104-547: Kurapika ( Japanese : クラピカ ) is a fictional character from Yoshihiro Togashi 's manga series Hunter × Hunter . Kurapika is the last remaining member of the Kurta Clan ( クルタ族 , Kuruta-zoku ) who wishes to become a Hunter in order to avenge his clan and recover their scarlet-glowing eyes that were plucked from their corpses by a band of thieves known as the Phantom Troupe. In the series' first story arc, he befriends
208-520: A Nen contract for the chain on his middle finger, Chain Jail: The Restraining Middle Finger ( 束縛する中指の鎖 （ チェーンジェイル ） , Chēn Jeiru ) ; in order to have an unbreakable chain that will fully incapacitate members of the Phantom Troupe, he offers his life should he use it on anyone other than its members. His thumb chain, Holy Chain: Healing Thumb ( 癒す親指の鎖 （ ホーリーチェーン ） , Hōrī Chēn ) , heals any injury with
312-624: A benefit from the in-group to the out-group) means "[I/we] explained [it] to [him/her/them]". Such beneficiary auxiliary verbs thus serve a function comparable to that of pronouns and prepositions in Indo-European languages to indicate the actor and the recipient of an action. Japanese "pronouns" also function differently from most modern Indo-European pronouns (and more like nouns) in that they can take modifiers as any other noun may. For instance, one does not say in English: The amazed he ran down
416-497: A bit too obnoxious with her airheadedness." Matt Sainsbury of Digitally Downloaded thought the dub was reasonable but disliked their American accents as not suiting the Japanese personality of the game. Vince Ingenito of IGN wrote that "both the writing and voice acting fail to lend any weight to her plight. Ayesha seems about as upset over her missing sister as I might be over a glass of spilled milk, making it really hard to care about
520-499: A chance to be spared in exchange for having his powers sealed for life, but he refuses. Killua offers himself to kill Omokage in Kurapika's place but the puppeteer is then stabbed by Retsu, who claims that he had already caused enough suffering to her and her friends. The real Phantom Troupe arrives soon after, but they decide to let Kurapika and Hisoka leave, claiming that they will settle their scores with them in another day. Togashi wrote
624-538: A complex system of honorifics , with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener, and persons mentioned. The Japanese writing system combines Chinese characters , known as kanji ( 漢字 , ' Han characters') , with two unique syllabaries (or moraic scripts) derived by the Japanese from the more complex Chinese characters: hiragana ( ひらがな or 平仮名 , 'simple characters') and katakana ( カタカナ or 片仮名 , 'partial characters'). Latin script ( rōmaji ローマ字 )
728-414: A distinct language of its own that has absorbed various aspects from neighboring languages. Japanese has five vowels, and vowel length is phonemic, with each having both a short and a long version. Elongated vowels are usually denoted with a line over the vowel (a macron ) in rōmaji , a repeated vowel character in hiragana , or a chōonpu succeeding the vowel in katakana . /u/ ( listen )
832-505: A dolphin-like figure only he can see that allows him to use the stolen ability, informing him on its basic details, and grant the stolen ability to someone else (who then sees Stealth Dolphin as well) for a single use. In Hunter × Hunter: Phantom Rouge , Kurapika is investigating a rumor about a survivor of Kurapika's Kurta Clan until they meet a young boy whom Kurapika recognized as his childhood friend Pairo, who attacks him and steals his eyes. Unconscious since then, Kurapika awakens beside
936-419: A glide /j/ and either the first part of a geminate consonant ( っ / ッ , represented as Q) or a moraic nasal in the coda ( ん / ン , represented as N). The nasal is sensitive to its phonetic environment and assimilates to the following phoneme, with pronunciations including [ɴ, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, ɰ̃] . Onset-glide clusters only occur at the start of syllables but clusters across syllables are allowed as long as
1040-479: A listener depending on the listener's relative social position and the degree of familiarity between the speaker and the listener. When used in different social relationships, the same word may have positive (intimate or respectful) or negative (distant or disrespectful) connotations. Japanese often use titles of the person referred to where pronouns would be used in English. For example, when speaking to one's teacher, it
1144-645: A lot of emotional stuff, which helped her expand her acting range. Anime News Network reviewer Theron Martin said that the cast was "appropriately chosen for their roles in a vocal quality sense and handled the acting capably." In the same year, she voiced main character Princess Asseylum Vers Allusia in Aldnoah.Zero as well as Elizabeth in The Seven Deadly Sins , both of which had English dub premieres on Netflix. She attended Sac-Anime in Sacramento, California;
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#17328689793591248-440: A more practical career. She later dropped it as she was encouraged by Oliver to pursue acting and to finish school, eventually landing the lead role as Ayesha in the video game Atelier Ayesha: The Alchemist of Dusk . She described Ayesha as a bit airheaded and ditsy but relatable and resembles her personality at times. Video game reviewer Sean Madson of Diehardgamefan found the dub to be of decent quality, but said Ayesha "sounded
1352-494: A one-shot about Kurapika's childhood to connect it with the 2013 movie Hunter × Hunter: Phantom Rouge . Although Phantom Rouge does not end Kurapika's story arc, Togashi has suggested that the character might die alongside the Troupe in future events. Erika Harlacher voices Kurapika in the second anime adaptation in English. In retrospect, she was pleased with her work's legacy, showing interest mainly in her character's fight with
