List of forms of government
59-680: Kundura or Kundra is an administrative block in Jeypore subdivision in Koraput district in the Indian state of Odisha . This article about a location in Koraput district , Odisha , India is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Administrative block Administrative divisions (also administrative units , administrative regions , #-level subdivisions , subnational entities , or constituent states , as well as many similar generic terms) are geographical areas into which
118-553: A country is sometimes called the " first-level (or first-order ) administrative division" or "first administrative level". Its next subdivision might be called "second-level administrative division" or "second administrative level" and so on. An alternative terminology is provided by the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics which terms the principal division as the second level or NUTS-2. Administrative divisions are conceptually separate from dependent territories , with
177-559: A decentralised government system. This new legislation has allowed the implementation of a regional assembly in Rodrigues constituting 18 members and an executive council headed by a Chief Commissioner . The council meets every week to make decisions, draw up laws and manage the budget. The Chief Commissioner has the main task of informing the Mauritian Prime Minister of the management of the island's concerns. In 1994 Gagauzia ,
236-519: A minimum role in the government of the larger one, and where the relationship can be dissolved only by mutual agreement". However contrary to this definition he notes that far from having a minimum role in the government of the United States, Puerto Rico has no effective representation in Congress, except for a token representative that has no right to vote there. Nor do the residents of Puerto Rico vote for
295-406: A number of smaller entities. Within those entities are the large and small cities or towns, which may or may not be the county seat . Some of the world's larger cities culturally, if not officially, span several counties, and those crossing state or provincial boundaries have much in common culturally as well, but are rarely incorporated within the same municipal government. Many sister cities share
354-660: A particular independent sovereign state is divided. Such a unit usually has an administrative authority with the power to take administrative or policy decisions for its area. Usually, sovereign states have several levels of administrative division. Common names for the principal (largest) administrative divisions include: states (subnational states, rather than sovereign states), provinces , lands , oblasts and regions . These in turn are often subdivided into smaller administrative units known by names such as comarcas , raions or districts , which are further subdivided into municipalities , communes or communities constituting
413-427: A province, region, canton, land, governorate, oblast, emirate, or country. Administrative units that are not federated or confederated but enjoy a greater degree of autonomy or self-government than other territories within the same country can be considered autonomous regions or de facto constituent states of that country. This relationship is by some authors called a federacy or asymmetric federalism . An example
472-573: A territory in the southern part of the Republic of Moldova inhabited by the Gagauz people , an ethnic group distinct from the majority Moldovans , was given autonomy including "the right of external self-determination". This is in contrast to the other subdivisions of Moldova ( raioane ) which are county-level administrative areas with little autonomy. However, the eastern part of Moldova is an internationally unrecognized breakaway republic ( Transnistria ) which
531-410: A unitary state. This autonomy is guaranteed in the country's constitution . The autonomous subunits are often former colonial possessions or are home to a different ethnic group from the rest of the country. These autonomous subunits often have a special status in international relations . Several states are federacies. The exact autonomy of the subunits differs from country to country. Barbuda
590-465: A water boundary, which quite often serves as a border of both cities and counties. For example, Cambridge and Boston , Massachusetts appear to the casual traveler as one large city, while locally they each are quite culturally different and occupy different counties. General terms for these incorporated places include " municipality ", " settlement ", "locality", and "populated place". Federacy List of forms of government A federacy
649-444: Is autonomous , while the other constituent parts are either not autonomous or comparatively less autonomous. An example of such an arrangement is Finland , where Åland , which has the status of autonomous province, has considerably more autonomy than the other provinces. The autonomous constituent part enjoys a degree of independence as though it was part of federation, while the other constituent parts are as independent as subunits in
SECTION 10
#1732870165660708-689: Is de facto self-governing. The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of four autonomous countries, linked by the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands as constituent parts: the Netherlands , an autonomous, independent country, and Aruba , Curaçao and Sint Maarten , three separate, non-independent, autonomous countries. (Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten formerly made up the Netherlands Antilles , which
