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32-510: It was founded (and the erection of its building financed) in 1971 by Paula Zundel and Dr. Margarethe Fischer-Bosch, daughters of the industrialist Robert Bosch (founder of Robert Bosch GmbH ) in memory of painter Georg Friedrich Zundel , Paula Zundel's late husband. The building was erected during the big northern expansion of Tübingen in the 1960s and early 1970s, when the Wanne district (a.o.)

64-570: A device similar to the low-voltage magneto device with firing points the Gasoline Engine Factory Deutz was using in their four-stroke engine. Deutz claimed no patents protected the device, so Bosch made four devices. The purpose of the device was to generate an electric spark to ignite the air–fuel mixture in the cylinder at maximum compression. Over the next few years Bosch built a few hundred for factories making gas engines. In 1893, Frederick Richard Simms met with Bosch, with

96-434: A normally-insulating medium, often air or other gases or gas mixtures. Michael Faraday described this phenomenon as "the beautiful flash of light attending the discharge of common electricity". The rapid transition from a non-conducting to a conductive state produces a brief emission of light and a sharp crack or snapping sound. A spark is created when the applied electric field exceeds the dielectric breakdown strength of

128-421: A retired French dragoon named Coiffier in the village of Marly to collect lightning in a Leyden jar thereby proving that lightning and electricity are the same. In Franklin's famous kite experiment , he successfully extracted sparks from a cloud during a thunderstorm. Electric sparks are used in spark plugs in gasoline internal combustion engines to ignite fuel and air mixtures. The electric discharge in

160-713: A sample. LIBS has also been called laser spark spectroscopy (LSS). Electric sparks can also be used to create ions for mass spectrometry . Spark discharge has been also applied in electrochemical sensing via the in-situ surface modification of disposable screen printed carbon electrodes (SPEs) with various metal and carbon sources. Sparks can be hazardous to people, animals or even inanimate objects. Electric sparks can ignite flammable materials, liquids, gases and vapors. Even inadvertent static-discharges, or small sparks that occur when switching on lights or other circuits, can be enough to ignite flammable vapors from sources like gasoline, acetone, propane, or dust concentrations in

192-402: A spark discharge to remove material from a workpiece. Electrical discharge machining is used for hard metals or those that are difficult to machine with traditional techniques. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is a sintering technique that uses a pulsed direct current that passes through a conductive powder in a graphite die. SPS is faster than conventional hot isostatic pressing , where

224-409: A spark plug occurs between an insulated central electrode and a grounded terminal on the base of the plug. The voltage for the spark is provided by an ignition coil or magneto that is connected to the spark plug with an insulated wire. Flame igniters use electric sparks to initiate combustion in some furnaces and gas stoves in place of a pilot flame . Auto reignition is a safety feature that

256-506: Is an example of an electric spark in nature, while electric sparks, large or small, occur in or near many man-made objects, both by design and sometimes by accident. In 1671, Leibniz discovered that sparks were associated with electrical phenomena. In 1708, Samuel Wall performed experiments with amber rubbed with cloth to produce sparks. In 1752, Thomas-François Dalibard , acting on an experiment proposed by Benjamin Franklin , arranged for

288-505: Is used in some flame igniters that senses the electrical conductivity of the flame and uses this information to determine whether a burner flame is lit. This information is used to stop an ignition device from sparking after the flame is lit or restart the flame if it goes out. A spark-gap transmitter uses an electric spark gap to generate radio frequency electromagnetic radiation that can be used as transmitters for wireless communication. Spark gap transmitters were widely used in

320-670: The Stuttgart Technical University . On 24 May 1884, Bosch sailed for the United States, becoming an engineer under Thomas Edison and Sigmund Bergmann in New York. On 13 May 1885, Bosch sailed for London, where he found employment with Siemens Brothers . On 15 November 1886, he opened his own "Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering" in Stuttgart . In 1887, Gottlieb Daimler asked Bosch if he could build

