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65-867: It is located in Vatnajökull National Park and at the glacier edge are ice caves and some geothermal features. The main volume of the Jökulsá á Fjöllum river flows from the Kverkfjöll area. The Volga River directly drains the Kverkjökull glacier into the Jökulsá á Fjöllum. These river systems have had significant jökulhlaups during the Holocene that are related to the three active volcanic systems of Bárðarbunga, Grímsvötn and Kverkfjöll but assignment has been difficult to individual volcanic systems. The maximum elevation of

130-512: A reflexive pronoun instead. The case of the pronoun depends on the case that the verb governs. As for further classification of verbs, Icelandic behaves much like other Germanic languages, with a main division between weak verbs and strong, and the strong verbs, of which there are about 150 to 200, are divided into six classes plus reduplicative verbs. The basic word order in Icelandic is subject–verb–object . However, as words are heavily inflected,

195-488: A campsite are located in Ásbyrgi, along with a campsite in Vesturdalur [ˈvɛstʏrˌtaːlʏr̥] . The Eastern Territory includes Kverkfjöll mountains and north-eastern Vatnajökull, as well as the expanses of Snæfellsöræfi [ˈstnaiːˌfɛlsˌœːrˌaiːvɪ] . A visitor centre is located at Skriðuklaustur . The Southern Territory extends throughout the south-eastern part of Vatnajökull, or from Lómagnúpur mountain in

260-433: A historical or a formalistic view: -a , -i , and -ur , referring to the endings that these verbs take when conjugated in the first person singular present. Almost all Icelandic verbs have the ending -a in the infinitive, some with á , two with u ( munu , skulu ) one with o ( þvo : "wash") and one with e . Many transitive verbs (i.e. they require an object ), can take

325-647: A major change in practice. Later 20th-century changes include the use of é instead of je and the replacement of z with s in 1974. Apart from the addition of new vocabulary, written Icelandic has not changed substantially since the 11th century, when the first texts were written on vellum . Modern speakers can understand the original sagas and Eddas which were written about eight hundred years ago. The sagas are usually read with updated modern spelling and footnotes, but otherwise are intact (as with recent English editions of Shakespeare's works). With some effort, many Icelanders can also understand

390-722: A monophthong and adding either /i/ or /u/ to it. All the vowels can either be long or short; vowels in open syllables are long, and vowels in closed syllables are short. Icelandic retains many grammatical features of other ancient Germanic languages , and resembles Old Norwegian before much of its fusional inflection was lost. Modern Icelandic is still a heavily inflected language with four cases : nominative , accusative , dative and genitive . Icelandic nouns can have one of three grammatical genders : masculine, feminine or neuter. There are two main declension paradigms for each gender: strong and weak nouns , and these are further divided into subclasses of nouns, based primarily on

455-403: A protectionist language culture, however, this is deep-rooted ideologically primarily in relation to the forms of the language, while Icelanders in general seem to be more pragmatic as to domains of language use. Since the late 16th century, discussion has been ongoing on the purity of the Icelandic language. The bishop Oddur Einarsson wrote in 1589 that the language has remained unspoiled since

520-429: Is Europe's largest glacier outside the arctic, with a surface area of 8,100 km . Generally measuring 400–600 m in thickness and at the most 950 m, the glacial ice conceals a number of mountains, valleys and plateaus. It even hides some active central volcanoes , of which Bárðarbunga is the largest and Grímsvötn the most active. While the icecap rises at its highest to over 2,000 m above sea level,

585-404: Is evident in general language discourses, in polls, and in other investigations into Icelandic language attitudes. The general consensus on Icelandic language policy has come to mean that language policy and language ideology discourse are not predominantly state or elite driven; but rather, remain the concern of lay people and the general public. The Icelandic speech community is perceived to have

650-585: Is located in Kirkjubæjarklaustur , jointly run by the national park and the local community. The visitor centre in Skaftafell is open all year round. The visitor centres in Ásbyrgi and Skriðuklaustur are open from the beginning of May throughout September, but can be opened during winter on appointment. Most of the national park's highland area is however inaccessible during the winter. National park rangers conduct patrols and provide educational services in

