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53-527: The organization started as the Japanese Benevolent Society in 1892 and was incorporated in 1899. The first Japanese Charity Hospital opened in 1900 and expanded in 1902. A larger facility was built in 1917 at the present site with donations from Emperor Taishō of Japan. In 1934 Emperor Hirohito of Japan donated funds for more expansion. After the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the US military occupied

106-515: A matter of common knowledge. The two-party political system that had been developing in Japan since the turn of the century came of age after World War I , giving rise to the nickname for the period, " Taishō Democracy ", prompting a shift in political power to the Imperial Diet of Japan and the democratic parties . After 1918, the emperor no longer was able to attend Army or Navy maneuvers, appear at

159-575: A member of the Kujō family of the Fujiwara clan ; the couple had four sons. In 1912, Yoshihito became emperor upon the death of his father, but as he suffered from neurological issues for much of his life, he played only a limited role in politics and undertook no official duties from 1919. His declining health led to appointment of his eldest son, Crown Prince Hirohito , as regent in 1921, and Hirohito succeeded him as emperor when he died in 1926. Prince Yoshihito

212-426: A style that matched their status, living standards varied significantly from family to family. Kuge families, long having been seen as a spent force since the samurai class became the de facto ruling class in the 11th century, tended to be significantly worse off than daimyo families. The Nara kazoku (奈良華族), consisting of 26 monk families from Kofukuji , who descended from kuge families (22 of which belonged to

265-404: A total of 509 peers. By 1928, through promotions and new creations, there were a total of 954 peers: 18 non-imperial princes, 40 marquesses, 108 counts, 379 viscounts and 409 barons. The kazoku reached a peak of 1016 families in 1944. The 1947 Constitution of Japan abolished the kazoku and ended the use of all titles of nobility or rank outside the immediate Imperial Family. Since

318-550: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Emperor Taish%C5%8D Yoshihito (31 August 1879 – 25 December 1926), posthumously honored as Emperor Taishō , was the 123rd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 1912 until his death in 1926. His reign, known as the Taishō era , was characterized by a liberal and democratic shift in domestic political power, known as Taishō Democracy . Yoshihito also oversaw Japan's participation in

371-416: The kazoku in 1884. The heads of eight other families ( Daigo , Hirohata , Kikutei , Koga , Saionji , Tokudaiji , Ōinomikado and Kasannoin ) all with the rank of [[[:ja:清華家|seiga]]] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 7) ( help ) , the second rank in the kuge , became marquesses at the same time. Those family heads in the third tier of the kuge and with

424-418: The kazoku . The initial rank distribution for kazoku houses of kuge descent depended on the highest possible office to which its ancestors had been entitled in the imperial court. Thus, the heirs of the five regent houses ( go-sekke ) of the Fujiwara dynasty ( Konoe , Takatsukasa , Kujō , Ichijō and Nijō ) all became princes, the equivalent of a European duke , upon the establishment of

477-607: The Diet of Japan upon their succession or upon majority (in the case of peers who were minors). Counts, viscounts and barons elected up to 150 representatives from their ranks to sit in the House of Peers. Under the Peerage Act of 7 July 1884 , pushed through by Home Minister and future first Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi after visiting Europe , the Meiji government expanded the hereditary peerage with

530-575: The First World War from 1914 to 1918, the Spanish flu pandemic , and the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923. Born to Emperor Meiji and his concubine Yanagiwara Naruko , Yoshihito was proclaimed crown prince and heir apparent in 1888, his two older siblings having died in infancy. He suffered various health problems as a child, including meningitis soon after his birth. In 1900, he married Sadako Kujō ,

583-539: The Hayama Imperial Villa at Hayama , on Sagami Bay south of Tokyo (in Kanagawa Prefecture ). He was 47 years old and succeeded by his eldest son, Hirohito , Emperor Shōwa. The funeral was held at night (February 7 to February 8, 1927) and consisted of a 4-mile-long procession in which 20,000 mourners followed a herd of sacred bulls and an ox-drawn cart containing the imperial coffin. The funeral route

