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106-739: Mount Kumgang has been known for its scenic beauty since ancient times and is the subject of many different works of art . Including its spring name, Kŭmgangsan ( 금강산 ; 金 剛 山 , Korean pronunciation: [kɯmɡaŋsʰan] ), it has many different names for each season, but it is most widely known today in the Korean language as Kŭmgangsan. In summer, it is called Pongraesan ( 봉래산 ; 蓬萊 山 ; lit.  Penglai Mountain); in autumn, Phung'aksan ( 풍악산 ; 楓 岳 山 ; 楓 骨 山 ; lit.  great mountain of colored leaves); in winter, Kaegolsan ( 개골산 ; 皆 骨 山 ; lit.  all bone mountain). The creation of Mt. Kŭmgang

212-580: A Goguryeo general by the name of Dae Jo-yeong founded the Korean-Mohe state of Balhae and successfully expelled the Tang presence from much of the former Goguryeo territories. Baekje was founded by Onjo , a Goguryeo prince and the third son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo, in 18 BC. Baekje and Goguryeo shared founding myths and originated from Buyeo . The Records of the Three Kingdoms mentions Baekje as

318-626: A candidate has been reported. Tool-making artifacts from the Paleolithic period have been found in present-day North Hamgyong , South Pyongan , Gyeonggi , and north and south Chungcheong provinces, which dates the Paleolithic Age to half a million years ago, though it may have begun as late as 400,000 years ago or as early as 600,000–700,000 years ago. The earliest known Korean pottery dates back to around 8000 BC, and evidence of Mesolithic Pit–Comb Ware culture (or Yunggimun pottery )

424-640: A common nesting area is lessened due to the greater portion of vegetation in the white-naped crane's diet. In cases where interactions turn aggressive between white-naped and red-crowned cranes, red-crowned cranes are dominant, as expected due to their considerably larger size. As reported researchers trying to band or examine the cranes or their nest, this powerful species is considered mildly hazardous and prone to respond quickly with considerable aggression to being approached or handled by humans and are able to inflict painful injuries using both its kicking feet and dagger-like beak. The population of red-crowned cranes

530-532: A competitive electoral system. The South Korean economy has prospered , and the country is now considered to be fully developed. North Korea has maintained a totalitarian militarized rule , with a personality cult constructed around the Kim family . Economically, North Korea has remained heavily dependent on foreign aid . [1] No fossil proven to be Homo erectus has been found in the Korean Peninsula , though

636-517: A crane nest without any of these parties harassing each other. However, birds more likely to be egg or nest predators, such as corvids , some buzzards , and various eagles , are treated aggressively and are threatened until they leave the crane's territory. Mammalian carnivores, including small Siberian weasels ( Mustela sibirica ) to large red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ), Asian badgers ( Meles leucurus ), common raccoon dogs ( Nyctereutes viverrinus ), and domestic dogs ( Canis familiaris ) which pose

742-422: A favor"). Given its reputation, Jerry Huff, an American branding expert, recommended it as the international logo of Japan Airlines , after seeing a representation of it in a gallery of samurai crests. Huff wrote "I had faith that it was the perfect symbol for Japan Air Lines. I found that the crane myth was all positive—it mates for life (loyalty), and flies high for miles without tiring (strength)." In Korea,

848-460: A feeding style similar to that of the heron . Although animal prey can be swallowed whole, red-crowned cranes more often tear up large prey by grasping with their beaks and shaking it vigorously, eating pieces as they fall apart. Most foraging occurs in wet grasslands, cultivated fields, shallow rivers, or on the shores of lakes. The population of red-crowned cranes in Japan is mostly non-migratory, with

954-543: A first-class endangered species. In China, the red-crowned crane is often featured in myths and legends. In Taoism , the red-crowned crane is a symbol of longevity and immortality. In art and literature, immortals are often depicted riding on cranes. A mortal who attains immortality is similarly carried off by a crane. Reflecting this association, red-crowned cranes are called xian he ( traditional Chinese : 仙鶴 ; simplified Chinese : 仙鹤 ; pinyin : xiānhè ; lit. 'fairy crane" or "crane of

1060-474: A fresh invasion in 667, aided by the defector Yeon Namsaeng, and was finally able to conquer Goguryeo in 668. After the collapse of Goguryeo, Tang and Silla ended their alliance and fought over control of the Korean Peninsula . Silla succeeded in gaining control over most of the Korean Peninsula, while Tang gained control over Goguryeo's northern territories. However, 30 years after the fall of Goguryeo,

1166-532: A joint in various directions, forming unusual terrains and strange rocks, which have been formed as a result of erosion for a long period of crustal activity and weathering, from 10 million years to the present. Kŭmgang Mountain ranges from Tongchon County , Kangwon Province in North Korea, to Inje County , Gangwon Province in South Korea. The area is up to 40 km long east–west, 60 km north–south, with

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1272-553: A member of the Mahan confederacy in the Han River basin (near now Seoul ). It expanded into the southwest ( Chungcheong and Jeolla provinces) of the peninsula and became a significant political and military power. In the process, Baekje came into fierce confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies in the vicinity of its territorial ambitions. At its peak in the 4th century during

