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38-516: Ondjiva is the capital of the province; it was previously known as Vila Pereira d’Eça. Ondjiva is the only city in this province with the distance from Ondjiva to Luanda is 1424 km and to Lubango is 415 km. The Cunene River gave its name to the province. Cunene lies north of the Cunene River , which forms the border between Angola and Namibia . Cunene is traversed by the northwesterly line of equal latitude and longitude. During World War I

76-480: A Portuguese colony before 1975), Botswana ( Bechuanaland before 1966), South Africa , and Zambia ( Northern Rhodesia before 1964). During its administration, South Africa applied its own apartheid system in the territory of South West Africa. A German colony known as German South West Africa from 1884 to 1915, it was made a League of Nations mandate of the Union of South Africa following Germany 's defeat in

114-639: A case in the International Court of Justice against South Africa alleging that South Africa had not fulfilled its mandatory duties. This case did not succeed, with the Court ruling in 1966 that they were not the proper parties to bring the case. There was a protracted struggle between South Africa and forces fighting for independence, particularly after the formation of the South West Africa People's Organisation ( SWAPO ) in 1960. On 27 October 1966,

152-428: A limited form of home rule, culminating in the formation of a Transitional Government of National Unity . As a German colony from 1884, it was known as German South West Africa ( Deutsch-Südwestafrika ). Germany had a difficult time administering the territory, which experienced many insurrections against the harsh German rule, especially those led by guerrilla leader Jacob Morenga . The main port, Walvis Bay , and

190-569: A specific industry can showcase and demonstrate their latest products, service. 17°04′S 15°44′E  /  17.067°S 15.733°E  / -17.067; 15.733 South West Africa South West Africa was a territory under South African administration from 1915 to 1966, and under South African occupation from 1966 to 1990. Renamed Namibia by the United Nations in 1968, it became independent under this name on 21 March 1990. South West Africa bordered Angola (

228-537: A standardized dialect of the Oshiwambo language . The resettlement of the city after the Angolan Civil War saw an influx of people from other areas of the country, notably Huíla Province . 30.4 per cent of the residents of the city speak Portuguese , significantly lower than that in the capital of Luanda. 28.2 per cent of the population speak Kwanhama. Ondjiva consists of 12 neighborhoods, or bairros . Ondjiva

266-582: A three-month rotational basis. The DTA was awarded 22 seats in the National Assembly with five other parties being awarded 8 seats each. Johannes Skrywer would again become Speaker of the National Assembly and Dawid Bezuidenhout would be the first Chairman of the Council of Ministers. The second-tier of governance in South West Africa consisted of ethnic-based Representative Authorities which replaced

304-517: Is a town , with a population of 121,537 (2014), and a commune in the municipality of Cuanhama , province of Cunene , Angola . It is also the administrative capital of Cunene Province and is located at the extreme south of the country, about 42 kilometres (26 mi) from the border with Namibia. It was traditionally the seat of the Ovambo king of the Oukwanyama tribe. Ondjiva was greatly affected by

342-535: Is served by Ondjiva Pereira Airport , also known as Aeroporto 11 de Novembro. The airport is located to the northwest of the city center. It is served by TAAG Angola Airlines with connections to Luanda, Catumbela , and Kuito . A planned rail connection to Namibia on the Moçâmedes Railway remains unbuilt. Ondjiva holds annual 15-day trade fair in July. During this time exhibition are organized so that companies in

380-568: The Angolan Civil War (1975-2002). The Ondjiva mission station was established first in 1891 by Friedrich Meisenholl and August Wulfhorst of the Rhenish Mission Society , and with the help of Friedrich Bernsmann and with the permission of King Weyulu Hedimbi . They thought that Ondjiva would have been in the territory of German South West Africa , which later turned out not to be the case. The following year they established

418-670: The First World War . Although the mandate was repealed by the United Nations on 27 October 1966, South African control over the territory continued despite its illegality under international law. The territory was administered directly by the South African government from 1915 to 1978, when the Turnhalle Constitutional Conference laid the groundwork for semi-autonomous rule. During an interim period between 1978 and 1985, South Africa gradually granted South West Africa

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456-629: The National Party , which enjoyed strong support from the predominantly Afrikaner and ethnic German white population in the territory. Between 1950 and 1977, all of South West Africa's parliamentary seats were held by the National Party. An additional consequence of this was the extension of apartheid laws to the territory. This gave rise to several rulings at the International Court of Justice , which in 1950 ruled that South Africa