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636-725: The House of Peers , diplomats (e.g., Prince Iemasa Tokugawa , Marquess Naohiro Nabeshima ), and scholars (e.g., Marquess Yoshichika Tokugawa , Prince Tomohide Iwakura ). Those who followed rather unusual career paths included Marquess Hijikata Yoshi , who became a communist and fled to Soviet Russia , and Meiho Ogasawara , an heir to a viscountcy who pursued his passion for films and was disinherited in 1935. Kazoku usually married within their class. The Imperial Household Law of 1889 prohibited Imperial Princes from marrying commoners, hence their options were limited to Princesses and daughters of kazoku families. Kazoku daughters who married into

689-670: The Meiji Emperor 's maternal grandfather and also from an urin -ranked family, was ennobled as a marquess. The head of the Shō family , the former royal family of the Ryūkyū Kingdom ( Okinawa ), was given the title of marquess. When the Korean Empire was annexed in 1910, the House of Yi was mediatized as an incorporated and therefore subordinate kingship ( 王 ) . Excluding the Tokugawas ,

742-510: The three great nobles of the Meiji Restoration, were ennobled as marquesses in 1884, followed by the heirs of samurai general-politician Saigō Takamori in 1902. As in the British peerage , only the actual holder of a title and his consort were considered members of the kazoku . The holders of the top two ranks, prince and marquess, automatically became members of the House of Peers in

795-584: The Aoyama Detached Palace, where he was tutored in the mornings on reading, writing, arithmetic, and morals, and in the afternoons on sports, but progress was slow due to his poor health and frequent fevers. From 1886, he was taught together with 15–20 selected classmates from the ōke and higher ranking kazoku peerage at a special school, the Gogakumonsho , within the Aoyama Palace. Yoshihito

848-555: The Crown Prince's official residence. The Prince and Princess had the following children: Hirohito, Yasuhito, Nobuhito, and Takahito. In 1902, Yoshihito continued his tours to observe the customs and geography of Japan, this time of central Honshū , where he visited the Buddhist temple of Zenkō-ji in Nagano . With tensions rising between Japan and Russia , Yoshihito was promoted in 1903 to

901-454: The Fujiwara clan), were all made barons under the kazoku system. They were regarded as the poorest and received extra stipends to support their living. A 1915 survey found that a kazoku family had around 13 servants on average, while the grandest families had hundreds. Almost all kazoku heirs raised in Japan attended Gakushuin for their primary and secondary education. For higher education,

954-449: The Prince began to attend sessions of the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan as a way of learning about the political and military concerns of the country. In the same year, he gave his first official receptions to foreign diplomats, with whom he was able to shake hands and converse graciously. His infatuation with western culture and tendency to sprinkle French words into his conversations

1007-564: The Tokudaiji and the Saionji houses were advanced to the rank of prince from the rank of marquess in 1911 and 1920, respectively. In recognition of his father's role in the Meiji Restoration , Iwakura Tomosada , the heir of noble Iwakura Tomomi and whose family had been in the fourth tier of kuge nobility, with the rank of urin , was ennobled as a prince in 1884. Nakayama Tadayasu ,

1060-740: The award of kazoku status to persons regarded as having performed distinguished public services to the nation. The government also divided the kazoku into five ranks explicitly based on the British peerage , but with titles deriving from the ancient Chinese nobility . Usually, though not always, titles and hereditary financial stipends passed according to primogeniture . Unlike in European peerage systems, but following traditional Japanese custom, illegitimate sons could succeed to titles and estates. To prevent their lineages from dying out, heads of kazoku houses could (and frequently did) adopt sons from collateral branches of their own houses, whether in

1113-494: The clan which had remained loyal to the Emperor during the conflict, was raised to the rank of marquess, having been ennobled as a count in 1884. Many of those who had significant roles in the Meiji Restoration, or their heirs, were ennobled. Ito Hirobumi and Yamagata Aritomo were ennobled as counts in 1884, promoted to marquesses in 1895 and finally became princes in 1907. The heirs of Okubo Toshimichi and Kido Takayoshi , two of