1378-591: A minimum distance of 2 to 3 m (6.6 to 9.8 ft) to keep out of pecking range of other cranes while roosting nocturnally during winter. In circumstances where a crane violates these boundaries, it may be violently attacked. The red-crowned crane is monogamous and long-lived, with stable pair-bonding both within and between years, and believed to mate for life. The breeding maturity is thought to be reached at 3–4 years of age. All mating and egg-laying are largely restricted to April and early May. A red-crowned crane pair duets in various situations, helping to establish

1484-518: A powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia, when Gwanggaeto the Great and his son, Jangsu , expanded the country into almost all of Manchuria, parts of Inner Mongolia, parts of Russia, and took the present-day city of Seoul from Baekje. Goguryeo experienced a golden age under Gwanggaeto and Jangsu, who both subdued Baekje and Silla during their times, achieving a brief unification of

1590-528: A program where U.S. zoos donated eggs which were flown to Russia and raised in the Khinganski Nature Reserve and released into the wild. This program sent 150 eggs between 1995 and 2005. The program has been put on hold to concentrate on different crane conservation programs in Russia, such as education and fire suppression. Several hundred red-crowned cranes are kept in zoos around the world. Assuredly,

1696-435: A threat to eggs and chicks, are attacked immediately, with the parent cranes attempting to jab them in the flanks until the predators leave the vicinity. These predators generally do not present any danger to chicks in the presence of adults and are chased away by the crane without difficulty. Larger predators such as gray wolves ( Canis lupus ) and large dogs can be repelled by aggressive crane pairs. Occasionally, losses at

1802-536: A total of 78 states within the Samhan. The Samhan were eventually conquered by Baekje , Silla , and Gaya in the 4th century. Goguryeo was founded in 37 BC by Jumong (posthumously given the royal title Dongmyeongseong). Later, King Taejo centralized the government. Goguryeo was the first Korean kingdom to adopt Buddhism as the state religion in 372, in King Sosurim 's reign. Goguryeo (also spelled as Koguryŏ )

1908-490: A total size of 530 km² to the back of Baekdudaegan. It is divided between the "Inner Kumgang" in the west and the "Outer Kumgang" in the east. The area on the east side of the Yeongeum River is called "Hae Kumgang" ("Sea Kumgang"). The main peak of Mt. Kŭmgang is Pirobong, and there are more than 60 peaks over 1,000 meters. Combined with countless sub-peaks, they were historically called "12,000 peaks". Many scenic spots in

2014-476: A week. A majority of nests contains two eggs, though one to three have been recorded. Both sexes incubate the eggs for at least 30 days. They also both feed the young when they hatch. Staying in the nest for the first few weeks, the young start to follow their parents as they forage in marshes by around 3 months of age. New hatchlings weigh about 150 g (5.3 oz) and are covered in yellow natal down for two weeks. By early fall, about 95 days after hatching,

2120-628: A year. In June 2005, Hyundai Asan announced the one millionth South Korean visit to the area. The Mount Kumgang Tourist Region, developed by Hyundai Asan , was thought to be one way for the North Korean government to earn hard currency . The currency at the resort was neither the South Korean won nor the North Korean won , but the Chinese RMB and US dollar . Food and services to South Korean tourists were provided by some North Koreans. But most of

2226-440: Is 750 g (26 oz). They seem to prefer a carnivorous diet, although rice is now essential to survival for wintering birds in Japan and grass seeds are another important food source. While all cranes are omnivorous, per Johnsgard , the two most common crane species today (the sandhill and common cranes ) are among the most herbivorous species while the two rarest species (the red-crowned and whooping cranes ) are perhaps

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2332-533: Is closely related to the unique climate and distinctive geological activity of the area. Mt. Kŭmgang is a region where rain and snow fall relatively heavily, and the climate varies depending on altitude and even east-west location. The Kŭmgang geological layer is composed of several types of rocks from ancient geological periods. The most widely distributed rocks are granites of two types (mica mixed and stained), with granite-gneissic fertilization zones being formed in some areas. The rocks are transversely oriented and form

2438-514: Is found throughout the peninsula, such as in Jeju Island . Jeulmun pottery , or "comb-pattern pottery", is found after 7000 BC, and is concentrated at sites in west-central regions of the Korean Peninsula, where a number of prehistoric settlements, such as Amsa-dong , existed. Jeulmun pottery bears basic design and form similarities to that of Mongolia , the Amur and Songhua river basins of Manchuria ,

2544-575: Is known as the tanchōzuru and is said to live for 1,000 years. A pair of red-crowned cranes was used in the design for the Series D 1000-yen note (reverse side). In the Ainu language , the red-crowned crane is known as sarurun kamuy or "marsh kamuy ". At Tsurui , they are one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan . Cranes are said to grant favours in return for acts of sacrifice, as in Tsuru no Ongaeshi ("crane's return of

2650-601: Is known for the lagoons and stone pillars. Kuryong Falls ("Nine Dragons Falls") in Kuryongyeon is one of the three major waterfalls in Korea along with Daeseung Falls in Seoraksan . It is 74 meters in height and 4 meters in width. The waterfall cliffs and the bottom are made of one granite mass. Bibbong Waterfall is 139 meters higher, and is named for its refreshing water stream. The rocks there are associated with unique legends. Much of

2756-460: Is one of the longest-living species of bird. The red-crowned crane is a big-sized bird and there are no natural predators within their wintering ground. With their height averaging 1.5 m (5 ft), their large size deters most predators. As a result, red-crowned cranes often react indifferently to the presence of other birds such as small raptors; with harriers , falcons , owls , and usually buzzards being allowed to hunt small prey near