767-467: Is (by area or population), the fewer levels of administrative divisions it has. For example, Vatican City does not have any administrative subdivisions, and Monaco has only one level (both are city-states ), while such countries as France and Pakistan have five levels each. The United States is composed of states, possessions, territories , and a federal district , each with varying numbers of subdivisions. The principal administrative division of
826-401: Is a form of government where one or several substate units enjoy considerably more independence than the majority of the substate units. To some extent, such an arrangement can be considered to be similar to asymmetric federalism . A federacy is a form of government with features of both a federation and unitary state . In a federacy, at least one of the constituent parts of the state
885-514: Is a wide variety. This variety includes autonomies which are classified along a continuum that would take several "federacies" and reclassify them thus: In examining the Puerto Rico case, Lluch notes that although Elazar has mischaracterized the nature of the Puerto Rico–U.S. relationship, it is still cited as the prototype of a "federacy". Lluch defines Puerto Rico as a non-federal autonomy, which
944-765: Is an autonomous republic that occupies the whole western portion of Uzbekistan . A federacy differs from an associated state , such as the Federated States of Micronesia , the Marshall Islands , and Palau (in free association with the United States) and the Cook Islands and Niue (which are parts of the Realm of New Zealand ). There are two kinds of associated state: in the case of the Federated States of Micronesia,
1003-649: Is autonomous within Antigua and Barbuda . Norfolk Island self-government was revoked by the Australian Federal Government in 2015. Its laws were subsumed into the laws of the Australian federal government and be subordinate to them. On 1 July 2016, the federal government increased federal regulations so that federal laws would also apply to Norfolk Island and to make it semi-autonomous. Since then, opposition by several organizations have protested these actions to
1062-585: Is autonomous within Saint Kitts and Nevis , with its own deputy governor and government. Príncipe has had self-government from São Tomé since 1995. Serbia has two ' autonomous provinces ' defined in its constitution: Vojvodina , and Kosovo & Metohija . The partially recognized Republic of Kosovo administers the latter, resulting in a territorial dispute . Badakhshan is an autonomous region in Tajikistan consisting of 7 local districts. Its government
1121-488: Is considered somewhat sovereign to the Tajik government, but the region has from time to time been in militant conflict just as in 2014. Tanzania is divided in 30 regions . Five of those regions together form Zanzibar . This island is a self-governing region. It elects its own president who has control over the internal matters of the island. Zanzibar was an independent sultanate and a British protectorate, while Tanganyika
1180-489: Is granted by Congress . Federal taxes do not automatically apply to Puerto Rico unless the Government of Puerto Rico wants them to. Although the U.S. government has full say over its foreign policy, Puerto Rico does maintain direct contacts with its Caribbean neighbors. Puerto Rico does not have full voting representation in the U.S. Congress, nor do its people vote for electors in U.S. presidential elections. Karakalpakstan
1239-431: Is in the end not a helpful category to understanding the types of institutional arrangements referred and recommends that scholars of comparative federalism find a more nuanced category to describe contemporary actually-existing autonomies such as Puerto Rico. Lluch shows that federacies have little to do with federalism, and are in fact distinct status arrangements that are more properly seen as "autonomies," of which there
SECTION 20
#17328701656601298-500: Is indistinct; a federacy is essentially an extreme case of an asymmetric federation, either due to large differences in the level of autonomy, or the rigidity of the constitutional arrangements. The British Overseas Territories are vested with varying degrees of power; some enjoy considerable independence from the United Kingdom, which only takes care of their foreign relations and defence. However, they are considered neither part of
1357-730: Is no fixed rule, for " all politics is local " as is perhaps well demonstrated by their relative lack of systemic order. In the realm of self-government, any of these can and does occur along a stretch of road—which for the most part is passing through rural, unsettled countryside. Since the terms are administrative political divisions of the local regional government, their exact relationship and definitions are subject to home rule considerations, tradition, as well as state statute law and local governmental (administrative) definition and control. In British cultural legacy, some territorial entities began with fairly expansive counties which encompass an appreciably large area, but were divided over time into