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1166-739: The end of the war, many descendants of the kazoku families continue to occupy prominent roles in Japanese society and industry. The Kazoku Kaikan ( 華族会館 ) , or Peers' Club, was the association of the high nobility. It had its headquarters in the Rokumeikan building. After 1947 it was renamed the Kasumi Kaikan ( 霞会館 ) and is located in the Kasumigaseki Building in Kasumigaseki . Although kazoku families were supposed to live in

1219-468: The entire community, meant that the hospital needed better facilities to provide adequate patient care. The hospital's Ewa wing and Waikiki wing had their construction financed by a major fundraising drive in 1951; Increasing the bed count of Kuakini to 140 beds. This article relating to a hospital in Hawaii is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to Honolulu

1272-449: The film Kazoku above). Following the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the ancient court nobility of Kyoto , the kuge ( 公家 ) , regained some of its lost status. Several members of the kuge , such as Iwakura Tomomi and Nakayama Tadayasu , played a crucial role in the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate , and the early Meiji government nominated kuge to head all seven of

1325-622: The graduation ceremonies of the military academies, perform the annual Shinto ritual ceremonies, or even attend the official opening of sessions of the Diet of Japan. After 1919, he undertook no official duties, and Crown Prince Hirohito was named prince regent ( sesshō ) on 25 November 1921. The emperor's reclusive life was unaffected by the Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918 and Great Kantō Earthquake of 1923. Fortuitously, he had moved by imperial train to Tamozawa Imperial Villa at Nikko

1378-620: The head of the main family line of the Date clan , which had formerly ruled the extensive Sendai Domain , was only ennobled as a count and was thus denied a hereditary seat in the House of Peers ; this was likely due to the domain's prominent role as the leader of a coalition against the Imperial forces during the Boshin War . In 1891, the head of the Date-Uwajima family ( Uwajima Domain ), a cadet branch of

1431-670: The heads of the Mōri ( Chōshū Domain ) and Shimazu ( Satsuma Domain ) clans were both ennobled as princes in 1884 for their role in the Meiji Restoration; the Yamauchi ( Tosa Domain ) clan was given the rank of marquess. The heads of the main Asano ( Hiroshima Domain ), Ikeda ( Okayama and Tottori Domains ), Kuroda ( Fukuoka Domain ), Satake ( Kubota Domain ), Nabeshima ( Saga Domain ), Hachisuka ( Tokushima Domain ), Hosokawa ( Kumamoto Domain ) and Maeda ( Kaga Domain ) clans became marquesses in 1884. Notably,

1484-534: The heads of the secondary branches became counts and the heads of more distant branches became viscounts. The head of the Matsudaira ( Fukui Domain ) branch was raised to the rank of marquess from the rank of count in 1888. In 1902, the former shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu was created a prince, and the head of the Mito shinpan house was raised to the same rank, prince, in 1929. Of the other former daimyō clans,

1537-447: The hospital during World War II and renamed it Kuakini Medical Center, after the street. The street was in turn named for John Adams Kuakini (1791–1844) who was acting Governor of Oahu in the 1830s. In 1945 the hospital returned to civil control. The hospital went from caring and supporting the Japanese immigrants to assisting and offering health care services to the whole community. Switching from caring for just Japanese immigrants to

1590-434: The initial kazoku rank distribution for the former daimyō lords depended on rice revenue: those with 150,000 koku or more became marquesses, those with 50,000 koku or more become counts, and those with holdings rated below 50,000 koku became viscounts. The head of the Tokugawa clan , Tokugawa Iesato , became a prince, the heads of primary Tokugawa branch houses ( shinpan daimyō ) became marquesses,

1643-548: The male or female lines of descent, and from other kazoku houses whether related or not. Unlike European custom, the adopted heir of a peer could succeed to a title ahead of a more senior heir in terms of primogeniture. A 1904 amendment to the 1889 Imperial Household Law allowed minor princes ( ō ) of the imperial family to renounce their imperial status and become peers (in their own right) or heirs to childless peers. Initially there were 11 non-imperial princes, 24 marquesses, 76 counts, 324 viscounts and 74 barons, for

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1696-503: The middle school course in 1894. However, he did appear to have an aptitude for languages and continued to receive extensive tutoring in French , Chinese , and history from private tutors at the Akasaka Palace ; Emperor Meiji gave Prince Takehito responsibility for taking care of Prince Yoshihito, and the two princes became friends. From 1898, largely at the insistence of Itō Hirobumi ,