2862-451: Is severe, and the rainfall increases from Haegeumgang to Oegeumgang, but due to the phenomenon of Foehn, the rainfall decreases from Naegeumgang to Naegeumgang. It is also warm and humid in preparation for the overall climate in Korea. However, depending on the altitude, cold temperatures of minus 10 to 30 degrees Celsius will continue in the winter, and depending on the region, snow will fall as early as October. These climatic conditions lie at

2968-527: Is split into a migratory continental population in Korea, China, Mongolia and Russia (with all birds wintering in Korea and China), and a resident Japanese population in Hokkaidō . In 2020, winter counts recorded more than 3,800 red-crowned cranes (adults and immatures), including about 1,900 in Japan, more than 1,600 in Korea and about 350 in China. This indicates that there are around 2,300 adults overall. Whereas both

3074-463: Is the heaviest crane species, although both the sarus and wattled crane can grow taller and exceed this species in linear measurements. On average, adult males from Hokkaidō weighed around 8.2 kg (18 lb) and adult females there averaged around 7.3 kg (16 lb), while a Russian study found males averaged 10 kg (22 lb) and females averaged 8.6 kg (19 lb); in some cases, females could outweigh their mates despite

3180-669: The Geumgang jeondo and the Pungaknaesan chongramdo , painted in the 1740s by Jeong Seon . The division of the Korean peninsula in 1950 resulted in the South Korean people finding themselves unable to visit this beloved mountain for the better part of 50 years. The 155-mile-long (249 km) barbed-wire fence erected as part of the DMZ (Demilitarized zone) separating the two Koreas proved to be an obstacle stronger than any other barrier. In 1894

3286-541: The Goguryeo–Sui War , in which Goguryeo defeated a huge force traditionally said to number over a million men, and contributed to the Sui dynasty 's fall. In 642, the powerful general Yeon Gaesomun led a coup and gained complete control over Goguryeo. In response, Emperor Taizong of Tang China led a campaign against Goguryeo , but was defeated and retreated. After the death of Taizong, his son Gaozong allied with

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3392-750: The Goryeong region after the 5th century. Constantly engaged in war with the three kingdoms surrounding it, Gaya was not developed to form a unified state, and was ultimately absorbed into Silla in 562. The term North-South States refers to Unified Silla and Balhae , during the time when Silla controlled the majority of the Korean peninsula while Balhae expanded into Manchuria . During this time, culture and technology significantly advanced, especially in Unified Silla. Red-crowned crane Green: Breeding Yellow: Migratory passage Red: Non-breeding The red-crowned crane ( Grus japonensis ), also called

3498-623: The Japanese invasions of Korea . The combined force of the Ming dynasty of China and the Joseon dynasty (whose naval fleet was successfully led by Admiral Yi Sun-sin ) repelled these Japanese invasions, but at a cost to both countries. Henceforth, Joseon gradually became more and more isolationist and stagnant with frequent internal strifes. By the mid 19th century, with the country unwilling to modernize, and under encroachment by European powers , Joseon Korea

3604-580: The Joseon dynasty (1392–1897) after a coup d'état in 1388 that overthrew the Goryeo dynasty. King Sejong the Great (1418–1450) implemented numerous administrative, social, scientific, and economic reforms, established royal authority in the early years of the dynasty, and personally created Hangul , the Korean alphabet. After enjoying a period of peace for nearly two centuries, the Joseon dynasty faced foreign invasions from 1592 to 1637. Most notable of these were

3710-735: The Jōmon culture in Japan, and the Baiyue in Southern China and Southeast Asia . Archaeological evidence demonstrates that agricultural societies and the earliest forms of social-political complexity emerged in the Mumun pottery period (c. 1500–300 BC). People in southern Korea adopted intensive dry-field and paddy-field agriculture with a multitude of crops in the Early Mumun Period (1500–850 BC). The first societies led by big-men or chiefs emerged in

3816-453: The Korean Peninsula and east-central China to spend the winter. Vagrants have also been recorded in Taiwan . In addition to the migratory populations, a resident population is found in eastern Hokkaidō , Japan . This species nests in wetlands , marshes and rivers . In the wintering range, their habitat consists mainly of paddy fields , grassy tidal flats , and mudflats . In the flats,

3922-605: The Korean Peninsula and in Manchuria began roughly half a million years ago. The earliest known Korean pottery dates to around 8000 BC and the Neolithic period began thereafter, followed by the Bronze Age by 2000 BC, and the Iron Age around 700 BC. The Paleolithic people are likely not the direct ancestors of the present Korean people, but their direct ancestors are thought to be

4028-464: The Manchurian crane ( traditional Chinese : 丹頂鶴 ; simplified Chinese : 丹顶鹤 ; pinyin : dāndǐng hè ; Japanese : 丹頂鶴 or タンチョウヅル ; rōmaji : tanchōzuru ; Korean : 두루미 ; romaja : durumi ; the Chinese character '丹' means 'red', '頂/顶' means 'crown' and '鶴/鹤' means 'crane'), is a large East Asian crane among the rarest cranes in