1416-531: Is officially an unincorporated territory belonging to the federal political system that is the U.S. and subject to the plenary powers of the U.S. Congress under the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution, and states that it is not a "free-associated" state. Similar conclusions were made by three Presidential Task Forces on Puerto Rico's Status in 2005, 2007 and 2011 . In particular, Lluch notes that contrary to Elazar's assertions in his 1987 and 1991 works,
1475-540: Is state private property under direct authority of the Minister of Overseas France ). All are integral parts of France and subject to French law , but New Caledonia (the collectivité sui generis ) and French Polynesia (one of the five collectivités d'outre-mer , but designated a pays d'outre-mer ) have considerably more autonomy. All except the uninhabited French Southern and Antarctic Lands (the territoire d'outre-mer ) and Clipperton Island are represented in
1534-479: Is the autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan within Uzbekistan . Due to variations in their use worldwide, consistency in the translation of terms from non-English to English is sometimes difficult to maintain. In many of the following terms originating from British cultural influence, areas of relatively low mean population density might bear a title of an entity one would expect to be either larger or smaller. There
1593-568: The Constitution of Ukraine states that Ukraine is a unitary state , until the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea. Following World War II , the peninsula was in a state of turmoil, intensified by the deportation of the Crimean Tatars , indigenous to the area, in the spring of 1944. In 1944, Kherson Oblast was created out of Mykolaiv and Zaporizhia oblasts in Soviet Ukraine. In summer of 1945
1652-466: The EC Treaty . Hence EC law does not apply there. The Netherlands Antilles was scheduled to be dissolved as a unified political entity on 15 December 2008, so that the five constituent islands would attain new constitutional statuses within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, but this dissolution was postponed until 10 October 2010. Curaçao and Sint Maarten gained autonomy as non-independent countries within
1711-627: The French parliament . Defence and diplomatic affairs are responsibilities of France, but some overseas parts do participate in some international organisations directly. ( Réunion , for example, is a member of the Indian Ocean Commission .) The French overseas territories were in the past colonial possessions . Arab Iraq and the Kurdistan Region have de jure full sovereignty over internal matters for their respective regions. The agreement
1770-663: The Saltoro Ridge passes, whilst Pakistan controls the lower territory just southwest of the Saltoro Ridge. India controls 101,338 km (39,127 sq mi) of the disputed territory; Pakistan 85,846 km (33,145 sq mi); and the PRC, the remaining 37,555 km (14,500 sq mi). On 20 November 2001, the Mauritius National Assembly unanimously adopted two laws giving Rodrigues autonomy, creating
1829-458: The Tuzla Island conflict occurred. In 2014, Crimea was annexed by Russia and Ukraine lost de facto control of Crimea. The relationship between the United States and Puerto Rico is a federacy. Puerto Rico residents are United States citizens and may freely travel between the U.S. mainland and Puerto Rico. Residents of Puerto Rico are exempt from some federal taxes. Puerto Rico's autonomy
Kundura - Misplaced Pages Continue
1888-538: The 9th EDF (PRIP) Regional Trade and Economic Integration Programme which provides approximately €9 million to assist the Region in implementing PICTA, negotiate trade agreements with developed partners (e.g. EPA), intensify links with the WTO and address supply-side constraints. Nicaragua is divided into 15 departments and two autonomous regions: North Caribbean Coast and South Caribbean Coast . The two autonomous regions formed
1947-657: The Dutch Hoge Raad ("High Council") acts as their supreme court . Dutch nationals related to these territories are fully European citizens ; however, Dutch-Caribbean citizens residing in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten are normally not entitled to vote in Dutch elections, but can vote in elections for the European Parliament . Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten are overseas countries and territories (OCTs), listed under Annex II of
2006-449: The Kingdom consists of the parliament of the Netherlands. De facto the cabinet and the parliament of the Netherlands are responsible for the administration of the dependencies Aruba, Curaçao and St. Maarten alongside being responsible for the Dutch government . There is limited participation of politicians of the other countries. Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten share a Common Court of Appeals;
2065-465: The Kingdom, as Aruba had in 1986, and the three remaining islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba became special municipalities of the Netherlands itself. Cook Islands is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum and as such is part of the "Umbrella Agreement" including Australia and New Zealand, called the " Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations " (PACER). This agreement includes