1456-408: A sentence need not be stated and pronouns may be omitted if they can be inferred from context. In the example above, hana ga nagai would mean "[their] noses are long", while nagai by itself would mean "[they] are long." A single verb can be a complete sentence: Yatta! ( やった! ) "[I / we / they / etc] did [it]!". In addition, since adjectives can form the predicate in a Japanese sentence (below),
1560-428: A single adjective can be a complete sentence: Urayamashii! ( 羨ましい! ) "[I'm] jealous [about it]!". While the language has some words that are typically translated as pronouns, these are not used as frequently as pronouns in some Indo-European languages, and function differently. In some cases, Japanese relies on special verb forms and auxiliary verbs to indicate the direction of benefit of an action: "down" to indicate
1664-624: Is compressed rather than protruded , or simply unrounded. Some Japanese consonants have several allophones , which may give the impression of a larger inventory of sounds. However, some of these allophones have since become phonemic. For example, in the Japanese language up to and including the first half of the 20th century, the phonemic sequence /ti/ was palatalized and realized phonetically as [tɕi] , approximately chi ( listen ) ; however, now [ti] and [tɕi] are distinct, as evidenced by words like tī [tiː] "Western-style tea" and chii [tɕii] "social status". The "r" of
1768-695: Is also a support character in Jump Super Stars and a playable character in the fighting game Jump Force . Kurapika is a popular character with fans, coming in second place in the series' first two popularity polls. The character has also been the subject of cosplay within the anime fandom. Coolens Opticals also created glasses using Kurapika's image as well as his chains. On a MyNavi popularity poll involving androgynous characters, he placed second behind Kurama from YuYu Hakusho . EX.org felt much of Kurapika's design came from Kurama due to their similar androgynous designs and came to find him more appealing
1872-445: Is also seen in o-medetō "congratulations", from medetaku ). Late Middle Japanese has the first loanwords from European languages – now-common words borrowed into Japanese in this period include pan ("bread") and tabako ("tobacco", now "cigarette"), both from Portuguese . Modern Japanese is considered to begin with the Edo period (which spanned from 1603 to 1867). Since Old Japanese,
1976-519: Is also used in a limited fashion (such as for imported acronyms) in Japanese writing. The numeral system uses mostly Arabic numerals , but also traditional Chinese numerals . Proto-Japonic , the common ancestor of the Japanese and Ryukyuan languages , is thought to have been brought to Japan by settlers coming from the Korean peninsula sometime in the early- to mid-4th century BC (the Yayoi period ), replacing
2080-643: Is an agglutinative , mora -timed language with relatively simple phonotactics , a pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent . Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, and sentence structure is topic–comment . Sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or form questions. Nouns have no grammatical number or gender , and there are no articles . Verbs are conjugated , primarily for tense and voice , but not person . Japanese adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has
2184-839: Is an American voice actress who has provided voices for English dubbed Japanese anime shows and video games. Some of her major roles in anime include: Ami Kawashima in Toradora! , Mimori Togo in Yuki Yuna is a Hero , Asseylum Vers Allusia in Aldnoah.Zero , Elizabeth Liones in The Seven Deadly Sins , Kurapika in Hunter × Hunter , Violet in Violet Evergarden , and Yumeko in Kakegurui – Compulsive Gambler , and Shinobu in Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba . In video games, she provides
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#17328689793592288-440: Is appropriate to use sensei ( 先生 , "teacher"), but inappropriate to use anata . This is because anata is used to refer to people of equal or lower status, and one's teacher has higher status. Japanese nouns have no grammatical number, gender or article aspect. The noun hon ( 本 ) may refer to a single book or several books; hito ( 人 ) can mean "person" or "people", and ki ( 木 ) can be "tree" or "trees". Where number
2392-684: Is associated with comedy (see Kansai dialect ). Dialects of Tōhoku and North Kantō are associated with typical farmers. The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in Okinawa and the Amami Islands (administratively part of Kagoshima ), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the Japonic family; not only is each language unintelligible to Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider
2496-462: Is better documentation of Late Middle Japanese phonology than for previous forms (for instance, the Arte da Lingoa de Iapam ). Among other sound changes, the sequence /au/ merges to /ɔː/ , in contrast with /oː/ ; /p/ is reintroduced from Chinese; and /we/ merges with /je/ . Some forms rather more familiar to Modern Japanese speakers begin to appear – the continuative ending - te begins to reduce onto
2600-509: Is correlated with the sex of the speaker and the social situation in which they are spoken: men and women alike in a formal situation generally refer to themselves as watashi ( 私 , literally "private") or watakushi (also 私 , hyper-polite form), while men in rougher or intimate conversation are much more likely to use the word ore ( 俺 "oneself", "myself") or boku . Similarly, different words such as anata , kimi , and omae ( お前 , more formally 御前 "the one before me") may refer to
2704-417: Is important, it can be indicated by providing a quantity (often with a counter word ) or (rarely) by adding a suffix, or sometimes by duplication (e.g. 人人 , hitobito , usually written with an iteration mark as 人々 ). Words for people are usually understood as singular. Thus Tanaka-san usually means Mx Tanaka . Words that refer to people and animals can be made to indicate a group of individuals through