715-461: Is located just north-west to the northern caldera. Further than the flood, due to the release of water pressure, there were subsequent significant hydrothermal explosions in the lake bed. Similar water floods or eruptions may have occurred since the since the mid-17th century. A hydrothermal eruption occurred in 1968, 500 m (1,600 ft) to the west of the Gengissig depression, and jökulhlaups from

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780-408: Is more conservative than most other Germanic languages. While most of them have greatly reduced levels of inflection (particularly noun declension ), Icelandic retains a four- case synthetic grammar (comparable to German , though considerably more conservative and synthetic) and is distinguished by a wide assortment of irregular declensions. Icelandic vocabulary is also deeply conservative, with

845-647: Is not very well known and because those Icelanders not proficient in the other Scandinavian languages often have a sufficient grasp of English to communicate with institutions in that language (although there is evidence that the general English skills of Icelanders have been somewhat overestimated). The Nordic countries have committed to providing services in various languages to each other's citizens, but this does not amount to any absolute rights being granted, except as regards criminal and court matters. All Icelandic stops are voiceless and are distinguished as such by aspiration . Stops are realised post-aspirated when at

910-543: Is one of three national parks in Iceland , and is the largest one. It encompasses all of Vatnajökull glacier and extensive surrounding areas. These include the national parks previously existing at Skaftafell in the southwest and Jökulsárgljúfur in the north. The unique qualities of Vatnajökull National Park are primarily its great variety of landscape features, created by the combined forces of rivers, glacial ice, and volcanic and geothermal activity. The park spans 14% of

975-499: Is said to be before and after 1540. East Germanic languages West Germanic languages Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Danish Swedish Around 900 CE, the language spoken in the Faroes was Old Norse , which Norse settlers had brought with them during the time of the settlement of Faroe Islands ( landnám ) that began in 825. However, many of the settlers were not from Scandinavia , but descendants of Norse settlers in

1040-550: Is still a conscious effort to create new words, especially for science and technology, with many societies publishing dictionaries, some with the help of The Icelandic Language Committee ( Íslensk málnefnd ). The Icelandic alphabet is notable for its retention of three old letters that no longer exist in the English alphabet : Þ, þ ( þorn , modern English "thorn"), Ð, ð ( eð , anglicised as "eth" or "edh") and Æ, æ (æsc, anglicised as "ash" or "asc"), with þ and ð representing

1105-558: The First Grammatical Treatise by an anonymous author, who has later been referred to as the First Grammarian. The later Rasmus Rask standard was a re-creation of the old treatise, with some changes to fit concurrent Germanic conventions, such as the exclusive use of k rather than c . Various archaic features, such as the letter ð , had not been used much in later centuries. Rask's standard constituted

1170-462: The Brúarjökull outlet glaciers of Vatnajökull. To the north of the central volcano there is a fissure swarm striking N20-30°E for 130 km (81 mi) and to the south of the central volcano it is possible that a subglacial fissure swarm extends for 10–25 km (6.2–15.5 mi). The area north of Kverkfjöll has been altered by large floods originating from the northern part of Vatnajökull with

1235-585: The Irish Sea region. In addition, women from Norse Ireland, Orkney , or Shetland often married native Scandinavian men before settling in the Faroe Islands and Iceland. As a result, the Irish language has had some influence on both Faroese and Icelandic. The oldest preserved texts in Icelandic were written around 1100. Many of the texts are based on poetry and laws traditionally preserved orally. The most famous of

1300-551: The bishop and members of parliament . Early Icelandic vocabulary was largely Old Norse with a few words being Celtic from when Celts first settled in Iceland. The introduction of Christianity to Iceland in the 11th century brought with it a need to describe new religious concepts . The majority of new words were taken from other Scandinavian languages ; kirkja ("church"), for example. Numerous other languages have influenced Icelandic: French brought many words related to

1365-444: The genitive singular and nominative plural endings of a particular noun. For example, within the strong masculine nouns, there is a subclass (class 1) that declines with -s ( hests ) in the genitive singular and -ar ( hestar ) in the nominative plural. However, there is another subclass (class 3) of strong masculine nouns that always declines with -ar ( hlutar ) in the genitive singular and -ir ( hlutir ) in

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1430-520: The voiceless and voiced "th" sounds (as in English thin and this ), respectively, and æ representing the diphthong /ai/ which does not exist in English. The complete Icelandic alphabet is: The letters with diacritics , such as á and ö , are for the most part treated as separate letters and not variants of their derivative vowels. The letter é officially replaced je in 1929, although it had been used in early manuscripts (until

