations in the Southern Hemisphere is Australia, with a nominal GDP per capita of US$ 63,487 and

4964-425: The respiration of the organism. The final chordate synapomorphy is the post anal tail, which is muscular and extends behind the anus. Oftentimes adult amphioxus and lamprey larvae are compared by anatomists due to their similarities. Similarities between adult amphioxus and lamprey larvae include a pharynx with pharyngeal slits, a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and a series of somites that extend anterior to

5037-659: The rest of the archipelago is located in the Southern Hemisphere, and it is deemed by the International Hydrographic Organization as being wholly within the South Pacific Ocean, rather than the North Pacific. More than 850 million people live in the Southern Hemisphere, representing around 10–12% of the total global human population. Of those 850 million people, more than 203 million live in Brazil ,

5110-1040: The rest of the population lives in the Southern Hemisphere). Portuguese is the most spoken language in the Southern Hemisphere, with over 230 million speakers in six countries – mostly in Brazil, but also in Angola , Mozambique , East Timor , and small parts of Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe that lie south of the Equator . Among the largest metropolitan areas in the Southern Hemisphere are Jakarta (34 million people), São Paulo (22 million), Kinshasa-Brazzaville (19 million), Buenos Aires (16 million), Rio de Janeiro (12 million), Johannesburg , Lima (11 million each), Surabaya (10 million), Bandung (9 million), Luanda (8 million), Dar es Salaam , Santiago (7 million each), Belo Horizonte , Semarang (6 million each), Sydney , Melbourne and Cape Town (5 million each). Important financial and commercial centres in

5183-441: The teeth on the oral disc in the excision of tissue. As a result, the flesh-feeders have smaller buccal glands as they do not require the production of anticoagulant continuously and mechanisms for preventing solid material entering the branchial pouches, which could otherwise potentially clog the gills. A study of the stomach content of some lampreys has shown the remains of intestines, fins and vertebrae from their prey. Close to

5256-531: The timing of the last common ancestor of all living lampreys, with some suggesting a Middle Jurassic date, around 175 million years ago, while other studies have suggested a younger split, dating to the Late Cretaceous. The older date study posited that the Northern and Southern Hemisphere lampreys diverged as part of the breakup of Pangea , while the Late Cretaceous study suggested that modern lampreys emerged in

5329-529: The world) and 0.420 (number 187 in the world), respectively. The nominal GDPs per capita of these two countries do not go above US$ 650, a tiny fraction of the incomes enjoyed by Australians and New Zealanders. The Southern Hemisphere has long been secondary in the global distribution of demographic, economic and political power, as it has less land than the Northern Hemisphere. In recent times, however, countries such as Australia have made greater efforts to economically engage with those from their hemisphere. Before

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