2808-548: Is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century AD recorded a few Japanese words, but substantial Old Japanese texts did not appear until the 8th century. From the Heian period (794–1185), extensive waves of Sino-Japanese vocabulary entered the language, affecting the phonology of Early Middle Japanese . Late Middle Japanese (1185–1600) saw extensive grammatical changes and
2912-686: Is later invited to join the Zodiacs as the " Rat " based on Leorio's recommendation, and only accepts upon being told that Tserriednich Hui Guo Rou has the last batch of Kurta eyes that he needs to retrieve. This leads to his accompanying Woble Hui Guo Rou to the Dark Continent as her bodyguard. During this time he reveals that when he uses his index finger with Emperor Time activated, it turns into Stealth Dolphin: Index Finger in Emperor Time ( 人指し指の"絶対時間" （ ステルスドルフィン ） , Suterusu Dorufin ) ,
3016-722: Is less common. In terms of mutual intelligibility , a survey in 1967 found that the four most unintelligible dialects (excluding Ryūkyūan languages and Tōhoku dialects ) to students from Greater Tokyo were the Kiso dialect (in the deep mountains of Nagano Prefecture ), the Himi dialect (in Toyama Prefecture ), the Kagoshima dialect and the Maniwa dialect (in Okayama Prefecture ). The survey
3120-477: Is mostly due to his corruption in the Spider arc when he starts hunting down the title villains in order to accomplish his revenge. Due to Kurapika not being present in the anime adaptations after the Spider arc, Comic Book Resources noted his popularity fell down as Madhouse's anime never adapted his later role as a bodyguard from the manga. IGN made an entire article dedicated to explaining Kurapika's Hatsu, regarding
3224-515: Is not above adjoining himself to society's underworld — he aligns himself with the Nostrade mafia family as soon as the opportunity presents itself, and soon becomes head of Nostrade's bodyguards. Normally intelligent, quick-thinking and level-headed, upon sight of a spider, the symbol of the Phantom Troupe, he becomes enraged. When the Troupe attacks the city, Kurapika tests his power by facing one of their strongest members, Uvogin . With his Chain having
Kurapika - Misplaced Pages Continue
3328-420: Is often called a topic-prominent language , which means it has a strong tendency to indicate the topic separately from the subject, and that the two do not always coincide. The sentence Zō wa hana ga nagai ( 象は鼻が長い ) literally means, "As for elephant(s), (the) nose(s) (is/are) long". The topic is zō "elephant", and the subject is hana "nose". Japanese grammar tends toward brevity; the subject or object of
3432-489: Is preserved in words such as matsuge ("eyelash", lit. "hair of the eye"); modern mieru ("to be visible") and kikoeru ("to be audible") retain a mediopassive suffix - yu(ru) ( kikoyu → kikoyuru (the attributive form, which slowly replaced the plain form starting in the late Heian period) → kikoeru (all verbs with the shimo-nidan conjugation pattern underwent this same shift in Early Modern Japanese )); and
3536-402: Is the version of Japanese discussed in this article. Formerly, standard Japanese in writing ( 文語 , bungo , "literary language") was different from colloquial language ( 口語 , kōgo ) . The two systems have different rules of grammar and some variance in vocabulary. Bungo was the main method of writing Japanese until about 1900; since then kōgo gradually extended its influence and
3640-471: Is used for the present and the future. For verbs that represent an ongoing process, the -te iru form indicates a continuous (or progressive) aspect , similar to the suffix ing in English. For others that represent a change of state, the -te iru form indicates a perfect aspect. For example, kite iru means "They have come (and are still here)", but tabete iru means "They are eating". Questions (both with an interrogative pronoun and yes/no questions) have
3744-405: Is why some linguists do not classify Japanese "pronouns" as pronouns, but rather as referential nouns, much like Spanish usted (contracted from vuestra merced , "your ( majestic plural ) grace") or Portuguese você (from vossa mercê ). Japanese personal pronouns are generally used only in situations requiring special emphasis as to who is doing what to whom. The choice of words used as pronouns
3848-505: The Japonic language family, which also includes the Ryukyuan languages spoken in the Ryukyu Islands . As these closely related languages are commonly treated as dialects of the same language, Japanese is sometimes called a language isolate . According to Martine Irma Robbeets , Japanese has been subject to more attempts to show its relation to other languages than any other language in
3952-504: The Philippines , and various Pacific islands, locals in those countries learned Japanese as the language of the empire. As a result, many elderly people in these countries can still speak Japanese. Japanese emigrant communities (the largest of which are to be found in Brazil , with 1.4 million to 1.5 million Japanese immigrants and descendants, according to Brazilian IBGE data, more than
4056-716: The United States (notably in Hawaii , where 16.7% of the population has Japanese ancestry, and California ), and the Philippines (particularly in Davao Region and the Province of Laguna ). Japanese has no official status in Japan, but is the de facto national language of the country. There is a form of the language considered standard : hyōjungo ( 標準語 ) , meaning "standard Japanese", or kyōtsūgo ( 共通語 ) , "common language", or even "Tokyo dialect" at times. The meanings of
4160-794: The de facto standard Japanese had been the Kansai dialect , especially that of Kyoto . However, during the Edo period, Edo (now Tokyo) developed into the largest city in Japan, and the Edo-area dialect became standard Japanese. Since the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853, the flow of loanwords from European languages has increased significantly. The period since 1945 has seen many words borrowed from other languages—such as German, Portuguese and English. Many English loan words especially relate to technology—for example, pasokon (short for "personal computer"), intānetto ("internet"), and kamera ("camera"). Due to