4134-660: The Nakdong River basin and uniting the city-states. By the 2nd century, Silla was a large state, occupying and influencing nearby city-states. Silla gained further power when it annexed the Gaya confederacy in 562. Silla often faced pressure from Goguryeo, Baekje and Japan, and at various times allied and warred with Baekje and Goguryeo . Silla was the smallest and weakest of the Three Kingdoms of Korea , but it used cunning diplomatic means to make opportunistic pacts and alliances with

4240-574: The Northern and Southern States period (698–926) with Balhae and Silla coexisting. In the late 9th century, Silla was divided into the Later Three Kingdoms (892–936), which ended with the unification by Wang Kŏn 's Goryeo dynasty. Meanwhile, Balhae fell after invasions by the Khitan -led Liao dynasty ; fleeing refugees including the last crown prince emigrated to Goryeo, where he was absorbed into

4346-556: The Three Kingdoms of China retaliated by invading and destroying Hwando in 244. This forced the king to flee with Cao Wei in pursuit and broke Goguryeo's rule over the Okjeo and Ye, damaging its economy. The king eventually settled in a new capital, and Goguryeo focused on rebuilding and regaining control. In the early 4th century Goguryeo once again attacked the Chinese (now Sima Jin ) to cut off their access to Korea and this time succeeded, and soon afterward conquered Lelang and Daifang ending

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4452-412: The Three Kingdoms of Korea and becoming the most dominant power of the Korean peninsula. Jangsu's long reign of 79 years saw the perfecting of Goguryeo's political, economic and other institutional arrangements. Goguryeo was a highly militaristic state; in addition to contesting for control of the Korean Peninsula, Goguryeo had many military conflicts with various Chinese dynasties, most notably

4558-523: The Yayoi of Japan . Around 100 BC, Jin evolved into the Samhan confederacies. Many smaller states sprang from the former territory of Gojoseon such as Buyeo , Okjeo , Dongye , Goguryeo , and Baekje . The Three Kingdoms refer to Goguryeo , Baekje , and Silla , although Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy existed into the 5th and 6th centuries respectively. The Proto-Three Kingdoms period, sometimes called

4664-525: The tarsus measures 23.7–31.9 cm (9.3–12.6 in). In the spring and summer, the migratory populations of the red-crowned crane breed in Siberia ( far eastern Russia ), Northeast China and occasionally in north-eastern Mongolia (i.e., Mongol Daguur Strictly Protected Area ). The breeding range centers in Lake Khanka , on the border of China and Russia. Later, in the fall, they migrate in flocks to

4770-540: The 12th century BC, Gija , a prince from the Shang dynasty of China, purportedly founded Gija Joseon . In pre-modern Korea, Gija represented the authenticating presence of Chinese civilization, and until the 20th century, Koreans commonly believed that Dangun bestowed upon Korea its people and basic culture, while Gija gave Korea its high culture—and presumably, standing as a legitimate civilization. However, due to contradicting historical and archaeological evidence, its existence

4876-510: The Baekje court retreated to Japan after Baekje was conquered by the Silla–Tang alliance. Baekje was once a great military power on the Korean Peninsula, especially during the time of Geunchogo , but was critically defeated by Gwanggaeto the Great and declined. Ultimately, Baekje was defeated by a coalition of Silla and Tang forces in 660. According to legend, the kingdom of Silla began with

4982-539: The British writer Isabella Bird Bishop referred to it in her travelogue as "Diamond Mountain". Kŭmgangsan is the subject of a 1962 South Korean folk song, Longing for Mt. Geumgang . It is also the setting of the 1973 North Korean revolutionary opera The Song of Mount Kumgang , and is a central motif in the South Korea TV drama Saimdang, Memoir of Colors . History of Korea The Lower Paleolithic era on

5088-410: The Chinese presence in Korea. However Goguryeo's expansion led to confrontation with the rising Xianbeis. The Xianbeis devastated Goguryeo's capital in the mid 4th century and the king retreated. Goguryeo eventually regrouped and began striking back in the late 4th century by King Gogukyang, culminating with the conquests of Gwanggaeto the Great. Goguryeo reached its zenith in the 5th century, becoming

5194-642: The King of Gojoseon was overthrown by Wi Man (also known as Wei Man), a Korean-Chinese refugee from the Han vassal state of Yan . Wi Man then established Wiman Joseon . In 128 BC, Nan Lü (南閭), a leader of Ye who was receiving pressure from Wiman Joseon , surrendered to the Han dynasty and became the Canghai Commandery . In 108 BC, the Chinese Han dynasty defeated Wiman Joseon and installed four commanderies in

5300-604: The Korean Empire ; the treaties involved were later confirmed to be null and void. Korea then became a de facto Japanese colony from 1910 to 1945. Korean resistance manifested in the widespread March First Movement of 1919. Thereafter the resistance movements , coordinated by the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in exile, became largely active in neighboring Manchuria, China proper , and Siberia . After

5406-422: The Korean kingdom of Silla and invaded Goguryeo again, but was unable to overcome Goguryeo's stalwart defenses and was defeated in 662. However, Yeon Gaesomun died of a natural cause in 666 and Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by a succession struggle among his sons and younger brother, with his eldest son defecting to Tang and his younger brother defecting to Silla. The Tang–Silla alliance mounted

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5512-663: The Middle Mumun (850–550 BC), and the first ostentatious elite burials can be traced to the Late Mumun (c. 550–300 BC). Bronze production began in the Middle Mumun and became increasingly important in ceremonial and political society after 700 BC. Archeological evidence from Songguk-ri , Daepyeong , Igeum-dong , and elsewhere indicate that the Mumun era was the first in which chiefdoms rose, expanded, and collapsed. The increasing presence of long-distance trade, an increase in local conflicts, and