494-736: The Penguin Islands were annexed by the UK in 1878, becoming part of the Cape Colony in 1884. Following the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, Walvis Bay became part of the Cape Province . As part of the Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty in 1890, a corridor of land taken from the northern border of Bechuanaland , extending as far as the Zambezi River, was added to the colony. It

532-553: The Windhoek Declaration of Basic Principles in 1984 and a Bill of Fundamental Rights and Objectives the following year, resulting in the establishment of a Transitional Government of National Unity (TGNU) on 17 June 1985. Unlike the previous Interim Government, the TGNU was not directly elected but instead consisted of an appointed 62 member National Assembly and an 8-member Council of Ministers which would be led by each member on

570-568: The Committee on South West Africa to perform the supervisory functions. In another Advisory Opinion issued in 1955, the Court further ruled that the General Assembly was not required to follow League of Nations voting procedures in determining questions concerning South West Africa. In 1956, the Court further ruled that the committee had the power to grant hearings to petitioners from the mandated territory. In 1960, Ethiopia and Liberia filed

608-592: The Council of Ministers on 1 July 1980. Johannes Skrywer, also of the DTA, became Speaker of the National Assembly. The interim government collapsed on 18 January 1983 following the resignation of the Council of Ministers citing interference from the South African government and proposals to create a State Council. Following the collapse of the Interim Government, its legislative and executive powers returned to South African Administrator-General Willie van Niekerk , who

646-629: The General Assembly passed resolution 2145 (XXI) which declared the Mandate terminated and that the Republic of South Africa had no further right to administer South West Africa. South African control over the territory nevertheless continued despite its illegality under international law. In 1971, acting on a request for an Advisory Opinion from the United Nations Security Council , the ICJ ruled that

684-520: The Ovambo need for the transhumance of their cattle. The ecological, economic and social disadvantages of pastoralism over ranching has been known since the 1970s, but has not been sufficiently taken into account in policy making. The province of Cunene contains six municipalities ( Portuguese : municípios ): The province of Cunene contains the following communes ( Portuguese : comunas ); sorted by their respective municipalities: Up to 1991,

722-533: The Rehoboth Self-Determination Act, 1976. An advisory council was established for San Bushmen in 1986. No representative body was established for Himbas . Local authorities formed the lowest tier of governance in South West Africa. Previously established local government bodies would continue to exist and new ones could be formed. In urban areas, the local authority would be an elected local council. In rural areas where local governance structures

760-615: The South West Africa Affairs Act, was governed as if it were part of the mandated territory. South West Africa remained a League of Nations Mandate until World War II and the collapse of the League of Nations. The Mandate was supposed to become a United Nations Trust Territory when League of Nations Mandates were transferred to the United Nations following World War II. The Prime Minister , Jan Smuts , objected to South West Africa coming under UN control and refused to allow

798-419: The ability to pass legislation known as Ordinances. Unlike the former Bantustans, Representative Authorities functioned on the basis of ethnicity only and were no longer based on geographically defined areas. Representative Authorities were created for Whites , Coloureds , Ovambos , Kavangos , Lozi , Damaras , Namas , Tswanas , and Herero . A similar body had been established for Rehoboth Basters by

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836-552: The continued presence of South Africa in Namibia was illegal and that South Africa was under an obligation to withdraw from Namibia immediately. It also ruled that all member states of the United Nations were under an obligation not to recognise as valid any act performed by South Africa on behalf of Namibia. South West Africa became known as Namibia by the UN when the General Assembly changed

874-489: The late 1960s and early 1970s in accordance with the Odendaal Commission , three of which were granted self-rule. These bantustans were replaced with separate ethnicity based second-tier representative authorities in 1980. The South African government convened the Turnhalle Constitutional Conference between 1976 and 1978 with a view to achieving an "internal" solution to the status of South West Africa. The conference

912-644: The mission station burned, and the Germans had to flee to Ondonga in South West Africa . Ondjiva later became a Catholic mission and the see of the bishop of the Ondjiva Diocese . Fernando Guimaraes Kevanu was the bishop until 2011, and he was to be succeeded by Rev. Pio Hipunyati . Ondjiva was largely destroyed during the Angolan Civil War . The administration of the city operated from Huíla Province , and in theory ruled Cunene Province in exile. Most of

950-688: The mission station of Omupanda . Meisenholl stayed in Ondjiva for some four years, before he had to leave due to a serious illness. Wilhelm Stahlhut came to replace him in the mid-1890s. Stahlhut’s three children died in Africa, and finally he himself fell ill with blackwater fever and died in Outjo on 1 May 1900. His widow stayed for many years, first in Oukwanyama and then in Hereroland . In August 1915, King Mandume had