1749-593: The most preferred institutions included the University of Tokyo (called Tokyo Imperial University 1897-1947) (e.g., Prince Iemasa Tokugawa , Count Yoriyasu Arima ) and the naval and army academies (e.g., Viscount Naganari Ogasawara , Marquess Toshinari Maeda ). Some opted to be educated overseas, such as at Eton College (e.g., Prince Iesato Tokugawa ) and Cambridge University (e.g., Marquess Masauji Hachisuka , Baron Koayata Iwasaki ). After completing their education, they pursued varied careers such as statesmen at

1802-511: The newly established administrative departments. The Meiji oligarchs , as part of their Westernizing reforms, merged the kuge with the former daimyō ( 大名 , feudal lords) into an expanded aristocratic class on 25 July 1869, to recognize that the kuge and former daimyō were a social class distinct from the other designated social classes of shizoku ( 士族 , former samurai) and heimin ( 平民 , commoners) . They lost their territorial privileges. Itō Hirobumi , one of

1855-450: The principal authors of the Meiji constitution , intended the new kazoku peerage to serve as a political and social bulwark for the "restored" emperor and the Japanese imperial institution. At the time, the kuge (142 families) and former daimyō (285 families) consisted of a group of total 427 families . All members of the kazoku without an official government appointment in

1908-482: The provinces were initially obliged to reside in Tokyo . By the end of 1869, a pension system was adopted, which gradually displaced the kazoku from their posts as provincial governors and as government leaders. The stipends promised by the government were eventually replaced by government bonds . In 1884 the kazoku were reorganized and the old feudal titles were replaced with: There were several categories within

1961-580: The rank of colonel in the Imperial Japanese Army and captain in the Imperial Japanese Navy. His military duties were only ceremonial, but he traveled to inspect military facilities in Wakayama , Ehime , Kagawa and Okayama that year. In October 1907, the Crown Prince toured Korea , accompanied by Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō , General Katsura Tarō , and Prince Arisugawa Taruhito . It

2014-603: The rank of [[[:ja:大臣家|daijin]]] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 7) ( help ) became counts. Heads of families in the lowest three tiers (those in the ranks of [[[:ja:羽林家|urin]]] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 7) ( help ) , [[[:ja:名家|mei]]] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 7) ( help ) and [[[:ja:半家|han]]] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 7) ( help ) ) typically became viscounts, but could also be ennobled as counts. Other appointments to

2067-493: The speech was rolled up properly, as his manual dexterity was also handicapped. His lack of articulation and charisma, his disabilities and his eccentricities, led to an increase in incidents of lèse majesté . As his condition deteriorated, he had less and less interest in daily political affairs, and the ability of the genrō , Keeper of the Privy Seal , and Imperial Household Minister to manipulate his decisions came to be

2120-428: The then 15-year-old Kujō Sadako , daughter of Prince Kujō Michitaka , the head of the five senior branches of the Fujiwara clan . She had been carefully selected by Emperor Meiji for her intelligence, articulation, and pleasant disposition and dignity – to complement Prince Yoshihito in the areas where he was lacking. The Akasaka Palace was constructed from 1899 to 1909 in a lavish European rococo style, to serve as

2173-693: The tombs of his imperial forebears; but Emperor Taishō's grave is in Tokyo, in the Musashi Imperial Graveyard in Hachiōji . His wife and his son, the Emperor Shōwa, are buried near him. Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in CE  / AD   Imperial Consort and Regent Empress Jingū is not traditionally listed. Kazoku The Kazoku ( 華族 , "Magnificent/Exalted lineage")

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2226-408: The two highest ranks in the kazoku —prince and marquess—from among the kuge were also made to reward certain kuge families for their roles in the Meiji Restoration , for taking a prominent role in national affairs or for their close degree of relationship to the Imperial family. Thus the head of the seiga -ranked Sanjo  [ ja ] house became a prince in 1884. The heads of