4264-518: The 1.2 million of the United States ) sometimes employ Japanese as their primary language. Approximately 12% of Hawaii residents speak Japanese, with an estimated 12.6% of the population of Japanese ancestry in 2008. Japanese emigrants can also be found in Peru , Argentina , Australia (especially in the eastern states), Canada (especially in Vancouver , where 1.4% of the population has Japanese ancestry),
Kurapika - Misplaced Pages Continue
4368-444: The 1999 animated film, Yuki Kaida in the 1999 series and Miyuki Sawashiro in the 2011 series in Japanese. For English adaptations, he is voiced by Cheryl McMaster in the 1999 series, and Erika Harlacher in the remake. Critical response to Kurapika's character has been positive due to his constant changes between his quest for revenge and friendship with the rest of the cast. According to manga author Yoshihiro Togashi , Kurapika
4472-522: The 2013 movie Hunter × Hunter: Phantom Rouge which further expands his backstory and revenge mission. He is also a supporting character in the film Hunter × Hunter: The Last Mission . Inspired by Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind when creating Kurapika, Togashi has had troubles telling Kurapika's entire backstory, which led to the production of an animated movie. The character is voiced by Noriko Hidaka in
4576-639: The English dub of the feature anime film I Want to Eat Your Pancreas . Harlacher lives in North Hollywood in the Los Angeles area. In 2014, she started a Let's Play video channel on YouTube, where she plays through various games, some of which she has starred in, and others just for fun. She has a younger sister Natalie. She also owns two dogs. On October 14, 2020, she married long-time partner Luke Stone. Her paternal grandfather, Ervin Harlacher,
4680-461: The Hunter Exam alongside Gon, Leorio and Killua in order to become a Blacklist Hunter and gain the resources to take vengeance for his people and retrieve their eyes. Despite some initial hostilities, Kurapika befriends Leorio after they help Gon save a crew member on the ship taking them to the Hunter Exam. During the exam, Kurapika and the other main characters often clash with the murderer Hisoka. In
4784-482: The Japanese language is of particular interest, ranging between an apical central tap and a lateral approximant . The "g" is also notable; unless it starts a sentence, it may be pronounced [ ŋ ] , in the Kanto prestige dialect and in other eastern dialects. The phonotactics of Japanese are relatively simple. The syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), that is, a core vowel surrounded by an optional onset consonant,
4888-653: The Japanese tracks would be missing out. She also voiced Mako's mother, Sukuyo Mankanshoku in Kill la Kill , which later ran on Adult Swim 's Toonami block in 2015. She described the series as crazy, the Mankanshoku family as ridiculous, and that Sukuyo is very sweet by constantly providing everyone food. In 2015, Harlacher voiced Mimori Togo in Yuki Yuna is a Hero , one of the main heroines who are called to save their world by interacting in an alternate dimension, where they have super powers. She described Togo as going through
4992-724: The Old Japanese sections are written in Man'yōgana , which uses kanji for their phonetic as well as semantic values. Based on the Man'yōgana system, Old Japanese can be reconstructed as having 88 distinct morae . Texts written with Man'yōgana use two different sets of kanji for each of the morae now pronounced き (ki), ひ (hi), み (mi), け (ke), へ (he), め (me), こ (ko), そ (so), と (to), の (no), も (mo), よ (yo) and ろ (ro). (The Kojiki has 88, but all later texts have 87. The distinction between mo 1 and mo 2 apparently
5096-509: The Phantom Troupe. Kurapika is the sole survivor of the Kurta Clan, a race with treasured irises that turn scarlet in times of anger or emotional turmoil. Four years before the series, the entire Kurta clan was eradicated by a criminal group known as the Phantom Troupe , who desecrated the Kurta's bodies by stealing their scarlet eyes, thereafter selling them on the black market. He participates in
5200-488: The Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese. The imperial court also seems to have spoken an unusual variant of the Japanese of the time, most likely the spoken form of Classical Japanese , a writing style that was prevalent during the Heian period , but began to decline during the late Meiji period . The Ryūkyūan languages are classified by UNESCO as 'endangered', as young people mostly use Japanese and cannot understand
5304-701: The Troupe to find them, leading Gon and Killua to act like they are the ones chasing them. When Gon and Killua get the chance to fight the Troupe, Kurapika captures the leader Chrollo Lucilfer . His little finger, Judgement Chain: Arbiter Little Finger ( 律する小指の鎖 （ ジャッジメントチェーン ） , Jajjimento Chēn ) , stabs Chrollo's heart, allowing Kurapika to issue a command, which kills the enemy if not followed. In Chrollo's case, he can no longer use Nen. However, fearing his friends' deaths, Kurapika returns Chrollo to his teammate Pakunoda in exchange for Gon and Killua. Pakunoda's experience with Kurapika leads to her own death. Kurapika and Melody secretly leave Yorknew. Kurapika
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#17328689793595408-518: The Zoldyck estate, they spend 20 days strength training to open the estate gates and then contend with the butlers who are as skilled as licensed Hunters. In the end, Killua ultimately convinces his father Silva to allow him to choose his own path and he rejoins his friends. The group then splits; Kurapika intends to use his Hunter status to earn money to attend the Yorknew City auction. While preparing for