1495-687: The Gengissig depression occurred in 2002, 1997, 1993, 1987 and 1985. Other low grade, possibly hydrothermal, eruptions assigned to the system, have occurred in 1968, 1959, 1929, 1729 (two), and 1655. At least two very large pre-history Holocene jökulhlaups that have had subsequent lava flows over them could have been generated by Kverkfjöll. Before this a tephra layer called the Fugloyarbanki tephra from 27,000 years ago came from Kverkfjöll. Vatnaj%C3%B6kull National Park Vatnajökull National Park ( Icelandic : Vatnajökulsþjóðgarður pronounced [ˈvahtnaˌjœːkʏlsˌθjouðˌkarðʏr̥] )

1560-406: The Kverkfjöll central volcano was interpreted as a 0.04–0.05 km (0.0096–0.0120 cu mi) dyke intrusion. The most recent volcanic subaerial eruption occurred about 1300 years ago from the northern fissure swarm and produced a lava flow covering about 20 km (7.7 sq mi). In 2013 a jökulhlaup occurred that emptied the water-filled Gengissig depression hydrothermal area, that

1625-510: The National Park with its wide range of elevations. Precipitation in low-lying areas south of the Vatnajökull ice cap is considerable, ranging from 1,000 mm a year to 3,000 mm per year. Temperatures range between 10 °C and 20 °C in summer, while winters are rather mild (the thermometer rarely falls below −10 °C and the temperature is often well above freezing point). In

1690-432: The above examples, the conjugated verbs veit and fór are always the second element in their respective clauses. A distinction between formal and informal address ( T–V distinction ) had existed in Icelandic from the 17th century, but use of the formal variant weakened in the 1950s and rapidly disappeared. It no longer exists in regular speech, but may occasionally be found in pre-written speeches addressed to

1755-632: The authorities on language policy . Since 1995, on 16 November each year, the birthday of 19th-century poet Jónas Hallgrímsson is celebrated as Icelandic Language Day . Icelandic is an Indo-European language and belongs to the North Germanic group of the Germanic languages . Icelandic is further classified as a West Scandinavian language. Icelandic is derived from an earlier language Old Norse , which later became Old Icelandic and currently Modern Icelandic. The division between old and modern Icelandic

1820-408: The beginning of the word, but pre-aspirated when occurring within a word. Scholten (2000 , p. 22) includes three extra phones: [ʔ l̥ˠ lˠ] . Word-final voiced consonants are devoiced pre-pausally, so that dag ('day (acc.)') is pronounced as [ˈtaːx] and dagur ('day (nom.)') is pronounced [ˈtaːɣʏr̥] . Icelandic has 8 monophthongs and 5 diphthongs. The diphthongs are created by taking

1885-530: The central volcano at the peak of Skarphéðinstindur is 1,933 m (6,342 ft). The central volcano is mainly situated under Kverkjökull , an outlet glacier of Vatnajökull. The Kverkjökull icecap to the north-west of Skarphéðinstindur, has a maximum elevation of 1,860 m (6,100 ft). To the west of Kverkjökull is the Dyngjujökull outlet glacier and to its east is the Skarphéðinsjökull adjacent to

1950-580: The central volcanoes of the Grímsvötn and Bárdarbunga that are inferred to be closer to the Iceland mantle plume . The mantle is at about 40 km (25 mi) depth under Kverkfjöll, with lower crustal magma intrusion to pockets that are about 10 km (6.2 mi) deep, and its hydrothermal system being driven by a magma intrusion pocket about 3 km (1.9 mi) deep with the hydrothermal water reservoir being at about 2 km (1.2 mi) deep. Tephra studies have identified up to seventy eruptions in

2015-546: The council does publish material in Icelandic). Under the Nordic Language Convention , since 1987 Icelandic citizens have had the right to use Icelandic when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries, without becoming liable for any interpretation or translation costs. The convention covers visits to hospitals, job centres, the police, and social security offices. It does not have much effect since it