5618-556: The Neolithic People of about 2000 BC. According to the mythic account recounted in the Samguk yusa (1281), the Gojoseon kingdom was founded in northern Korea and southern Manchuria in 2333 BC. The first written historical record on Gojoseon can be found from the text Guanzi , attributable to 7th century BC. The Jin state was formed in southern Korea by the 3rd century BC. In

5724-609: The North Korean side up to the border, but no tracks are laid between Gangneung and the border in South Korea. In 1998, there were 15,500 tourists in November and December, in 1999 there were 148,000, and in 2000 213,000. In 2001 tourist numbers dropped to 58,000 amidst disagreements over the access over land. As of 2002, almost 500,000 had visited the Mount Kumgang Tourist Region. Tourist numbers then reached about 240,000

5830-464: The Several States Period (열국시대,列國時代), is the time before the rise of the Three Kingdoms of Korea , which included Goguryeo , Silla , and Baekje , and occurred after the fall of Gojoseon . This time period consisted of numerous states that sprang up from the former territories of Gojoseon. Among these states, the largest and most influential were Eastern Buyeo and Northern Buyeo . After

5936-484: The ancient times. The Bronze Age in Korea is often held to have begun around 900–800 BC, though the transition to the Bronze Age may have begun as far back as 2300 BC. Bronze daggers, mirrors, jewelry, and weaponry have been found, as well as evidence of walled-town polities. Rice, red beans, soybeans and millet were cultivated, and rectangular pit-houses and increasingly larger dolmen burial sites are found throughout

6042-570: The area are designated as natural monuments of North Korea. The southern part of the "Outer Kumgang" is also called "New Kumgang". There are 11 areas in Outer Kumgang, 8 in Inner Kumgang and 3 in Hae Kumgang, although not all have been opened. Since ancient times, the name Kumgang has been mainly used for the "Inner Kumgang" ( 내금강 ), which, located in the western part of the central pole, contains

6148-696: The birds feed on aquatic invertebrates , and, in cold, snowy conditions, the birds switch to mainly living on rice gleanings from the paddy fields. Red-crowned cranes have a highly omnivorous diet, though the dietary preferences have not been fully studied. They eat rice, parsley, carrots, corn, redbuds, heath berries, acorns , buckwheat, grasses and a variety of water plants such as reeds . The animal matter in their diet consists of fish, including carp and goldfish , amphibians , especially salamanders , snails , crabs , dragonflies , other insects , small reptiles , shrimp , small birds and rodents . The daily food requirement of adult red-crowned cranes

6254-483: The cheeks, throat, and neck, while females are pearly gray in these spots. The bill is olive green to a greenish horn, the legs are slate to grayish black, and the iris is dark brown. Juveniles are a combination of white, partly tawny, cinnamon brown, and rusty or grayish. The neck collar is grayish to coffee brown, the secondaries are dull black and brown, and the crown and forehead are covered with gray and tawny feathers. The primaries are white, tipped with black, as are

6360-520: The conflict ended with a ceasefire in 1953. In 1991, both states were accepted into the United Nations . In 2018, the two nations agreed to work toward a final settlement to formally end the Korean conflict and promote the common prosperity and reunification of Korea. While both countries were essentially under authoritarian rule after the war, South Korea eventually liberalized . Since 1987 it has had

6466-502: The cultural connotation of loyalty, uprightness and noble morality. red crowned crane is embroidered on the clothes of a civil servant. It is listed as an important symbol next only to the Loong and Fenghuang used by the royal family. Therefore, people also regard the crane as a symbol of a high official. The image of red crowned crane generally appears in Chinese cultural relics and works of art. Because of its importance in Chinese culture,

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6572-570: The end of World War II in 1945, the Allies divided the country into a northern area (protected by the Soviets ) and a southern area (protected primarily by the United States ). In 1948, when the great powers failed to agree on the formation of a single government, this partition became the modern states of North and South Korea. The peninsula was divided at the 38th Parallel : the " Republic of Korea "

6678-416: The fall of Gojoseon , Buyeo arose in today's North Korea and southern Manchuria , from about the 2nd century BC to 494 AD. Its remnants were absorbed by Goguryeo in 494, and both Goguryeo and Baekje , two of the Three Kingdoms of Korea , considered themselves its successor. Although records are sparse and contradictory, it is thought that in 86 BC, Dongbuyeo (Eastern Buyeo) branched out, after which

6784-461: The formation and maintenance of the pair bond, as well as territorial advertisement and agonistic signaling. Both males and females may start a duet with the production of a start call, but the main part of the duet always began with a long male call. The pair moves rhythmically until they are standing close, throwing their heads back and letting out a fluting call in unison, often triggering other pairs to start duetting, as well. As it occurs year-round,

6890-421: The immortals"'). The red-crowned crane is also a symbol of nobility. Depictions of the crane have been found in Shang dynasty tombs and Zhou dynasty ceremonial bronzeware. A common theme in later Chinese art is the reclusive scholar who cultivates bamboo and keeps cranes. Some literati even reared cranes and trained them to dance to guqin music. The Ming and Qing dynasties endowed the red crowned crane with