5512-543: The addition of a collective suffix (a noun suffix that indicates a group), such as -tachi , but this is not a true plural: the meaning is closer to the English phrase "and company". A group described as Tanaka-san-tachi may include people not named Tanaka. Some Japanese nouns are effectively plural, such as hitobito "people" and wareware "we/us", while the word tomodachi "friend" is considered singular, although plural in form. Verbs are conjugated to show tenses, of which there are two: past and present (or non-past) which
5616-486: The auction, Kurapika meets another Hunter who teaches him the power of Nen. Kurapika's Nen type is Conjuration. However, when his eyes turn scarlet, he becomes a Specialist. He conjures a unique weapon — five chains, extending from each finger on his right hand. His ring finger, Dowsing Chain: The Guiding Ring Finger ( 導く薬指の鎖 （ ダウジングチェーン ） , Daujingu Chēn ) , has a ball on the end used for dowsing and normal defensive and offensive purposes. Kurapika enters into
5720-476: The character a mysterious smile which he often makes him easier to illustrate. In dealing with the cast abilities, Togashi had the idea of having the cast's abilities connect with their personalities such as Kurapika's chains which are connected with his tragic backstory. Originally, the series' plot would involve the usage of trading cards as main weapons. However, similarities with Kazuki Takahashi 's Yu-Gi-Oh led to this being scrapped. The character's appearance
5824-464: The crucifix on the end. His index finger, Thieving Index Finger: Steal Chain ( 奪う人差し指の鎖 （ スチールチェーン ） , Suchīru Chēn ) , uses the syringe on the end to extract someone's aura and Nen ability. His specialist ability, Emperor Time: Absolute Mastery ( 絶対時間 （ エンペラータイム ） , Enperā Taimu ) , allows him to utilize 100% of all types of Nen but shortens his lifespan by one hour every second he uses it. Despite his morals, Kurapika
5928-468: The dub for the show. She describes Ami's character as trying to act like she knows what she's doing but does not really have it together, and also her lack of culinary talent. LB Bryant of Japanator said that the Toradora dub release is a "must obtain" item and that "Ami Kawashima equals best girl." Travis Bruno of Capsule Computers said the English dub cast did impressively well and those who only listen to
6032-564: The effect of changing Japanese into a mora-timed language. Late Middle Japanese covers the years from 1185 to 1600, and is normally divided into two sections, roughly equivalent to the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period , respectively. The later forms of Late Middle Japanese are the first to be described by non-native sources, in this case the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries; and thus there
6136-404: The final tournament phase, after a short spar, Hisoka gives up the fight against Kurapika and tells him that he can provide clues that will lead him to the Troupe. Hisoka promises to meet Kurapika on September 1 in Yorknew City to give him information on the Phantom Troupe. Gon, Kurapika, and Leorio resolve to go retrieve Killua, who left after killing Leorio's opponent in the tournament. Arriving at
6240-423: The first appearance of European loanwords . The basis of the standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo region (modern Tokyo ) in the Early Modern Japanese period (early 17th century–mid 19th century). Following the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853, the flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly, and words from English roots have proliferated. Japanese
6344-609: The genitive particle ga remains in intentionally archaic speech. Early Middle Japanese is the Japanese of the Heian period , from 794 to 1185. It formed the basis for the literary standard of Classical Japanese , which remained in common use until the early 20th century. During this time, Japanese underwent numerous phonological developments, in many cases instigated by an influx of Chinese loanwords . These included phonemic length distinction for both consonants and vowels , palatal consonants (e.g. kya ) and labial consonant clusters (e.g. kwa ), and closed syllables . This had
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#17328689793596448-453: The languages of the original Jōmon inhabitants, including the ancestor of the modern Ainu language . Because writing had yet to be introduced from China, there is no direct evidence, and anything that can be discerned about this period must be based on internal reconstruction from Old Japanese , or comparison with the Ryukyuan languages and Japanese dialects . The Chinese writing system
6552-449: The languages. Okinawan Japanese is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryūkyūan languages, and is the primary dialect spoken among young people in the Ryukyu Islands . Modern Japanese has become prevalent nationwide (including the Ryūkyū islands) due to education , mass media , and an increase in mobility within Japan, as well as economic integration. Japanese is a member of
6656-427: The large quantity of English loanwords, modern Japanese has developed a distinction between [tɕi] and [ti] , and [dʑi] and [di] , with the latter in each pair only found in loanwords. Although Japanese is spoken almost exclusively in Japan, it has also been spoken outside of the country. Before and during World War II , through Japanese annexation of Taiwan and Korea , as well as partial occupation of China ,
6760-550: The manga was praised by The Fandom Post for how he handles information about Nen across several chapters and pays attention to every detail centered around him. Entire series Individual volumes Japanese language Japanese ( 日本語 , Nihongo , [ɲihoŋɡo] ) is the principal language of the Japonic language family spoken by the Japanese people . It has around 123 million speakers, primarily in Japan ,
6864-437: The more active he becomes in the plot of the manga. THEM Anime Reviews found Kurapika complex even if he comes across as an odd character. In regards to Kurapika's role in the series, Comic Book Resources noted that while Kurapika is often given dark roles even in his introductions, in the end he goes on becoming a more likable when it comes to the need of helping others like with Gon when he abandons his duel with Leorio in