2124-588: The Marshall Islands, and Palau, association is concluded by treaty between two sovereign states; in the case of the Cook Islands and Niue, association is concluded by domestic legal arrangements. In an asymmetric federation one of the federated states has more independence than the others. An example of this is Canada , where Quebec has been given political deference to craft independent language and education policies. Some unitary states , such as Spain and
2183-454: The Netherlands. Each of the four countries have separate constitutions, governments and parliaments, but Aruba alone has its own national currency and Central Bank . The Council of Ministers of the Kingdom as a whole consists de facto of the Council of Ministers of the Netherlands together with three ministers plenipotentiary , one nominated by each of the other countries. The legislature of
2242-652: The Soviet Union were lifted and they started to return to their homeland. In 1991, as part of the so-called " Novo-Ogarevo process " (reorganization of the Soviet Union), a referendum was held on the restoration of autonomy to Crimea, but the referendum did not have an option for the Crimean Tatars to be restored as the titular nation. After the August Putsch, a referendum was held in Crimea on Ukrainian independence. In 1992, there
2301-400: The U.S. president. However, Puerto Ricans are eligible to join U.S. political parties, and both major parties conduct primary elections for national positions in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico thus has no direct representation in the institutions of the central state. He notes that essentially the Puerto Rico–U.S. relationship exhibits some elements of empire, and nearly none of federalism. Puerto Rico
2360-617: The United Kingdom nor sovereign or associated states. The relations between the United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies , i.e. the Isle of Man and the bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey in the Channel Islands , are very similar to a federate relation: they enjoy independence from the United Kingdom, which, via The Crown, takes care of their foreign relations and defence—although the U.K. Parliament does have overall power to legislate for
2419-614: The United Kingdom, may also be regarded as asymmetric federations. For example, in Spain, the Basque Country , Catalonia and Galicia (later also Andalusia , Aragon , Balearic Islands , Canary Islands , Navarre , Valencia , etc.) have been granted greater autonomy and political deference than the rest of the Spanish autonomous communities (see: nationalities and regions of Spain ). The difference between an asymmetric federation and federacy
Kundura - Misplaced Pages Continue
2478-630: The United Nations to include the island on its list of "non-self-governing territories". Nakhchivan is an autonomous part of Azerbaijan . Rotuma has the status of dependency in Fiji. The archipelago of Åland is a region of Finland , but compared to the other regions, it enjoys a high degree of home rule. Extensive autonomy was granted to it in the Act on the Autonomy of Åland of 1920 (last revised 1991), and
2537-719: The autonomy was affirmed by a League of Nations decision in 1921. The Parliament of Åland ( Lagtinget ) handles duties that in other provinces are exercised by state provincial offices of the central government . Åland sends one representative to the Finnish parliament , and is a member of the Nordic Council (independently of Finland). It is demilitarised, and the population is exempt from conscription . Åland has issued its own postage stamps since 1984, and runs its own police force. Most of Åland's inhabitants speak Swedish as their first language (91.2% in 2007). Åland's autonomous status
2596-727: The centralized Soviet Union. During the 1960s, the North Crimean Canal was dug through the steppe territory of Crimea all the way to the city of Kerch . By the time of dissolution of the Soviet Union , the Crimean Oblast was a favorite vacation spot for top Communist officials from the whole Soviet Union. The then-leader of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev stayed in Foros during the 1991 August Putch at his "gosdacha". In 1989 political sanctions against Crimean Tatars in
2655-402: The dependencies. However, the islands are neither incorporated into the United Kingdom nor independent or associated states. The Isle of Man does not have a monarch but Charles III holds the position of Lord of Mann . A federacy differs from a devolved state , such as Denmark , Spain and the United Kingdom, because, in a devolved state, the central government can revoke the independence of
2714-431: The former being an integral part of the state and the other being only under some lesser form of control. However, the term "administrative division" can include dependent territories as well as accepted administrative divisions (for example, in geographical databases ). Communities united in a federation under a federal government are more specifically known as federated states . A federated state may be referred to as
2773-575: The future creation of a free trade area amongst the 14 ACP Forum Islands Countries (FICs) called the "Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement" (PICTA), without Australia and New Zealand. Under the Cotonou Agreement, Cook Islands is committed to negotiating the new reciprocal Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between the ACP states and the EU, which was due to come into force in 2008. Cook Islands also benefits from