6996-426: The international efforts of Russia, China, Japan, and Korea are needed to keep the species from extinction. The most pressing threat is habitat destruction, with a general lack of remaining pristine wetland habitats for the species to nest. In Japan, little proper nesting habitat remains and the local breeding population is close to the saturation point. In South Korea, it has been designated natural monument 202 and

7102-401: The intersection of the northern and southern plants. Starting in 1998, South Korean tourists were allowed to visit Mount Kumgang, initially travelling by cruise ship , and later more commonly by coach . In 2002, the area around the mountain was separated from Kangwŏn Province and organized as a separately-administered Tourist Region. The land route was opened in 2003. A rail link exists on

7208-409: The intervention of its neighboring kingdoms. Okjeo became a tributary of Goguryeo, and was eventually annexed into Goguryeo by Gwanggaeto the Great in the 5th century. Dongye (Eastern Ye) was another small kingdom that was situated in the northern Korean Peninsula . Dongye bordered Okjeo , and the two kingdoms faced the same fate of becoming tributaries of the growing empire of Goguryeo . Dongye

7314-462: The introduction of bronze and iron metallurgy are trends denoting the end of the Mumun around 300 BC. In addition, 73 tombs similar to the ones found in Japan, estimated to date back to Gojoseon (100 BC), have been found in the southern tip of the Korean peninsula, and the discovery of jar burials , suggest a close relationship with Japan, and Gojoseon, proving that Gojoseon and Yayoi period Japan maintained close relations with one another even during

7420-443: The late 2nd century BC, Gojoseon eventually fell to the Han dynasty of China, which led to succeeding warring states, the Proto–Three Kingdoms period. From the 1st century BC, Goguryeo , Baekje , and Silla grew to control the peninsula and Manchuria as the Three Kingdoms of Korea (57 BC–668 AD), until unification by Silla in 676. In 698, Dae Jo-young established Balhae in the old territories of Goguryeo, which led to

7526-405: The main peak of Mount Kŭmgang. "Outer Kumgang" ( 외금강 ) is located to the east of the "Inner kumgang" and covers an area along the east coast. The Outer Kŭmgang area is noted for the large number of peaks. Chipson Peak (literally "rock of ten thousand forms") is known for its many waterfalls. It includes many mountain peaks including Moonjoo Peak, Ho Peak, Sangdeung Peak, etc. The "Sea Kŭmgang" area

7632-440: The males' slightly larger average body weight. Another study found the average weight of the species to be 8.9 kg (20 lb). The maximum known weight of the red-crowned crane is 15 kg (33 lb 1 oz). Among standard measurements, the wing chord measures 50.2–74 cm (19.8–29.1 in), the exposed culmen measures 13.5–17.7 cm (5.3–7.0 in), tail length is 21.5–30 cm (8.5–11.8 in), and

7738-414: The more powerful Korean kingdoms, and eventually Tang China, to its great advantage. In 660, King Muyeol of Silla ordered his armies to attack Baekje. General Kim Yu-shin , aided by Tang forces, conquered Baekje. In 661, Silla and Tang moved on Goguryeo but were repelled. King Munmu , son of Muyeol and nephew of Kim, launched another campaign in 667 and Goguryeo fell in the following year. Gaya

7844-462: The most carnivorous species. When feeding on plants, red-crowned cranes exhibit a preference for plants with a high content of crude protein and low content of crude fiber. In Hokkaido , fish such as Tribolodon , Pungitius , Sculpin and flatfish was major prey of adults, while chicks mostly feed on various insects. In Zhalong Nature Reserve , small fish less than 10 cm (3.9 in), such as common carps , pond loach , and Chinese sleeper

7950-454: The mountain is covered by mixed broadleaf and coniferous forest and protected in a 60,000 ha national park . Some 25,000 ha has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports endangered red-crowned cranes . It belongs to the alpine region and has relatively high rainfall, with heavy rainfall in July and August. The East-West difference

8056-566: The nest occur to some of the above predators. Introduced American mink on Hokkaidō are one of the most successful predators of eggs and nestlings. Also, immature and unwary subadult or even adult cranes may be ambushed killed by red foxes in Japan and leopard cats in South Korea, though this is rare reports, especially with adults. More often, these birds can easily defend themselves by using sharp beak or just fly away from danger. Smaller white-naped cranes often nest near red-crowned cranes, but competition between these species for food in

8162-542: The northern Korean peninsula. Three of the commanderies fell or retreated westward within a few decades, but the Lelang Commandery remained as a center of cultural and economic exchange with successive Chinese dynasties for four centuries, until it was conquered by Goguryeo in 313 AD. Around 300 BC, a state called Jin arose in the southern part of the Korean peninsula. Very little is known about Jin, but it established relations with Han China and exported artifacts to

8268-421: The original Buyeo is sometimes referred to as Bukbuyeo (Northern Buyeo). Jolbon Buyeo was the predecessor to Goguryeo , and in 538, Baekje renamed itself Nambuyeo (Southern Buyeo). Okjeo was a tribal-state that was located in the northern Korean Peninsula , and was established after the fall of Gojoseon. Okjeo had been a part of Gojoseon before its fall. It never became a fully developed kingdom due to