6968-545: The only country where it is the national language , and within the Japanese diaspora worldwide. The Japonic family also includes the Ryukyuan languages and the variously classified Hachijō language . There have been many attempts to group the Japonic languages with other families such as the Ainu , Austronesian , Koreanic , and the now-discredited Altaic , but none of these proposals have gained any widespread acceptance. Little
7072-425: The only strict rule of word order is that the verb must be placed at the end of a sentence (possibly followed by sentence-end particles). This is because Japanese sentence elements are marked with particles that identify their grammatical functions. The basic sentence structure is topic–comment . For example, Kochira wa Tanaka-san desu ( こちらは田中さんです ). kochira ("this") is the topic of the sentence, indicated by
7176-574: The others and soon after he has visions through his stolen eyes of a man whose right palm is marked with a spider tattoo, the same used by the members of the Phantom Troupe. Soon they learn of Omokage, a former member of the Phantom Troupe who was defeated and replaced by Hisoka. Omokage sends the Pairo and Illumi dolls to attack the Hunters, but Gon and Kurapika defeat them with Leorio and Killua's help and retrieve their eyes. With Omokage defeated, Kurapika offers him
7280-470: The out-group gives a benefit to the in-group, and "up" to indicate the in-group gives a benefit to the out-group. Here, the in-group includes the speaker and the out-group does not, and their boundary depends on context. For example, oshiete moratta ( 教えてもらった ) (literally, "explaining got" with a benefit from the out-group to the in-group) means "[he/she/they] explained [it] to [me/us]". Similarly, oshiete ageta ( 教えてあげた ) (literally, "explaining gave" with
7384-618: The outcome of her quest." She also voiced Sadira , a spider-themed woman and new character to the Killer Instinct series. In 2014, Harlacher voiced Kyoko Kirigiri in Danganronpa: Trigger Happy Havoc . She described Kyoko as the most calm among the wacky characters and always on top of things. Video game reviewers thought the voice acting was okay. In the same year, she voiced Blood Leopard in Accel World , who
7488-585: The panel she was on was regarded as one of the highlights of the convention. Manga Entertainment listed Harlacher among their top 5 English voice actresses. In 2016, she landed the voice role of main character Kurapika in the Viz Media English dub of the 2011 anime adaptation of Hunter x Hunter , which premiered on the Toonami block in April. In 2017, she voiced Ann Takamaki, one of the core player characters in
7592-415: The particle wa . The verb desu is a copula , commonly translated as "to be" or "it is" (though there are other verbs that can be translated as "to be"), though technically it holds no meaning and is used to give a sentence 'politeness'. As a phrase, Tanaka-san desu is the comment. This sentence literally translates to "As for this person, (it) is Mx Tanaka." Thus Japanese, like many other Asian languages,
7696-443: The power to surpass Uvogin's Nen, Kurapika captures and tortures him to learn more about the Troupe members, but ends up killing him. Kurapika is traumatized by his own actions but ends up finding comfort when rejoining Gon, Leorio and Killua. He tells them about his actions and, with their ally Melody, they agree to continue tracking the troupe, most notably Pakunoda , who can read people's memories. Kurapika's thirst for revenge causes
7800-407: The powers he develops in the series strong enough to be one of the most powerful fighters in the series. In retrospect, Digital Fox Media said that while Kurapika's revenge and skills in battle makes him one of the most compelling characters from the anime, he is still overshadowed by Killua whom the site regarded as the best character from Hunter x Hunter . Kurapika's eventual return as a bodyguard in
7904-548: The praise involving this story includes how much more mature the narrative feels when Kurapika contemplates his revenge and his mental breakdown after killing for the first time. The design given to Kurapika's chains received similar praise as well as Cheryl McMaster 's voice acting. When revisiting this story arc in Madhouse's remake of the anime, Anime News Network said that while the Kurapika's arc ends on an anticlimactic fashion with little action when compared with other series from
8008-469: The process. Furthermore, the beginning with his friendship with Leorio and multiple collaborations in the Hunter Exam also made this duo far more likable according to the website. Anime News Network praised Kurapika's dark characterization York New as he contemplates the idea of killing the members from the Spiders to the point he feels like the actual main character despite Gon and Killua still starring. Much of
8112-477: The proposed larger Altaic family, or to various Southeast Asian languages , especially Austronesian . None of these proposals have gained wide acceptance (and the Altaic family itself is now considered controversial). As it stands, only the link to Ryukyuan has wide support. Other theories view the Japanese language as an early creole language formed through inputs from at least two distinct language groups, or as
8216-425: The protagonist and Hunter participant Gon Freecss after having a fight with Leorio Paradinight . After many trials together, Gon and his friends end up passing the exam. While preparing to find information about the Troupe, Kurapika learns of his Nen, a Qi-like life energy used by its practicers to manifest parapsychological abilities, which he specifically develops for his revenge quest. Kurapika has also appeared in