2832-594: The historical department of Zelaya and part of the Mosquito Coast . Papua New Guinea is divided into 20 provinces. Among them Bougainville has an autonomous government. The Philippines is divided into 17 regions , with Bangsamoro only the one to have an autonomous region . An earlier proposed autonomous region, the Bangsamoro Juridical Entity was "federacy" within the Philippines. Nevis
2891-647: The peninsula was stripped of its autonomous status as its titular nationality, the Crimean Tatars, were removed and it was made a regular oblast of Russia. To resolve the issue of drought in Crimea, in 1950 construction started on the Kakhovka Hydroelectric Power Plant and a new city of Nova Kakhovka to serve it, both in Ukraine. At the same time there was a decision to build the North Crimean Canal . The new power station improved supply of power to
2950-630: The peninsula, while its dam created the Kakhovka Reservoir , which alleviates drought in the steppe areas of Kherson oblast and Crimea. In 1954, the Crimean Oblast was transferred to Soviet Ukraine from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , primarily to improve bureaucratic efficiency since power and water in Crimea primarily came from Soviet Ukraine. The transfer represented a territorial readjustment for economic reasons between two administrative divisions of
3009-453: The power to terminate or modify the Puerto Rico–U.S. relationship rests squarely on the U.S. Congress and that the U.S. government contends that sovereignty over Puerto Rico resides solely in the United States and not in the people of Puerto Rico. Lluch notes that both Watts and Elazar define a "federacy" as "political arrangements where a large unit is linked to a smaller unit or units, but the smaller unit retains considerable autonomy and has
SECTION 50
#17328701656603068-604: The region is divided amongst three countries in a territorial dispute : Pakistan controls the northwest portion ( Gilgit–Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir ), India controls the central and southern portion ( Jammu and Kashmir ) and Ladakh , and the People's Republic of China controls the northeastern portion ( Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract ). India controls the majority of the Siachen Glacier area including
3127-402: The smallest units of subdivision (the local governments ). Some administrative division names (such as departments , cantons , prefectures , counties or governorates ) can be used for principal, second-level, or third-level divisions. The levels of administrative divisions and their structure largely varies by country (and sometimes within a single country). Usually the smaller the country
3186-466: The subunits (e.g. Scottish Parliament , National Assembly for Wales , Northern Ireland Assembly in the case of the U.K.) without changing the constitution. Jaime Lluch has critiqued the classification and description of "federacy" as used by Elazar and Watts. Lluch argues that the category of "federacy" is misapplied to the case of Puerto Rico (and to other comparable cases), and that it is an example of "conceptual stretching". He finds that "federacies"
3245-514: Was a German Schutzgebiet until 1919, when it became a British mandate territory . The two were united in 1964, after a popular revolt against the Sultan of Zanzibar . Tobago has its own House of Assembly , with its Chief Secretary. It handles some of the responsibilities of the Trinidad and Tobago central government. The Autonomous Republic of Crimea within Ukraine existed in unregulated form as
3304-634: Was a colony of the Netherlands until 1954. Aruba reached an agreement on decolonization with the Kingdom of the Netherlands following a referendum held in 1977, and became autonomous and separate from the Antilles, with a status aparte : meaning the status of an autonomous country with its full autonomous country status officially recognized in the Charter since 1986.) The Charter links the four autonomous countries. Aruba, Curaçao, and St. Maarten do not each have statehood but have Dutch nationality in common with
3363-592: Was a result of disputes between Sweden and Imperial Russia in 1809, and between Finland and Sweden 1917–1921. Most of the French Republic is divided into 18 régions : 13 are in metropolitan France ( Corsica , one of these, is strictly speaking not a région , but is often counted as such) and 5 are régions d'outre-mer (overseas regions). Not included in any région are five collectivités d'outre-mer , one territoire d'outre-mer , one collectivité sui generis and remote Clipperton Island (which
3422-597: Was conflict surrounding competing Russian and Ukrainian claims on the former Soviet Black Sea Fleet that was based out of Sevastopol , and there was the possibility of escalation to armed conflict. In 1993 the Russian parliament adopted an official statement "About status of the Sevastopol City" where it made territorial claims against Ukrainian territory in Ukraine. The issue was brought to the Security Council. In 2003,
3481-545: Was upheld in the country's 2005 constitution . After independence from British rule, princely states of the Indian Empire during the British Colonial Era were given the choice to opt for either to the new Dominions of India or Pakistan . The Kashmir state was ruled by a Hindu king Maharaja Hari Singh but the majority of its population was Muslim. According to Burton Stein 's History of India , Currently,
#659340