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2080-520: The countries area, and of it the glacier itself is 7,700 square kilometres (3,000 sq mi) (the glacier is the largest one in Europe), it's Europe's second largest national park in terms of area after Yugyd Va in the Ural Mountains of Russia. In 2019 the park was enlarged to the north. On 5 July 2019 Vatnajökull National Park was inscribed as a World Heritage Site . Vatnajökull National Park

2145-632: The country's language regulator maintaining an active policy of coining terms based on older Icelandic words rather than directly taking in loanwords from other languages. Aside from the 300,000 Icelandic speakers in Iceland, Icelandic is spoken by about 8,000 people in Denmark, 5,000 people in the United States, and more than 1,400 people in Canada, notably in the region known as New Iceland in Manitoba which

2210-502: The court and knightship; words in the semantic field of trade and commerce have been borrowed from Low German because of trade connections. In the late 18th century, linguistic purism began to gain noticeable ground in Iceland and since the early 19th century it has been the linguistic policy of the country. Nowadays, it is common practice to coin new compound words from Icelandic derivatives. Icelandic personal names are patronymic (and sometimes matronymic ) in that they reflect

2275-402: The general population. Though more archaic than the other living Germanic languages, Icelandic changed markedly in pronunciation from the 12th to the 16th century, especially in vowels (in particular, á , æ , au , and y / ý ). The letters -ý & -y lost their original meaning and merged with -í & -i in the period 1400 - 1600. Around the same time or a little earlier

2340-444: The glacier base reaches its lowest point 300 m below sea level. Nowhere in Iceland, with the exception of Mýrdalsjökull glacier, does more precipitation fall or more water drain to the sea than on the south side of Vatnajökull. In fact, so much water is currently stored in Vatnajökull that the Icelandic river with the greatest flow, Ölfusá , would need over 200 years to carry this quantity of water to sea. The scenery encircling

2405-508: The glacier is extremely varied. Towards the north, the highland plateau is divided by glacial rivers, with powerful flows in summer. The volcanoes of Askja , Kverkfjöll and Snæfell [ˈstnaiːˌfɛtl̥] tower over this region, together with the volcanic table mountain Herðubreið . Long ago, huge glacial floods carved out the canyon of Jökulsárgljúfur in the northern reaches of this plateau. The mighty Dettifoss waterfall still thunders into

2470-430: The heights being tindars and hyaloclastite ridges orientated towards the nor-north-east. The Holocene active volcanic fissures are mostly confined to the nor-north-east orientated Kverkfjöll fissure swarm (Kverkfjallarani western ridge), rather than the north-east orientated Kverkárnes fissure swarm (Kverkhnjúkar eastern ridge). The 2014 to 2015 erupted Holuhraun lava field is approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) to

2535-429: The highlands as rain while warmer, drier air flows down to lower ground on the other side. The difference in temperature can be 10 °C or greater. Vatnajökull National Park is divided into four territories, each of them locally managed. The Northern Territory consists of north-western Vatnajökull, Askja caldera and its surroundings, Jökulsárgljúfur canyon and some of Jökulsá á Fjöllum riverbed. A visitor centre and

2600-454: The highlands, most ranger stations offer daily interpretive walks from early July until mid-August. Icelandic language Icelandic ( / aɪ s ˈ l æ n d ɪ k / eyess- LAN -dik ; endonym : íslenska , pronounced [ˈistlɛnska] ) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about 314,000 people,

2665-429: The ice cap it drops to between 350 and 450 mm per year, the lowest in Iceland. Precipitation increases closer to the north coast and in parts of the highlands such as at Askja. Temperatures can fall quite low in clear and calm weather during winter. Southerly winds generally mean little or no precipitation in the north, along with higher temperatures. Northerly winds bring clouds, with cool and possibly wet weather in

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2730-471: The immediate father or mother of the child and not the historic family lineage. This system, which was formerly used throughout the Nordic area and beyond, differs from most Western systems of family name . In most Icelandic families, the ancient tradition of patronymics is still in use; i.e. a person uses their father's name (usually) or mother's name (increasingly in recent years) in the genitive form followed by

2795-404: The landscape west of Vatnajökull, where two of the world's greatest fissure and lava eruptions of historical times occurred, at Eldgjá in 934 and Lakagígar 1783–1784. Vonarskarð [ˈvɔːnarˌskarθ] , northwest of the glacier, is a colourful high-temperature area and a watershed between North and South Iceland. The weather can vary considerably in an area as extensive as that covered by