8320-518: The same genre, the way the narrative handles Kurapika's character arc as he is forced to choose between his friends and killing the Spiders' real was well executed thanks to his mix with the Spider impersonator Hisoka who had been secretly aiding him to face Chrollo as well as the bodyguard Melody who insists on helping Kurapika. Website Polygon listed Kurapika as one of their "favorite boys" in anime based on his tragic backstory well as coming across as more "snarky" rather than "cool and deserved". This
8424-459: The same structure as affirmative sentences, but with intonation rising at the end. In the formal register, the question particle -ka is added. For example, ii desu ( いいです ) "It is OK" becomes ii desu-ka ( いいですか。 ) "Is it OK?". In a more informal tone sometimes the particle -no ( の ) is added instead to show a personal interest of the speaker: Dōshite konai-no? "Why aren't (you) coming?". Some simple queries are formed simply by mentioning
8528-797: The state as at the time the constitution was written, many of the elders participating in the process had been educated in Japanese during the South Seas Mandate over the island shown by the 1958 census of the Trust Territory of the Pacific that found that 89% of Palauans born between 1914 and 1933 could speak and read Japanese, but as of the 2005 Palau census there were no residents of Angaur that spoke Japanese at home. Japanese dialects typically differ in terms of pitch accent , inflectional morphology , vocabulary , and particle usage. Some even differ in vowel and consonant inventories, although this
8632-476: The street. (grammatically incorrect insertion of a pronoun) But one can grammatically say essentially the same thing in Japanese: 驚いた彼は道を走っていった。 Transliteration: Odoroita kare wa michi o hashitte itta. (grammatically correct) This is partly because these words evolved from regular nouns, such as kimi "you" ( 君 "lord"), anata "you" ( あなた "that side, yonder"), and boku "I" ( 僕 "servant"). This
8736-625: The topic with an interrogative intonation to call for the hearer's attention: Kore wa? "(What about) this?"; O-namae wa? ( お名前は？ ) "(What's your) name?". Negatives are formed by inflecting the verb. For example, Pan o taberu ( パンを食べる。 ) "I will eat bread" or "I eat bread" becomes Pan o tabenai ( パンを食べない。 ) "I will not eat bread" or "I do not eat bread". Plain negative forms are i -adjectives (see below) and inflect as such, e.g. Pan o tabenakatta ( パンを食べなかった。 ) "I did not eat bread". Erika Harlacher Erika Lynn Harlacher-Stone ( / ˈ h ɑːr l ɑː k ər / ; born August 29, 1990)
8840-419: The two consonants are the moraic nasal followed by a homorganic consonant. Japanese also includes a pitch accent , which is not represented in moraic writing; for example [haꜜ.ɕi] ("chopsticks") and [ha.ɕiꜜ] ("bridge") are both spelled はし ( hashi ) , and are only differentiated by the tone contour. Japanese word order is classified as subject–object–verb . Unlike many Indo-European languages ,
8944-577: The two methods were both used in writing until the 1940s. Bungo still has some relevance for historians, literary scholars, and lawyers (many Japanese laws that survived World War II are still written in bungo , although there are ongoing efforts to modernize their language). Kōgo is the dominant method of both speaking and writing Japanese today, although bungo grammar and vocabulary are occasionally used in modern Japanese for effect. The 1982 state constitution of Angaur , Palau , names Japanese along with Palauan and English as an official language of
9048-472: The two terms (''hyōjungo'' and ''kyōtsūgo'') are almost the same. Hyōjungo or kyōtsūgo is a conception that forms the counterpart of dialect. This normative language was born after the Meiji Restoration ( 明治維新 , meiji ishin , 1868) from the language spoken in the higher-class areas of Tokyo (see Yamanote ). Hyōjungo is taught in schools and used on television and in official communications. It
9152-602: The two-part manga Kurapika Tsuioku-hen to act as a prequel to the film. In Hunter × Hunter: The Last Mission , Kurapika, who was present at the tournament to escort his employer, Neon, confronts Shura. Amidst the chaos, Leorio rises from the sewers inside the building and is helped by Hisoka, who also was inside the building to reunite with Kurapika. Kurapika also defeats Shura with Leorio's help, but before dying, Shura infects Kurapika with Jed's blood, sealing his Nen and claiming that he will die unless he embraces On instead. Leorio stays behind to take care of Kurapika. Kurapika
9256-407: The verb (e.g. yonde for earlier yomite ), the -k- in the final mora of adjectives drops out ( shiroi for earlier shiroki ); and some forms exist where modern standard Japanese has retained the earlier form (e.g. hayaku > hayau > hayɔɔ , where modern Japanese just has hayaku , though the alternative form is preserved in the standard greeting o-hayō gozaimasu "good morning"; this ending
9360-458: The video game Persona 5 . In 2018, Harlacher voiced the main characters in two Netflix-streamed anime series: Violet in Violet Evergarden and Yumeko Jabami in Kakegurui – Compulsive Gambler . In the same year, she landed the role of main character Yugo in the third season of Wakfu: The Animated Series . She also voiced Ondine in season 2 of Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir . In 2019, Harlacher starred as Sakura Yamauchi in
9464-865: The voice of Kyoko Kirigiri and Kaede Akamatsu in the Danganronpa video game series, Venti in Genshin Impact , Juna Crawford in The Legend of Heroes: Trails of Cold Steel III and IV , Ayesha in Atelier Ayesha: The Alchemist of Dusk , Ann Takamaki in Persona 5 , and Raging Bull in Ys IX: Monstrum Nox , Secret of Mana , Final Fantasy VII Remake . Harlacher grew up in Camarillo, California , and started acting in school plays. When she
9568-548: The world. Since Japanese first gained the consideration of linguists in the late 19th century, attempts have been made to show its genealogical relation to languages or language families such as Ainu , Korean , Chinese , Tibeto-Burman , Uralic , Altaic (or Ural-Altaic ), Austroasiatic , Austronesian and Dravidian . At the fringe, some linguists have even suggested a link to Indo-European languages , including Greek , or to Sumerian . Main modern theories try to link Japanese either to northern Asian languages, like Korean or
