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35-544: Kurów was probably firstly mentioned in the Gesta principum Polonorum of Gall Anonim as castrum Galli , what is interpreted as the Castle of the Kurowie . The earliest historical mention of Kurów comes from a document issued in 1185, which mentions a church dedicated to Saint Giles already existing in the place. Sometime between 1431 and 1442 the village was granted city rights based on

70-619: A second copy made for him, produced from the version in the Codex Zamoyscianus . As it is a direct copy, its usefulness is limited in reconstructing the original text. This version currently lies in the Czartoryski Museum of Kraków, Ms. 1310 , fols. 242–307. The third and latest witness to the text is the version in the so-called Heilsberg Codex. This version was written down between 1469 and 1471, based on an earlier version. The latter had been written at Kraków around 1330,

105-617: A tale common in early Slavonic folk-myth. Book two, of 50 chapters, traces the birth of Boleslaus, his boyhood deeds and documents the wars waged by himself and "count palatine" Skarbimir against the Pomeranians. Book three, of 26 chapters, continues the story of the wars waged by Boleslaus and the Poles against the Pomeranians, the war against the German emperor Heinrich V and the Bohemians, and against

140-451: Is a Polish highway planned to run from a junction with the A1 highway near Piotrków Trybunalski to a border crossing with Ukraine at Dorohusk , passing by Radom , Lublin and Chełm . The completed road should be about 328 km (204 mi) long. As of 2024 the section open to traffic runs from Puławy through Lublin to Piaski . The expressway from Piaski to the border with Ukraine

175-414: Is reference to the descendants of Duke Swietobor of Pomerania (ii.29). The work begins with an address and dedication to Martin , Archbishop of Gniezno , and to the bishops of Poland's regions, Simon ( Bishop of Plock , c. 1102–29), Paul ( Bishop of Poznań , 1098–c. 1112), Maurus ( Bishop of Kraków , 1110–18) and Zyroslaw ( Bishop of Wroclaw , 1112–20). Thomas Bisson argued that

210-520: The Chronica principum Poloniae ("chronicle of the princes of Poland"). The author of the Gesta is unknown, but is referred to by historiographic convention as "Gallus", a Latin word for a "person from France or Gaul" (though also, potentially, a forename). Author's anonymity though, was done on purpose due to his\hers (as mentioned in the work) desire to dedicate the work to God only- a notion widely popular in

245-574: The Gesta Danorum and the next major source on the early history of Poland, the Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae , older by roughly a century. The oldest known copy of the work is currently owned by National Library of Poland in Warsaw . The title intended for or originally given to the work is not clear. In the initial capital of the text in the Zamoyski Codex, a rubric styles

280-583: The Codex Czartoryscianus , this is an independent witness to the original text. It is currently in the National Library in Warsaw as Ms. 8006 , fols. 119–247. The Heilsberg text omits large sections of text present in the other two manuscripts, for instance omitting several chapters like 27 and 28 in Book I. The text of the Gesta was printed for the first time in 1749, when an edition based on

315-698: The Lublin Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of Poland. After 1660, the town shares its history with the rest of the region. In 1795, after the Third Partition of Poland , Kurów was annexed by Austria . After the Polish victory in the Austro-Polish War of 1809, it became part of the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw . In 1815, Kurów became part of Russian-controlled Congress Poland . During

350-528: The Magdeburg Law . As a private town , it was the centre for the trade in food from the surrounding area. Several fur and leather factories were also located here. In the 16th century, Kurów was one of the centres of Calvinism , since many of the Polish Brethren settled there. By 1660, most of the inhabitants had converted to Arianism . At that time, Kurów was one of the most important urban centers of

385-582: The November Uprising , in February 1831, the minor Battle of Kurów took place, when the Polish forces under general Józef Dwernicki defeated a Russian army. In 1870, a few years after the January Uprising , Kurów lost its town charter. Since 1918, Kurów was once more part of Poland, as the country regained independence after World War I . On September 9, 1939, during the German invasion of Poland at

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420-529: The history of Poland from the legendary times until 1113. Written in Latin by an anonymous author, it was most likely completed between 1112 and 1118, and its extant text is present in three manuscripts with two distinct traditions. Its anonymous author is traditionally called Gallus (a name which means "Gaul"), a foreigner and outcast from an unknown country, who travelled to the Kingdom of Poland via Hungary . Gesta