352-654: The French market as the Automatic Magneto Electric Ignition Company, Ltd. The first sales office and the first factory in the U.S. were opened in 1906 and 1910 respectively. By 1913, the company had branch operations in America, Asia, Africa, and Australia, and was generating 88% of its sales outside Germany. In rapid succession in the years following the First World War , Bosch launched innovations for

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384-518: The Langenbielau plant") during the war. Meanwhile, Bosch secretly supported the resistance against Adolf Hitler , and together with his closest associates saved victims of Nazi persecution from deportation. On his eightieth birthday, Bosch was awarded the title "Pionier der Arbeit" (Pioneer of Labor) by Hitler and when he died a year later, he was afforded a state funeral by the Third Reich. Bosch

416-610: The air in the gap to become electrically conductive in a process called dielectric breakdown . Once the gap breaks down, current flow is limited by the available charge (for an electrostatic discharge ) or by the impedance of the external power supply . If the power supply continues to supply current, the spark will evolve into a continuous discharge called an electric arc . An electric spark can also occur within insulating liquids or solids, but with different breakdown mechanisms from sparks in gases. Sometimes, sparks can be dangerous. They can cause fires and burn skin. Lightning

448-402: The air, such as those found in flour mills or more generally in factories handling powders. Sparks often indicate the presence of a high voltage, or "potential field". The higher the voltage; the farther a spark can jump across a gap, and with enough energy supplied can lead to greater discharges such as a glow or an arc . When a person is charged with high-voltage static-charges, or is in

480-616: The asbestos insulator. The complete device was patented. In January 1898, the new magneto was demonstrated on the tricycle and orders soon followed from Gottlieb Daimler . In 1900, in addition to using the device on motor vehicles, the Bosch magneto ignition was used in the Daimler engines on the Zeppelin . Simms introduced the Bosch ignition device to the English market as Simms-Bosch. In 1899, they entered

512-587: The city of Tübingen), consisting of private donations and the money of the Zundel family. 48°32′31″N 9°02′52″E  /  48.54194°N 9.04778°E  / 48.54194; 9.04778 Robert Bosch Robert Bosch (23 September 1861 – 12 March 1942) was a German industrialist, engineer and inventor, founder of Robert Bosch GmbH . Bosch was born in Albeck , in the Swabian Highlands near Ulm . He

544-528: The earnings of the company should be allocated to charitable causes. Also, his will sketched the outlines of the corporate constitution, which was formulated by his successors in 1964 and is still valid today. He was inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 1984. Electric spark An electric spark is an abrupt electrical discharge that occurs when a sufficiently high electric field creates an ionized , electrically conductive channel through

576-402: The first three decades of radio from 1887–1916. They were later supplanted by vacuum tube systems and by 1940 were no longer used for communication. The wide use of spark-gap transmitters led to the nickname "sparks" for a ship's radio officer. Electric sparks are used in different kinds of metalworking . Electric discharge machining (EDM) is sometimes called spark machining and uses

608-510: The focus on modern art and contemporary art. The first director of the Kunsthalle and, so far, for most of its existence, was Götz Adriani , from 1971 to 2005. His main theme was the leading role of the 19th century and early 20th-century French art for international modernity. Adriani managed to organize the first exhibitions in Germany of the works many of the French painters of the period of

640-400: The gap (from cosmic rays or background radiation ) are accelerated by the electrical field, resulting in a Townsend avalanche . As they collide with air molecules, they create additional ions and newly freed electrons which are also accelerated. At some point, thermal energy will provide a much greater source of ions. The exponentially-increasing electrons and ions rapidly cause regions of

672-403: The goal of adapting the stationary engine magnetos Bosch was building could be adapted to motor vehicles. In particular, a Jules-Albert de Dion tricycle was the test case. Arnold Zähringer, and Gottlob Honold , modified the Bosch device so that it had increased power and a faster sequence of sparks necessary, from 250 rpm up to 1800 rpm. Young Rall also modified the electrode, swapping enamel for

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704-412: The heat is provided by external heating elements . The light that is produced by electric sparks can be collected and used for a type of spectroscopy called spark emission spectroscopy . A high energy pulsed laser can be used to produce an electric spark. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a type of atomic emission spectroscopy that uses a high pulse energy laser to excite atoms in