2279-465: The week before the devastating calamity; but his son, Crown Prince Hirohito, remained at the Imperial Palace where he was at the heart of the event. Carrier pigeons kept the Emperor informed as information about the extent of the devastation became known. In early December 1926, it was announced that the emperor had pneumonia . He died of a heart attack at 1:25 a.m. on 25 December 1926 at

2332-735: Was a source of irritation for Emperor Meiji. In October 1898, the Prince also traveled from the Numazu Imperial Villa to Kobe , Hiroshima , and Etajima , visiting sites connected with the Imperial Japanese Navy . He made another tour in 1899 to Kyūshū , visiting government offices, schools and factories (such as Yawata Iron and Steel in Fukuoka and the Mitsubishi shipyards in Nagasaki ). On 10 May 1900, Crown Prince Yoshihito married

2385-415: Was abolished with the 1947 constitution , which prohibited any form of aristocracy under it, but kazoku descendants still form the core of the traditional upper class in the country's society, distinct from the nouveau riche . Kazoku ( 華族 ) should not be confused with "kazoku ( 家族 )" , which is pronounced the same in Japanese, but with a different character reading that means "immediate family" (as in

2438-471: Was appointed as the special education officer to educate him within the Tōgū Palace . For these health reasons, he spent much of his youth at the Imperial villas at Hayama and Numazu , both of which are located at the sea. Although the prince showed skill in some areas, such as horse riding, he proved to be poor in areas requiring higher-level thought. He was finally withdrawn from Gakushuin before finishing

2491-510: Was born at the Tōgū Palace in Akasaka, Tokyo to Emperor Meiji and Yanagiwara Naruko , a concubine with the official title of gon-no-tenji (imperial concubine). As was common practice at the time, Emperor Meiji's consort, Empress Shōken , was officially regarded as his mother. He received the personal name of Yoshihito Shinnō and the title Haru-no-miya from the Emperor on 6 September 1879. His two older siblings had died in infancy, and he too

2544-480: Was born sickly. Prince Yoshihito contracted cerebral meningitis within three weeks of his birth. As was the practice at the time, Prince Yoshihito was entrusted to the care of his great-grandfather, Marquess Nakayama Tadayasu , in whose house he lived from infancy until the age of seven. Prince Nakayama had also raised Taishō's father, the Emperor Meiji, as a child. From March 1885, Prince Yoshihito moved to

2597-561: Was kept out of view of the public as much as possible, having suffered from various neurological problems. At the 1913 opening of the Imperial Diet of Japan , one of the rare occasions he was seen in public, he is famously reported to have rolled his prepared speech into a cylinder and stared at the assembly through it, as if through a spyglass . Although rumors attributed this to poor mental condition, others, including those who knew him well, believed that he may have been checking to make sure

2650-463: Was lit with wood fires in iron lanterns. The emperor's coffin was then transported to his mausoleum in the western suburbs of Tokyo. Emperor Taishō has been called the first Tokyo Emperor because he was the first to live his entire life in or near Tokyo. His father was born and reared in Kyoto; and although he later lived and died in Tokyo, Emperor Meiji's mausoleum is located on the outskirts of Kyoto, near

2703-405: Was officially declared heir on 31 August 1887, and had his formal investiture as crown prince on 3 November 1888. While crown prince, he was often referred to simply as Tōgu ( 東宮 ) ('Eastern Palace', a metonymy for heir to the throne, which originated from China's Han dynasty ). When Yoshihito became the age to enter elementary school in 1886, due to his health problems, Takehiko Yumoto

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2756-464: Was the first time an heir apparent to the throne had ever left Japan. During this period, he began studying the Korean language , although he never became proficient at it. Emperor Taishō and Empress Teimei had four sons and twelve grandchildren (five grandsons and seven granddaughters). On 30 July 1912, upon the death of his father, Emperor Meiji , Prince Yoshihito ascended the throne. The new emperor

2809-543: Was the hereditary peerage of the Empire of Japan , which existed between 1869 and 1947. It was formed by merging the feudal lords ( daimyō ) and court nobles ( kuge ) into one system modelled after the British peerage . Distinguished military officers, politicians, and scholars were occasionally ennobled until the country's defeat in the Second World War in 1945 (新華族, shin kazoku , lit. "the newly ennobled"). The system

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