455-467: The Baltic Prussians . The Gesta is not extant in the original, but instead survives in three different manuscripts representing two different traditions. The Codex Zamoyscianus (Z) and Codex Czartoryscianus (S) represent the first, and earliest documented tradition, the latter being derived from the former. The Heilsberg codex, though later and surviving in less detail, is an independent witness to

490-459: The Deeds of Boleslaus III"). These however are not reliable as such things are often added later. The latest editors and only English translators of the text style it Gesta principum Polonorum ("the deeds of the princes of the Poles"), primarily to acknowledge its faith with the gesta genre (and the likely authenticity of this part of the title) and to avoid confusion with the later work known as

525-631: The Heilsberg Codex was published by Gottfried Lengnich , reprinted two decades later by Laurence Mizler de Kolof, and has since been printed in many editions. Knoll & Schaer Jan Wincenty Bandtkie, who also used Heilsberg, was the first to utilise the Codex Zamoyscianus tradition. As the Heilsberg Codex was "lost" between the 1830s and the 1890s, texts in this period make no original use of it. Finkel & Kętrzyński's 1898 edition likewise makes no use of Heilsberg. Julian Krzyżanowski produced

560-580: The Kurów Jews managed to survive the selections of the first day in that camp and those Jews were able to help organize and execute the revolt in Sobibor which resulted in the destruction of the camp by the Germans themselves. Though some Polish Christians denounced Jews to the Germans, others helped shelter and save several of Kurów's Jews: Mieczysław Kutnik, Adam Turczyk, Wacław Mańko, and Andrzej and Katarzyna Zarzycki,

595-573: The author as "Martin Gallus" based on a misreading of Jan Długosz , where Gallus was conflated with Martin of Opava . Martin Gallus became the standard name in German scholarship for some time to come, though this identification is now rejected by most historians. Historian Maximilian Gumplowicz identified the author as Baldwin Gallus, allegedly Bishop of Kruszwica , though likewise this theory has failed to gain general acceptance. There have been frequent attempts to identify Gallus' origins from clues in

630-464: The ethnic cleansing following the invasion by the Wehrmacht . The synagogue suffered heavy damages. In June 1941, a ghetto was formed and Jews were forbidden to leave Kurów. In April or May 1942, most of Kurów's Jews were marched by the occupiers to Końskowola , some liquidated along the way, then the next day to the train station near Puławy and forced into trains. They were taken to Sobibor . Several of

665-498: The first facsimile in the 1940s, while in the 1950s Karol Maleczyński's edition was the first to collate all three manuscripts. The text has been fully translated several times. It was translated into Polish by Roman Grodescki by 1923, though this was not published until 1965. There was a Russian translation in 1961, a German translation in 1978 and an English translation in 2003. Expressway S12 (Poland) Expressway S12 or express road S12 (in Polish droga ekspresowa S12 )

700-665: The historian Jan Długosz , came into possession of it. It was later in the library of the counts of Zamość , but is now in the National Library in Warsaw as Ms. BOZ cim. 28 . From May 2024, the manuscript is presented at a permanent exhibition in the Palace of the Commonwealth . A second version of the Gesta lies in the Codex Czartoryscianus , also called the Sędziwój Codex . Between 1434 and 1439 Sandivogius of Czechło had

735-484: The latter whom were recognized as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem after the war. Additionally, the Germans operated a forced labour camp for Jews from July to November 1942. Several Jews of the pre-war Jewish population of 2,600 survived the war. Many former Jewish residents of Kurów emigrated to America, Israel, Argentina, France before World War II and other points elsewhere, wherever they could find refuge. There

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770-710: The legendary Piast the Wheelwright ), and their wars against the neighbouring Germanic and Slavic peoples such as the Rus , the Bohemians , the Pomeranians , the Mazovians and the obscure Selencians . The first Book claims to rely on oral tradition, and is largely legendary in character until the reign of Mieszko I . The earlier material tells of the rises of the Piasts from peasants to ruler,

805-499: The medieval times. When Polish bishop- Marcin Kromer completed his work- Folio 199 , he left a footnote in it that credited Gallus as the author of Gesta which he brought up in the work. It roughly read: This work is by Gallus, I reckon he was a French monk, the one who lived during the times of Boleslaus III. It was the very first time when the author was referred to as "Gallus". In Gottfried Lengnich's printed edition, Lengnich named

840-674: The nearby forests. The German occupiers committed two massacres in Kurów. On November 13, 1942, the SS murdered 36 Jews, and on March 6, 1944, the Germans executed 45 Poles, members of the Home Army, with 10 being publicly hanged at the Old Market Square and 35 shot at Puławska Street. About 2,600 Jews lived in Kurów when the Second World War began. The Jewish population of Kurów was decimated during

