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31-561: The area is a plateau in form, of complex tectonic and morphological structure, subdivided by the river valleys. One of the main features is the Resava Cave . North of Resava Cave is the natural monument Lisine, which comprises two waterfalls, Veliko Vrelo and Veliki Buk. The Lisine hydro-complex and Resava Cave are under one administration. In 2017 the Government of Serbia and Institute for Nature Protection began preliminary actions into creating

62-523: A natural reservoir of many pathogens , such as rabies ; and since they are highly mobile, social, and long-lived, they can readily spread disease among themselves. If humans interact with bats, these traits become potentially dangerous to humans. Some bats are also predators of mosquitoes , suppressing the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases . Depending on the culture, bats may be symbolically associated with positive traits, such as protection from certain diseases or risks, rebirth, or long life, but in

93-973: A 2005 DNA study. A 2013 phylogenomic study supported the two new proposed suborders. Yangochiroptera (as above) [REDACTED] Pteropodidae (megabats) [REDACTED] Megadermatidae (false vampire bats) [REDACTED] horseshoe bats and allies [REDACTED] The 2003 discovery of an early fossil bat from the 52-million-year-old Green River Formation , Onychonycteris finneyi , indicates that flight evolved before echolocative abilities. Onychonycteris had claws on all five of its fingers, whereas modern bats have at most two claws on two digits of each hand. It also had longer hind legs and shorter forearms, similar to climbing mammals that hang under branches, such as sloths and gibbons . This palm-sized bat had short, broad wings, suggesting that it could not fly as fast or as far as later bat species. Instead of flapping its wings continuously while flying, Onychonycteris probably alternated between flaps and glides in

124-587: A new national park , which would cover the mountainous Kučaj - Beljanica region. It is supposed to be the largest national park in Serbia, which would, among other, encompass the Resava Cave, Lisine complex and some of the oldest, intact forest in the country, like the Vinatovača rainforest , which remained intact since the mid 17th century. Bats (traditional): (present): Bats are flying mammals of

155-408: A new national park , which would cover the mountainous Kučaj- Beljanica region. It is supposed to be the sixth and the largest national park in Serbia encompassing the Resava Cave, Lisine complex and some of the oldest, intact forest in the country, like the Vinatovača rainforest , which remained intact since the mid 17th century. The study on protection was finished in 2020. It concluded that

186-459: A positive thing". There is also a stream water mill, "Mija's watermill" within the complex. It is built in 1918 and is still operational, though it is adapted into the tourist attraction, equipped with the objects from the century ago. This Serbia location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Resava Cave Resava Cave ( Serbian : Ресавска пећина , romanized :  Resavska pećina ) or Resavska Cave

217-445: A shift from -k- to -t- (to Modern English bat ) influenced by Latin blatta , ' moth, nocturnal insect ' . The word bat was probably first used in the early 1570s. The name Chiroptera derives from Ancient Greek : χείρ – cheir , ' hand ' and πτερόν – pteron , ' wing ' . The delicate skeletons of bats do not fossilise well; it is estimated that only 12% of bat genera that lived have been found in

248-777: A sister taxon to odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla). Euarchontoglires (primates, treeshrews, rodents, rabbits) [REDACTED] Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, shrews, moles, solenodons) [REDACTED] Chiroptera (bats) [REDACTED] Pholidota (pangolins) [REDACTED] Carnivora (cats, hyenas, dogs, bears, seals, weasels) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Perissodactyla (horses, tapirs, rhinos) [REDACTED] Cetartiodactyla (camels, ruminants, whales) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The flying primate hypothesis proposed that when adaptations to flight are removed, megabats are allied to primates by anatomical features not shared with microbats and thus flight evolved twice in mammals. Genetic studies have strongly supported

279-548: Is 29–34 mm (1.1–1.3 in) in length, 150 mm (5.9 in) across the wings and 2–2.6 g (0.071–0.092 oz) in mass. The largest bats are the flying foxes , with the giant golden-crowned flying fox ( Acerodon jubatus ) reaching a weight of 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) and having a wingspan of 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in). The second largest order of mammals after rodents , bats comprise about 20% of all classified mammal species worldwide, with over 1,400 species. These were traditionally divided into two suborders:

310-465: Is a cave near Jelovac in eastern Serbia , about 20 kilometres (12 miles) from Despotovac . It is one of the largest cave systems in Serbia, with the corridors about 4.5 kilometres (2.8 miles) long. The cave is located in the Upper Resava region. The cave is estimated to be 80 million years old while the oldest speleothems date from 45 million years ago. It has four halls on two levels each and