2860-402: The last 6500 years, but the volcano has been in relative repose in the last thousand years and had also been inactive for a period between 3000 and 4000 years ago. Tholeiite basalt tephra from the volcano has been found to the west from eruptions dated 5850 ± 200 and 10630 ± 150 BP . An earthquake swarm in 2007 to 2008 near Mount Upptyppingar, which is 40–50 km (25–31 mi) north-east of

2925-452: The letter -æ originally signifying a simple vowel, a type of open -e, formed into the double vowel -ai, a double vowel absent in the original Icelandic. The modern Icelandic alphabet has developed from a standard established in the 19th century, primarily by the Danish linguist Rasmus Rask . It is based strongly on an orthography laid out in the early 12th century by a document referred to as

2990-488: The lowlands. The southernmost part of the glacier envelops the central volcano Öræfajökull and Iceland's highest peak, Hvannadalshnjúkur . Sheltered by the high ice, the vegetated oasis of Skaftafell overlooks the black sands deposited to its west by the river Skeiðará . These sands are mostly composed of ash which stems from the frequent eruptions at Grímsvötn and is brought to the coast by jökulhlaups , or glacial floods. Substantial volcanic activity also characterises

3055-639: The middle voice is a voice or simply an independent class of verbs of its own, as every middle-voice verb has an active-voice ancestor, but sometimes with drastically different meaning, and the middle-voice verbs form a conjugation group of their own. Examples are koma ("come") vs. komast ("get there"), drepa ("kill") vs. drepast ("perish ignominiously") and taka ("take") vs. takast ("manage to"). Verbs have up to ten tenses, but Icelandic, like English, forms most of them with auxiliary verbs . There are three or four main groups of weak verbs in Icelandic, depending on whether one takes

3120-418: The morpheme -son ("son") or -dóttir ("daughter") in lieu of family names. In 2019, changes were announced to the laws governing names. Icelanders who are officially registered with non-binary gender will be permitted to use the suffix -bur ("child of") instead of -son or -dóttir . A core theme of Icelandic language ideologies is grammatical, orthographic and lexical purism for Icelandic. This

3185-401: The mountains and on the ice cap itself, annual precipitation can reach to between 4,000 and 5,000 mm, for the most part in the form of snow. The depth of snow on Öræfajökull after a high-precipitation winter is between 10 and 15 m. Some of the snow will melt, while the rest forms glacial ice. This process happens everywhere above the snowline on the Vatnajökull ice cap. Temperatures on

3250-445: The nominative plural. Additionally, Icelandic permits a quirky subject , that is, certain verbs have subjects in an oblique case (i.e. other than the nominative). Nouns, adjectives and pronouns are declined in the four cases and for number in the singular and plural. Verbs are conjugated for tense , mood , person , number and voice . There are three voices: active, passive and middle (or medial), but it may be debated whether

3315-434: The north of the country, while the south is brighter and milder. The same applies to westerly or south westerly winds, which bring warmer weather in the east. The reverse is true of easterly winds, which bring coolness and precipitation in the east and dry, better weather in the west of Iceland. This is the result of the phenomenon of foehn wind . Humid, rather cool air rises as it nears the highlands; condensation then falls in

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3380-467: The north-west of Kverkfjöll but is related to the adjacent Bárðarbunga volcanic system. While the dominant magma is tholeiite basalt , samples of some rocks carried in the Kverkjökull glacier have been silicic and presumably originate from the central volcano, which is a stratovolcano . There is a geothermal field just beyond the western rim of the northern most caldera. This has created ice–dammed lakes called Gengissig and Galtarlón. They are drained by

3445-591: The original manuscripts. According to an act passed by the Parliament in 2011, Icelandic is "the national language of the Icelandic people and the official language in Iceland"; moreover, "[p]ublic authorities shall ensure that its use is possible in all areas of Icelandic society". Iceland is a member of the Nordic Council , a forum for co-operation between the Nordic countries, but the council uses only Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish as its working languages (although

3510-448: The park's highland areas. The opening times of the stations vary from area to area, with the first rangers arriving when the relevant highland roads are opened, soon after the middle of June, and the last rangers leaving at the end of September. During the summer, national park rangers offer short walks with an emphasis on nature interpretation. From mid-June to mid-August, rangers guide daily interpretive walks at Ásbyrgi and Skaftafell. In