875-462: The preface of the Gesta fixes completion of the origin text between 1112 and 1118. The last event mentioned in the work is the pilgrimage of Boleslaus III to Székesfehérvár in Hungary, which occurred in either 1112 or 1113. The work was almost certainly completed before the revolt of Skarbimir in 1117–18. There is some evidence that several interpolations were added subsequently. For instance, there

910-507: The reign of Boleslaus III. As he stated that "the city of Gniezno ... means "nest" in Slavonic, it is thought that the author may have known the language of the country. All that is certain is that he was a monk and a foreigner living in Poland, perhaps on a Polish benefice . Generally, it is thought that the original text was composed at some point between 1112 and 1117. The dedicatory letter on

945-613: The schools of central France, likely Tours or Orléans . Plezia and others further argue that Gallus' extensive knowledge of Hungary testify to connections there, postulating a connection to the Benedictine monastery of Somogyvár in Hungary, a daughter-house of St Gilles'. He appears to have been closely connected to the Awdańcy clan, a kindred of Norse or Rus origin who had been successful under Boleslaus II, and who had been exiled to Hungary but returned to prominence in Polish affairs during

980-536: The start of World War II , the town was heavily bombed by the German Luftwaffe . Among the targets destroyed was a civilian hospital (marked with red crosses), where many victims perished. During World War II, Germany set up two slave labour camps in the town. In 1942, a minor ghetto was established. However, most of the Poles imprisoned in Kurów escaped and joined the Polish Home Army units operating from

1015-564: The text . Marian Plezia and Pierre David both argued that Gallus came from Provence in what is now southern France, and was closely connected with the Benedictine monastery of Saint-Gilles . Another historian, Karol Maleczyński, argued that the evidence suggests a connection with Flanders , while Danuta Borawska and Tomasz Jasiński have argued based on stylistic evidence that he was connected with Venice and that he authored an anonymous translatio of St Nicholas. Marian Plezia argued in 1984 that his writing style suggests an education in one of

1050-478: The text and constitutes the second distinct tradition. The earliest version lies in the manuscript known as the Codex Zamoyscianus or Zamoyski Codex . This was written down in the late 14th-century, probably in Kraków between 1380 and 1392. It was located in the library of the Łaski family until the 15th century. Thereabouts Sandivogius (Sędziwój) of Czechłoj (d. 1476), a canon of Gniezno Cathedral and friend of

1085-457: The text was primarily written in the gesta genre of Latin literature as a celebration of Duke Boleslaus III Wrymouth , defending his actions and legimizing his dynasty (compare the near-contemporary Deeds of Louis the Fat ). The work is divided into three books, focused on genealogy, politics and warfare. Book one, of 31 chapters, treats the deeds of the ancestors of Boleslaus III (beginning with

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1120-458: The work the Cronica Polonorum , while in the same manuscript the preface of Book I opens with Incipiunt Cronice et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum ("[Here] begins the chronicles and deeds of the dukes or princes of the Poles"). The incipit for Book II entitles the work Liber Tertii Bolezlaui ("Book of Boleslaus III"), and that for Book III Liber de Gestis Boleslaui III ("Book of

1155-510: Was a Kurów burial society in New York. The S12 and S17 expressways run through the north of Kurów since 2013, allowing Lublin–Warsaw traffic to bypass the village. Gesta principum Polonorum The Gesta principum Polonorum ( Medieval Latin : [ˈgɛsta ˈprinʲtʃipum pɔlɔˈnɔːrum] ; " Deeds of the Princes of the Poles ") is the oldest known medieval chronicle documenting

1190-412: Was commissioned by Poland's then ruler, Boleslaus III Wrymouth ; Gallus expected a prize for his work, which he most likely received and of which he lived the rest of his life. The book is the earliest known, written document on Polish history . It gives a unique perspective on the general history of Europe, supplementing what has been handed down by Western and Southern European historians. It pre-dates

1225-479: Was in Łekno monastery (Greater Poland) in 1378, and had been transferred to the monastery at Trzemeszno before coming into the hands of Martin Kromer , Bishop of Warmia (1579–1589). Between the mid-16th century and the 18th century, the manuscript was located in the German-speaking Prussian town of Heilsberg (today the Polish town of Lidzbark Warmiński ), hence the name. Unlike the version in

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