988-592: The official name was Provincial Commissioner. In Call of Duty: Black Ops II , the UNITA under Jonas Savimbi assists CIA operatives Alex Mason and Jason Hudson to find the CIA remnants under Woods held by the MPLA and the Cubans. 16°42′S 16°3′E  /  16.700°S 16.050°E  / -16.700; 16.050 Ondjiva Ondjiva , formerly Vila Pereira d'Eça ,

1026-479: The population left the city by 1989, and by 1999 was home to fewer than 5,000 residents. Reconstruction efforts began after the advent of peace in 2002. Ondjiva initially experienced slow population growth but saw a significant return of its residents and new migration from other regions of Angola, notably from Huíla Province from 1998 and 2000. Ondjiva has traditionally been a center of the Kwanyama , Oshikwanyama being

1064-475: The previous system of Bantustans that were established in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Each authority would have executive and legislative competencies, being made up of elected Legislative Assemblies who would appoint Executive Committees led by chairmen. Representative Authorities had responsibility for land tenure, agriculture, education up to primary level, teachers' training, health services, and social welfare and pensions and their Legislative Assemblies had

1102-558: The region was the scene of fighting in 1914–15. The German campaign in Angola resulted in Germany's temporary occupation of the area. The inhabitants of the Province are overwhelmingly Ovambo pastoralists. Since the 1960s, they have been under pressure first from white settlers, and after independence from high-ranking military officers and politicians, who acquired large extensions of land which

1140-527: The territory's name by Resolution 2372 (XXII) of 12 June 1968. SWAPO was recognised as representative of the Namibian people , and gained UN observer status when the territory of South West Africa was already removed from the list of non-self-governing territories . In 1977, South Africa transferred control of Walvis Bay back to the Cape Province , thereby making it an exclave . The South African authorities established 10 bantustans in South West Africa in

1178-546: The territory's transition to independence, instead seeking to make it South Africa's fifth province in 1946. Although this never occurred, in 1949, the South West Africa Affairs Act was amended to give representation in the Parliament of South Africa to whites in South West Africa, which gave them six seats in the House of Assembly and four in the Senate . This was to the advantage of

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1216-506: The territory, as well as a draft constitution for "a republican, democratic state" to be known as "South West Africa/Namibia" with its own flag and national anthem. Under the proposals, there was to be a three-tiered system of governance. The first tier, the Central Government, would consist of a National Assembly which would appoint a Council of Ministers. The second tier would consist of ethnically based Representative Authorities and

1254-487: The third tier would be made up of Local Authorities. The upper tier of governance consisted of an elected fifty member National Assembly with legislative powers. The assembly would appoint a Council of Ministers with executive powers. Multi-racial elections for the National Assembly were held in December 1978. The Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) won 41 of the 50 seats and its leader, Dirk Mudge would become Chairman of

1292-517: Was assisted by and Jan F Greebe as chief executive officer. The Representative Authorities and Local Authorities continued to function as intended during this period. A Multi-Party Conference was established in September 1983 to suggest arrangements for the formation of a new Central Government. Nineteen parties participated in the conference, but again SWAPO was excluded. The Multi-Party Conference issued

1330-518: Was attended by representatives of 11 ethnic groups: Herero , Baster , Tswana , Damara , Ovambo , Lozi , Nama , Kavango , San , the Coloureds , and the Whites . However, the largest freedom movement, SWAPO , was not invited. The conference produced a 29-page document entitled "Petition for the establishment of an interim government" . The petition contained a request to set up an interim government for

1368-422: Was based on traditional customary law, the relevant Representative Authority could support their further development. The Three-tier system of governance was suspended on 28 February 1989 following the signing of a peace agreement the previous year. As stipulated by United Nations Security Council Resolution 435 , a United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) was deployed on 1 April 1989. Elections to

1406-723: Was named the Caprivi Strip ( Caprivizipfel ) after the German Chancellor Leo von Caprivi . In 1915, during the South West Africa campaign of World War I , South Africa captured the German colony. After the war, it was declared a League of Nations Class C Mandate territory under the Treaty of Versailles , with the Union of South Africa responsible for the administration of South West Africa. From 1922, this included Walvis Bay, which, under

1444-497: Was not obliged to convert South West Africa into a UN trust territory, but was still bound by the League of Nations Mandate, with the United Nations General Assembly assuming the supervisory role. The ICJ also clarified that the General Assembly was empowered to receive petitions from the inhabitants of South West Africa and to call for reports from the mandatory nation, South Africa. The General Assembly constituted

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