8374-440: The peninsula. Contemporaneous records suggest that Gojoseon transitioned from a feudal federation of walled cities into a centralised kingdom at least before the 4th-century BC. It is believed that by the 4th century BC, iron culture was developing in Korea by northern influence via today's Russia's Maritime Province. Gojoseon was the first Korean kingdom, located in the north of the peninsula and Manchuria, later alongside

8480-502: The port in Mount Kumgang, offering visitors the chance to stay in the resorts previously run by the south. Although they are aimed primarily at Chinese guests, western companies are also offering the tours. Various Korean artists have revered Kŭmgangsan as a subject for art and poetry since antiquity. Numerous poets and artists who lived during the Joseon period (1392–1910) made pilgrimages to Kŭmgangsan. Among other well-known works are

8586-454: The race in Hokkaidō moving only 150 km (93 mi) to its wintering grounds. Only the mainland population experiences a long-distance migration. They leave their wintering grounds in spring by February and are established on territories by April. In fall, they leave their breeding territories in October and November, with the migration fully over by mid-December. Flock sizes are affected by

8692-604: The red-crowned crane was selected by the National Forestry Bureau of the People's Republic of China as a candidate for the title of national animal of China. This decision was deferred due to the red-crowned crane's Latin name translation as "Japanese crane". Robert Kuok 's Kerry/Kuok Group also uses the red-crowned crane as its logo for operations in Hong Kong, Singapore, mainland China, and overseas. In Japan, this crane

8798-522: The reign of King Geunchogo , Baekje absorbed all of the Mahan states and subjugated most of the western Korean peninsula (including the modern provinces of Gyeonggi , Chungcheong , and Jeolla , as well as part of Hwanghae and Gangwon ) to a centralized government. Baekje acquired Chinese culture and technology through maritime contacts with the Southern dynasties during the expansion of its territory. Baekje

8904-623: The resident Japanese population and the migratory population that winters in Korea have increased in recent decades, the migratory population that winters in China has rapidly decreased. The main threats are habitat loss and fragmentation , but to a lesser extent also human disturbances near their nesting grounds, poisoning and poaching. The red crowned crane is listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature . The National Aviary in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , ran

9010-525: The ruling family, thus unifying the two successor states of Goguryeo. During the Goryeo period, laws were codified , a civil service system was introduced, and culture influenced by Buddhism flourished. However, Mongol invasions in the 13th century brought Goryeo under the influence of the Mongol Empire and the Yuan dynasty of China until the mid-14th century. In 1392, General Yi Seong-gye established

9116-504: The same year after year. Most nesting territories are characterized by flat terrain, access to wetland habitat, and tall grasses. Nest sites are selected by females, but built by both sexes and are frequently in a small clearing made by the cranes, either on wet ground or shallow water over waters no more than 20 to 50 cm (7.9 to 19.7 in) deep. Sometimes, nests are built on the frozen surface of water, as frigid temperatures may persist well into nesting season. Nest building takes about

9222-544: The small numbers of the red-crowned crane, and given their largely carnivorous diet, some feeding dispersal is needed in natural conditions. Wintering cranes have been observed foraging, variously, in family groups, pairs, and singly, although all roosting is in larger groups (up to 80 individuals) with unrelated cranes. By the early spring, pairs begin to spend more time together, with nonbreeding birds and juveniles dispersing separately. Even while not nesting, red-crowned cranes tend to be aggressive towards conspecifics and maintain

9328-491: The social implications of dancing are complex in meaning. However, dancing behavior is generally thought to show excitement in the species. Also, the performance of duet displays increased the probability of staying in a favorable area, supporting the hypothesis that duet displays function as a signal of joint resource defense in the flock. Pairs are territorial during the breeding season. Nesting territories range from 1 to 7 km (0.39 to 2.70 sq mi) and are often

9434-418: The staff in the hotels are Chinese citizens of Korean heritage with Korean language skills. There had been plans to expand the site but as of late 2022 there were reports based on satellite imagery that the resort's facilities, including a golf course and a floating hotel, were being dismantled pursuant to directives from leader Kim Jong Un . On the morning of July 11, 2008, a 53-year-old South-Korean tourist

9540-437: The state of Jin in the south of the peninsula. The founding legend of Gojoseon, which is recorded in the Samguk yusa (1281) and other medieval Korean books, states that the country was established in 2333 BC by Dangun , said to be descended from heaven. While no evidence has been found that supports whatever facts may lie beneath this, the account has played an important role in developing Korean national identity. In

9646-575: The suspension of the tour for a long period." In seizing the properties, North Korea also alluded to the Baengnyeong incident , showing displeasure with South Korea blaming North Korea for the sinking of the ship. Since April 2010, North Korea is now permitting companies to run tours from the North Korean side, making it appear increasingly unlikely that tours will be resumed from the South. However, on October 1, 2010, news reports said, " Red Cross officials from

9752-622: The two Koreas agreed Friday to hold reunions for families separated by the Korean War amid mixed signals from North Korea on easing tensions over the sinking of a South Korean warship. One hundred families from each country will attend the meetings from Oct. 30 to Nov. 5 at a hotel and reunion center at the North's scenic Diamond Mountain resort, Unification Ministry spokeswoman Lee Jong-joo said." As of September 2011, North Korea has begun operating cruises directly from Rason in north-eastern North Korea, to