3575-399: The southern part of the ice cap are almost always below zero in winter and can reach −20 °C or −30 °C. High winds and storms are common, and therefore wind-chill has to be taken into account as the wind can have a substantial effect on outdoor comfort, even when the ambient temperature is relatively high. Further north beyond the ice cap, annual precipitation decreases. North-east of

3640-548: The texts, which were written in Iceland from the 12th century onward, are the sagas of Icelanders , which encompass the historical works and the Poetic Edda . The language of the sagas is Old Icelandic , a western dialect of Old Norse . The Dano-Norwegian , then later Danish rule of Iceland from 1536 to 1918 had little effect on the evolution of Icelandic (in contrast to the Norwegian language), which remained in daily use among

3705-452: The thermal Volga river. Beyond the eastern rim of the northern caldera is another thermal river, the Hveragil that drains geothermal areas along the eastern northern caldera margin. The oldest identified rocks are 780,000 years old. The tectonic context is that the Kverkfjöll volcanic system is part of the divergent plate boundary northern volcanic zone of Iceland slightly to the north-east of

3770-446: The time the ancient literature of Iceland was written. Later in the 18th century the purism movement grew and more works were translated into Icelandic, especially in areas that Icelandic had hardly ever been used in. Many neologisms were introduced, with many of them being loan-translations. In the early 19th century, due to the influence of romanticism , importance was put on the purity of spoken language as well. The written language

3835-503: The upper end of this canyon, while the scenic formations at Hljóðaklettar [ˈl̥jouːðaˌkʰlɛhtar̥] and the horseshoe-curved cliffs of Ásbyrgi are found farther north. Broad wetlands and expansive ranges distinguish the areas near the glacier and farther east, around Snæfell. These areas are an important habitat for reindeer and pink-footed geese. The south side of Vatnajökull is characterised by many high, majestic mountain ridges, with outlet glaciers descending between them onto

3900-571: The vast majority of whom live in Iceland , where it is the national language. Since it is a West Scandinavian language , it is most closely related to Faroese , western Norwegian dialects , and the extinct language Norn . It is not mutually intelligible with the continental Scandinavian languages ( Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ) and is more distinct from the most widely spoken Germanic languages, English and German . The written forms of Icelandic and Faroese are very similar, but their spoken forms are not mutually intelligible . The language

3965-518: The west to Lón [ˈlouːn] and Lónsöræfi in the east. A visitor centre and a campsite are located in Skaftafell. Information centres in co-operation with the national park are run in Höfn , Hoffell , Hólmur [ˈhoulmʏr̥] and Skálafell [ˈskauːlaˌfɛtl̥] . The Western Territory extends over the south-western part of Vatnajökull and a large area outside the glacier, including Lakagígar craters and Langisjór. An information centre

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4030-455: The word order is fairly flexible, and every combination may occur in poetry; SVO, SOV, VSO, VOS, OSV and OVS are all allowed for metrical purposes. However, as with most Germanic languages, Icelandic usually complies with the V2 word order restriction, so the conjugated verb in Icelandic usually appears as the second element in the clause, preceded by the word or phrase being emphasised. For example: In

4095-479: Was also brought closer to the spoken language, as the sentence structure of literature had previously been influenced by Danish and German . The changes brought by the purism movement have had the most influence on the written language, as many speakers use foreign words freely in speech but try to avoid them in writing. The success of the many neologisms created from the movement has also been variable as some loanwords have not been replaced with native ones. There

4160-464: Was established on 7 June 2008. When established, the park covered an area of 12,000 km , but with later additions of Lakagígar , Langisjór , Krepputunga [ˈkʰrɛhpʏˌtʰuŋka] and Jökulsárlón (including its surrounding areas) it now covers 14,967 km or approximately 14% of Iceland, making it Europe's second largest national park in terms of area after Yugyd Va in Russia. Vatnajökull

4225-453: Was settled by Icelanders beginning in the 1880s. The state-funded Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies serves as a centre for preserving the medieval Icelandic manuscripts and studying the language and its literature. The Icelandic Language Council, comprising representatives of universities, the arts, journalists, teachers, and the Ministry of Culture, Science and Education , advises

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