9672-531: Was around 9–10 years old, she was inspired by an interview by Christy Carlson Romano , who voiced the title character from Kim Possible , in which Romano said that with voice acting, you could go to work in your pajamas. Erika's mother responded that it was not a real job, and suggested Erika pursue acting only as a hobby. Her first exposure to anime was through Dragon Ball Z and Pokémon , which she considered more like cartoons, and then became more interested in manga and anime in school when Fruits Basket
9776-542: Was asked about how they came up with the idea of Kurapika's Past Events which was during the Phantom Troupe arc of the manga. Around volume 10 of the manga, Togashi came up with new ideas to further expand Kurapika's character and how to connect it with the Troupe. However, the schedule with the next story arcs made it difficult to write it. He said he started the project without expecting it to be so tiring. He completed Kurapika's part quickly, but then he had to stop due to different events. This led to Togashi years later writing
9880-535: Was based on 12- to 20-second-long recordings of 135 to 244 phonemes , which 42 students listened to and translated word-for-word. The listeners were all Keio University students who grew up in the Kanto region . There are some language islands in mountain villages or isolated islands such as Hachijō-jima island , whose dialects are descended from Eastern Old Japanese . Dialects of the Kansai region are spoken or known by many Japanese, and Osaka dialect in particular
9984-538: Was based on the Japanese singer TM Revolution . The year's 34 issue of Weekly Shōnen Jump , released in July 2012, included the first image for Gekijō-ban Hunter × Hunter Phantom Rouge . It depicts Kurapika's "rouge" or scarlet eye with the number four reflecting in it and revealed that the "dramatic action" film would feature the Phantom Troupe. The film's plot is based on an unpublished story creator Yoshihiro Togashi wrote around 10 years earlier. During an interview, Togashi
10088-752: Was being published in English. At La Reina High School , she was active in the Speech and Mock Trial team, winning the California state championship in 2008. She also competed on the school's diving team. After graduating high school in 2008, she attended California State Polytechnic University, Pomona where she intended to major in graphic design. During her freshman year, she looked up some online forums on voice-over acting and attended Anime Expo , where she attended an Adventures in Voice Acting workshop conducted by Tony Oliver . On Oliver's suggestion that she
10192-628: Was for the Battleship video game , based on the 2012 movie of the same name , where she got to voice the main character, Grace Harland, among many veteran voice actors. However, video game reviewers panned the game because none of the movie's actors reprised their roles in the game, and faulted the game's limited acting, which was relegated to mostly radio chatter and mission updates. At one point in college, she had some health issues that led her to take an absence from school and acting, so she pursued production work, which her parents thought would make for
10296-426: Was fun because she was unpredictable. Her biggest role that year was Ami Kawashima in the romantic comedy Toradora! , a classmate who harbors a mean and bratty personality behind a cheerful perfect-looking facade of a model. As it was one of NIS America 's first dub productions for anime, She said they took a long time to call back from the audition, and that it also took more time than other studios in producing
10400-718: Was imported to Japan from Baekje around the start of the fifth century, alongside Buddhism. The earliest texts were written in Classical Chinese , although some of these were likely intended to be read as Japanese using the kanbun method, and show influences of Japanese grammar such as Japanese word order. The earliest text, the Kojiki , dates to the early eighth century, and was written entirely in Chinese characters, which are used to represent, at different times, Chinese, kanbun , and Old Japanese. As in other texts from this period,
10504-531: Was inspired by the Ohmu in Hayao Miyazaki 's Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind . Kuroko's Basketball Manga author Tadatoshi Fujimaki said that Kurapika's facial expressions are distinctively written by Yoshihiro Togashi as curved in order to give both the character a cheerful and inexpressive look when the author wanted. Togashi replied this technique he does with Kurapika is "archaic smile" as he wanted to give
10608-465: Was lost immediately following its composition.) This set of morae shrank to 67 in Early Middle Japanese , though some were added through Chinese influence. Man'yōgana also has a symbol for /je/ , which merges with /e/ before the end of the period. Several fossilizations of Old Japanese grammatical elements remain in the modern language – the genitive particle tsu (superseded by modern no )
10712-418: Was pretty good at it, she changed her major to theatre, and continued to take voice acting lessons and workshops while studying at school. She also did a production internship at Bang Zoom! Entertainment where she got to sit in on some of the recording sessions. Her first voice acting project was on K-On! , where she voiced Keiko Ida, among some other incidental characters. Her first big voice-over role
10816-518: Was similar to Kyoko's stoic disposition. In Sword Art Online , she voiced Sasha, whom she describes as being like a teacher/nun lady who is in charge of the kids who are lost in the game. In the second season of Sword Art Online , she voiced Siune. She also began attending anime conventions as a guest panelist. In voicing Dunya in the Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic series, she found her character to be not your average princess, and that she
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