341-409: Is formed on the tufa rocks and the water falls into the 5 m (16 ft) deep lake. In August 2017 the waterfall was embellished with the color-changing decorative lights, becoming the first hydrology object in Serbia with such lights. The access roads are arranged with several restaurants but as of 2017 there is no mobile phone signal in the area, which the local tourist guides say is "probably

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372-1147: Is not believed to originate more than 23 mya. Pteropodidae (megabats) [REDACTED] Megadermatidae (false vampire bats) [REDACTED] Craseonycteridae (Kitti's hog-nosed bat) [REDACTED] Rhinopomatidae (mouse-tailed bats) [REDACTED] Hipposideridae (Old World leaf-nosed bats) [REDACTED] Rhinolophidae (horseshoe bats) [REDACTED] Miniopteridae (long winged bat) [REDACTED] Noctilionidae (fisherman bats) [REDACTED] Mormoopidae ( Pteronotus ) [REDACTED] Mystacinidae (New Zealand short-tailed bats) [REDACTED] Thyropteridae (disc-winged bats) Furipteridae [REDACTED] Mormoopidae ( Mormoops ) [REDACTED] Phyllostomidae (New World leaf-nosed bats) [REDACTED] Molossidae (free-tailed bats) [REDACTED] Emballonuridae (sac-winged bats) [REDACTED] Myzopodidae (sucker-footed bats) Emballonuridae ( Taphozous ) [REDACTED] Natalidae (funnel-eared bats) [REDACTED] Vespertilionidae (vesper bats) [REDACTED] Genetic evidence indicates that megabats originated during

403-646: The karst spring Veliko Vrelo, forming a short stream of the same name which falls into the Resava. With the height of 25 m (82 ft), it was considered the highest waterfall in Serbia until the 1990s when the higher waterfalls were discovered on the Kopaonik and in the Visok region of the Stara Planina . The waterfall is situated at an elevation of 450 m (1,480 ft) and 20 km (12 mi) east of Despotovac . It

434-542: The monophyly of bats and the single origin of mammal flight. An independent molecular analysis trying to establish the dates when bat ectoparasites ( bedbugs ) evolved came to the conclusion that bedbugs similar to those known today (all major extant lineages, all of which feed primarily on bats) had already diversified and become established over 100 mya (i.e., long before the oldest records for bats, 52 mya), suggesting that they initially all evolved on non-bat hosts and "bats were colonized several times independently, unless

465-405: The order Chiroptera ( / k aɪ ˈ r ɒ p t ər ə / ). With their forelimbs adapted as wings , they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight . Bats are more agile in flight than most birds, flying with their very long spread-out digits covered with a thin membrane or patagium . The smallest bat, and arguably the smallest extant mammal , is Kitti's hog-nosed bat , which

496-469: The vampire bats feed on blood . Most bats are nocturnal , and many roost in caves or other refuges; it is uncertain whether bats have these behaviours to escape predators . Bats are present throughout the world, with the exception of extremely cold regions. They are important in their ecosystems for pollinating flowers and dispersing seeds; many tropical plants depend entirely on bats for these services. Bats provide humans with some direct benefits, at

527-519: The Resava valley, host 28 species of bats . Researchers from the University of Belgrade 's Biology Faculty calculated that even the smallest bats can eat up to 3,000 mosquitos per night, which may explain the apparent lack of mosquitos in the Resava valley and on the slopes of the Beljanica mountain. Resava cave was accidentally discovered by the local shepherds in 1962. After being explored for 10 years,

558-488: The West, bats are popularly associated with darkness, malevolence, witchcraft, vampires , and death. An older English name for bats is flittermouse , which matches their name in other Germanic languages (for example German Fledermaus and Swedish fladdermus ), related to the fluttering of wings. Middle English had bakke , most likely cognate with Old Swedish natbakka ( ' night-bat ' ), which may have undergone

589-607: The air. This suggests that this bat did not fly as much as modern bats, but flew from tree to tree and spent most of its time climbing or hanging on branches. The distinctive features of the Onychonycteris fossil also support the hypothesis that mammalian flight most likely evolved in arboreal locomotors, rather than terrestrial runners. This model of flight development, commonly known as the "trees-down" theory, holds that bats first flew by taking advantage of height and gravity to drop down on to prey, rather than running fast enough for

620-465: The area is the most forested one in Serbia, and described it as the proper wilderness. The karst region is location of numerous sinking rivers : Veliki Buk (or Lisine) waterfall is located in the watershed of the Resava River in east Serbia. It is carved in the karst area, where the sinking river of Resava springs again from the ground in the canyon -type valley of Sklop. The waters springs from