736-409: The intervening medium. For air, the breakdown strength is about 30 kV/cm at sea level. Experimentally, this figure tends to differ depending upon humidity, atmospheric pressure, shape of electrodes (needle and ground-plane, hemispherical etc.) and the corresponding spacing between them and even the type of waveform, whether sinusoidal or cosine-rectangular. At the beginning stages, free electrons in

768-582: The late 19th and early 20th centuries at the Kunsthalle Tübingen. As for contemporary art, he was helpful in promoting the careers of artists such as George Segal (1972), Richard Hamilton (1974), and Claes Oldenburg (1975). From 2006 to 2009, Martin Hellmond was the director at Kunsthalle. The current director ( curator ) is Dr. Nicole Fritz. Since 2003, the museum is financed by a charitable non-profit foundation (before, it had been an institution of

800-475: The motor vehicle, including diesel fuel injection in 1927. In the 1920s the global economic crisis caused Bosch to begin a rigorous program of modernization and diversification in his company. In only a few years' time, he succeeded in turning his company from a small automotive supplier into a multinational electronics group. From the beginning, Bosch was greatly concerned about promoting occupational training. Prompted by his awareness of social responsibility, he

832-441: The nervous system, causing involuntary muscle-contractions, or interfere with vital nervous-system functions such as heart rhythm. When the energy is low enough most of it may be used just heating the air, so the spark never fully stabilizes into a glow or arc. However, sparks with very low energy still produce a "plasma tunnel" through the air, through which electricity can pass. This plasma is heated to temperatures often greater than

864-402: The presence of high-voltage electrical supplies, a spark can jump between a conductor and a person who is in close enough proximity, allowing the release of much higher energies that can cause severe burns, shut down the heart and internal organs, or even develop into an arc flash . High-voltage sparks, even those with low energy such as from a stun gun , can overload the conductive pathways of

896-409: Was built almost from scratch as a residential area on the town's (formerly) rural northern hills. For the first eleven years of its existence, it hosted mainly exhibitions of modern art and contemporary art . From 1982, it also frequently presented the works of painters of the classical modernity , e.g. Cézanne , Degas , Picasso , Renoir , Toulouse-Lautrec or Henri Rousseau , while keeping up

928-428: Was keenly interested in agricultural issues and owned a farm south of Munich . He was also a passionate hunter. When he died, he was survived by four children from two marriages. A son from his first marriage died in 1921 following a protracted illness. In 1937, Bosch had restructured his company as a private limited company (close corporation). He had established his last will and testament in which he stipulated that

960-432: Was one of the first industrialists in Germany to introduce the eight-hour work day , followed by other social benefits for his associates. Robert Bosch did not wish to profit from the armaments contracts awarded to his company during WWI. Instead, he donated several million German marks to charitable causes, including to the establishment of Stuttgart's Robert Bosch Hospital in 1940. In the 1920s and 1930s, Robert Bosch

992-660: Was one of twelve children born to Servatius Bosch and Maria Margarita Dölle. Servatius ran a large progressive farm that included a brewery. Robert Bosch's nephew was future Nobel laureate Carl Bosch . Robert Bosch attended the 'Realanstalt' in Ulm until 1879, that included an apprenticeship as a "precision-instrument maker." Amongst Bosch's various employments after graduating was that as a journeyman at C. & E. Fein . In 1881 he fulfilled his year of military service in Ulm, followed by employment with Schuckert & Co. until 1883. In 1883-84, Bosch studied under Professor Wilhelm Dietrich at

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1024-634: Was politically active. As a liberal businessman, he sat on a number of economic committees. He devoted a great deal of energy and money to the cause of bringing about reconciliation between Germany and France. He hoped this reconciliation would bring about lasting peace in Europe and lead to the creation of a European economic area. The Nazi regime in Germany brought Bosch's peacemaking efforts to an abrupt end. The Bosch company accepted armaments contracts and employed an estimated 20,000 slaves (including some 1200 concentration camp inmates who were "brutally abused at

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