9858-676: The unification of six chiefdoms of the Jinhan confederacy by Park Hyeokgeose in 57 BC, in the southeastern area of Korea. Its territory included the present-day port city of Busan , and Silla later emerged as a sea power responsible for destroying Japanese pirates, especially during the Unified Silla period. Silla artifacts, including unique gold metalwork, show influence from the northern nomadic steppes and Iranian peoples and especially Persians , with less Chinese influence than are shown by Goguryeo and Baekje. Silla expanded rapidly by occupying

9964-686: The upper primary coverts. The legs and bill are similar to those of adults but lighter in color. This species is among the largest and heaviest cranes, typically measuring about 150 to 158 cm (4 ft 11 in to 5 ft 2 in) tall and 101.2–150 cm (3 ft 4 in – 4 ft 11 in) in length (from bill to tail tip). Across the large wingspan, the red-crowned crane measures 220–250 cm (7 ft 3 in – 8 ft 2 in). Typical body weight can range from 4.8 to 10.5 kg (11 to 23 lb), with males being slightly larger and heavier than females and weight ranging higher just prior to migration. On average, it

10070-459: The victim's and South Korea's. Due to the shooting, South Korea temporarily suspended all trips to Mount Kumgang. In March 2010, the DPRK government warned of "extraordinary measures" if the tourism ban were not lifted. On April 23, 2010, the North Korean government seized 5 properties owned by South Korea at the resort, saying that it was done "in compensation for the damage the North side suffered due to

10176-436: The world. In some parts of its range, it is known as a symbol of luck, longevity, and fidelity. Adult red-crowned cranes are named for a patch of red bare skin on the crown, which becomes brighter during the mating season. Overall, they are snow white in color with black on the wing secondaries, which can appear almost like a black tail when the birds are standing, but the real tail feathers are actually white. Males are black on

10282-445: The young are fledged and are assured fliers by migration time. Although they can fly well, crane young remain together with their parents for around 9 months. Young cranes maintain a higher-pitched voice that may serve to distinguish them from outwardly similar mature birds, this stage lasting until the leave parental care. The average adult lifespan is around 30 to 40 years, with some specimens living to 75 years of age in captivity. It

10388-556: Was a confederacy of small kingdoms in the Nakdong River valley of southern Korea since AD 42, growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan period. Gaya's plains were rich in iron, so export of iron tools was possible and agriculture flourished. In the early centuries, the Confederacy was led by Geumgwan Gaya in the Gimhae region. However, its leading power changed to Daegaya in

10494-498: Was a great maritime power; its nautical skill, which made it the Phoenicia of East Asia, was instrumental in the dissemination of Buddhism throughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan. Baekje played a fundamental role in transmitting cultural developments, such as Chinese characters , Buddhism , iron-making, advanced pottery , and ceremonial burial to ancient Japan . Other aspects of culture were also transmitted when

10600-486: Was also a former part of Gojoseon before its fall. Sam-han ( 삼한 ; 三韓 ) refers to the three confederacies of Mahan , Jinhan , and Byeonhan . The Samhan were located in the southern region of the Korean Peninsula . The Samhan countries were strictly governed by law, with religion playing an important role. Mahan was the largest, consisting of 54 states, and assumed political, economic, and cultural dominance. Byeonhan and Jinhan both consisted of 12 states, bringing

10706-478: Was also known as Goryeo (also spelled as Koryŏ ), and it eventually became the source of the modern name of Korea. The 3rd and 4th centuries were characterized by territorial competition with the Chinese and Xianbei, resulting in both losses and gains. Goguryeo initiated the Goguryeo–Wei War by attacking a Chinese fortress in 242 in an attempt to cut off Chinese access to its territories in Korea. Cao Wei of

10812-428: Was challenged in the 20th century, and today no longer forms the mainstream understanding of this period. The historical Gojoseon kingdom was first mentioned in the Chinese record in a text called Guanzi , attributed to 7th century BCE. By about the 4th century BC, Gojoseon had developed to the point where its existence was well known in China, and around this time, its capital moved to Pyongyang . In 194 BC,

10918-553: Was created in the south, with the backing of the US and Western Europe, and the " Democratic People's Republic of Korea " in the north, with the backing of the Soviets and the communist People's Republic of China . The new premier of North Korea, Kim Il Sung , launched the Korean War in 1950 in an attempt to reunify the country under Communist rule . After immense material and human destruction,

11024-634: Was forced to sign unequal treaties with foreign powers. After the assassination of Empress Myeongseong by Japanese mercenaries in 1895, the Donghak Peasant Revolution , and the Gabo Reforms of 1894 to 1896 , the Korean Empire (1897–1910) came into existence, heralding a brief but rapid period of social reform and modernization. However, in 1905, the Korean Empire was forced to sign a protectorate treaty and in 1910, Japan effectively annexed

11130-517: Was mainly taken as well as aquatic invertebreas like pond snails , dragonflies , water beetles and large amount of plant matter. Elsewhere, mudflat crabs are locally important food source in Yellow River Delta. They typically forage by keeping their heads close to the ground, jabbing their beaks into mud when they encounter something edible. When capturing fish or other slippery prey, they strike rapidly by extending their necks outward,

11236-417: Was shot and killed while walking on the resort's beach. Park Wang-ja entered a military area by crossing over a sand dune and was shot twice by North Korean soldiers. North Korea claimed that sentries had no choice but to shoot her because, despite their order to stop, she fled. South Korea demanded an on-the-spot survey, but North Korea declined it, claiming all the facts were clear and all responsibilities were

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