651-458: The cave was officially opened for visitors on 22 April 1972. On 1 May 2017, the Adrenalin Park, a new attraction was opened in the cave. It consist of 15 obstacles (hanging bridges, hanging cables, zip-line , beams, etc.). It had 56.500 visitors in 2017. Out of its 4.5 kilometres (2.8 miles), 2.83 kilometres (1.76 miles) is explored in detail, while 0.8 kilometres (0.50 miles) is adapted for

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682-557: The cost of some disadvantages. Bat dung has been mined as guano from caves and used as fertiliser. Bats consume insect pests, reducing the need for pesticides and other insect management measures. They are sometimes numerous enough and close enough to human settlements to serve as tourist attractions, and they are used as food across Asia and the Pacific Rim . However, fruit bats are frequently considered pests by fruit growers. Due to their physiology, bats are one type of animal that acts as

713-477: The early Eocene , and belong within the four major lines of microbats. Two new suborders have been proposed; Yinpterochiroptera includes the Pteropodidae , or megabat family, as well as the families Rhinolophidae , Hipposideridae , Craseonycteridae , Megadermatidae , and Rhinopomatidae . Yangochiroptera includes the other families of bats (all of which use laryngeal echolocation), a conclusion supported by

744-540: The evolutionary origin of bats has been grossly underestimated." Fleas , as a group, are quite old (most flea families formed around the end of the Cretaceous ), but no analyses have provided estimates for the age of the flea lineages associated with bats. The oldest known members of a different lineage of bat ectoparasites ( bat flies ), however, are from roughly 20 mya, well after the origin of bats. The bat-ectoparasitic earwig family Arixeniidae has no fossil record, but

775-491: The first fossil mammals whose colouration has been discovered: both were reddish-brown. Bats were formerly grouped in the superorder Archonta , along with the treeshrews (Scandentia), colugos (Dermoptera), and primates . Modern genetic evidence now places bats in the superorder Laurasiatheria , with its sister taxon as Ferungulata , which includes carnivorans , pangolins , odd-toed ungulates , even-toed ungulates , and cetaceans . One study places Chiroptera as

806-631: The fossil record. Most of the oldest known bat fossils were already very similar to modern microbats, such as Archaeopteropus (32 million years ago). The oldest known bat fossils include Archaeonycteris praecursor and Altaynycteris aurora (55-56 million years ago), both known only from isolated teeth. The oldest complete bat skeleton is Icaronycteris gunnelli (52 million years ago), known from two skeletons discovered in Wyoming. The extinct bats Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon and Hassianycteris kumari , both of which lived 48 million years ago, are

837-440: The largely fruit-eating megabats , and the echolocating microbats . But more recent evidence has supported dividing the order into Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera , with megabats as members of the former along with several species of microbats. Many bats are insectivores , and most of the rest are frugivores (fruit-eaters) or nectarivores (nectar-eaters). A few species feed on animals other than insects; for example,

868-439: The microclimate. Glowing info tables in each of the halls and new hand rails were also added. North of Resava Cave is the cultural monument Lisine, which comprises two waterfalls, Veliko Vrelo and Veliki Buk. The Lisine hydro-complex and Resava Cave are under one administration, covering an area of 11 ha (27 acres). In 2017 the Government of Serbia and Institute for Nature Protection began preliminary actions into creating

899-407: The speleothems are colored in red, yellow and white. Altitude at the entrance into the cave is 485 metres (1,591 feet) and the lowest point inside is at 405 metres (1,329 feet). The cave was formed by the sinking river in the limestone substrate. Cave formations are right at the entry. They are formed through the dissolving of the calcium carbonate . The color depends on the mineral through which

930-451: The visitors. A popular tourist story developed around a specific stalactite and a stalagmite, their "love yearning and a kiss". They are just few millimeters apart, but it will take a 1,000 years before they reach each other. Since 2010, Resava Cave is member of ISCA, International Show Caves Association. In 2017 it became the first hydrological monument with the decorative lights in Serbia. LED, cold lights are used, so that it wouldn't affect

961-496: The water flows: red from the iron oxide , white from the crystallized calcium and yellow from the traces of clay . The symbol of the cave is a massive stalagmite , 20 m (66 ft) tall and 12 m (39 ft) wide. After its appearance, it was named the Statue of mother with a child. The cave consists of 8 halls. In 2020, the survey which began in the mid-1990s, showed that the large cave, and some smaller surrounding caves in

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