Misplaced Pages

#636363

25-544: Krzeszowice is located in southern part of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland , with numerous caves and valleys in the area. In 1981, when the Complex of Jura Landscape Parks was created, three parks from the gmina of Krzeszowice were added to it ( Rudnia Landscape Park, Tenczynek Landscape Park and Kraków Valleys Landscape Park ). In 2008, it was selected with 19 villages of Europe - Germany, Poland, Italy and Spain - for

50-480: A hilly landscape with Jurassic limestone rocks, cliffs, valleys and vast limestone formations, featuring some 220 caves. The relief of the upland developed since the Paleogene , under climatic conditions changing considerably. Its main component is a peneplain , crowned by monadnocks , rocky masses that resisted erosion, generated as hard rock on Late Jurassic buildup surrounded by less resistant bedded limestone of

75-432: A natural forest. Plant and animal life is very diverse with over 1600 species of plants and 5500 species of animals. These include 4600 species of insects , including 1700 of beetles and 1075 of butterflies and 135 of birds . Mammals include the beaver , badger , ermine and 15 species of bats , many of which hibernate in the park's caves during the winter. The climate of the upland differs significantly from

100-439: A plain grading to a base level only at a grand-scale. At the grand-scale peneplains are characterized by appearing to be sculpted in rock with disregard of rock structure and lithology , but in detail, their shape is structurally controlled, for example, drainage divides in peneplain can follow more resistant rock. In the view of Davis large streams do became insensitive to lithology and structure, which they were not during

125-651: A process in nature, is not without controversy, due to a lack of contemporary examples and uncertainty in identifying relic examples. By some definitions, peneplains grade down to a base level represented by sea level , yet in other definitions such a condition is ignored. Geomorphologist Karna Lidmar-Bergström and co-workers consider the base level criterion crucial and above the precise mechanism of formation of peneplains, including this way some pediplains among peneplains. While peneplains are usually assumed to form near sea level it has also been posited that peneplains can form at height if extensive sedimentation raises

150-490: A region is known as a primary peneplain. An example of a primary peneplain is the Sub-Cambrian peneplain in southern Sweden. The peneplain concept is often juxtaposed to that of pediplain . However authors like Karna Lidmar-Bergström classify pediplains as a type of peneplain. On the contrary Lester Charles King held them as incompatible landforms arguing that peneplains do not exist. King wrote: According to King

175-432: Is irrelevant and that the term peneplain has been used and can be used in a purely descriptive manner. Further, alternation of processes with varying climate, relative sea level and biota make old surfaces unlikely to be of a single origin. Peneplains that are detached from their base level are identified by either hosting an accumulation of sediments that buries it or by being in an uplifted position. Burial preserves

200-480: Is rich in flint , which attracted early humans . [REDACTED] Media related to Polish Jura at Wikimedia Commons 50°12′24″N 19°49′45″E  /  50.206667°N 19.829167°E  / 50.206667; 19.829167 Peneplain In geomorphology and geology , a peneplain is a low-relief plain formed by protracted erosion . This is the definition in the broadest of terms, albeit with frequency

225-530: The General Government . The Potocki Palace was restored by polish slave laborer by the order of Nazis and renamed by Germans into Haus Kressendorf , becoming the summer residence of Hans Frank . Almost all Jewish citizens were murdered in the Holocaust . The German occupation of Krzeszowice ended on 19 January 1945. Krak%C3%B3w-Cz%C4%99stochowa Upland The Kraków-Częstochowa Upland , also known as

250-665: The Polish Jurassic Highland or Polish Jura ( Polish : Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska ), is part of the Jurassic System of south–central Poland , stretching between the cities of Kraków , Częstochowa and Wieluń . The Polish Jura borders the Lesser Polish Upland to the north and east, the foothills of the Western Carpathians to the south and Silesian Upland to the west. The Polish Jura consists of

275-645: The Vauxhall Palace was built, and in 1819, the Green Bath was opened. Krzeszowice began to prosper, in 1809–1815 and 1855–1867, the town was the seat of a county. In 1815–1846, Krzeszowice belonged to the Free City of Kraków , and to Austria in 1846-1918 within the Grand Duchy of Cracow , Chrzanow Bezirkshauptmannschaft . A hospital was opened here in 1829, a shelter for the poor in 1843, and in 1844, neo-Gothic church

SECTION 10

#1732894165637

300-509: The Warta , Biała Przemsza , Pilica , Dłubnia , Szreniawa , Prądnik , Wiercica and Rudawa . Apart from a diversity of plant and animal species, one can find a unique cultural landscape with archeological objects and relics of ancient inhabitation, with a vast collection of artifacts. The earliest settlement in the area dates to the Paleolithic period, approximately 12,000 years ago. The region

325-498: The Spanish documentary film "Villages of Europe" Pueblos de Europa, produced by Juan Frutos . First mention of Krzeszowice comes from 1286, when Bishop of Kraków, Paweł z Przemankowa, allowed a man named Fryczek Freton to locate the village of Cressouicy . By 1337, Krzeszowice already had a wooden church of St. Martin. In the mid-15th century, it had a school and a public house. In 1555, Krzeszowice belonged to Stanisław Tęczynski, then it

350-417: The coalesced pediments of the pediplains form a series of very gentle concave slopes, a difference with Davis' understanding of peneplains may lie in the fact that his idealized peneplains had very gentle convex slopes instead. However, Davis' views on the subject are not fully clear. Contrary to this view Rhodes Fairbridge and Charles Finkl argue that the precise mechanism of formation (pediplanation, etc.)

375-454: The difference between pediplains and Davis’ peneplains is in the history and processes behind their formation, and less so in the final shape. A difference in form that may be present is that of residual hills, which in Davis’ peneplains are to have gentle slopes, while in pediplains they ought to have the same steepness as the slopes in the early stages of erosion leading to pediplanation. Given that

400-822: The following classification scheme for peneplains: Rhodes Fairbridge and Charles Finkl argue that peneplains are often of mixed origin (polygenetic), as they may have been shaped by etchplanation during periods of humid climate and pediplanation during periods of arid and semi-arid climate. The long time spans under which some peneplains evolve ensures varied climatic influences . The same authors do also list marine abrasion and glacial erosion among processes that can contribute in shaping peneplains. In addition, epigene peneplains can be distinguished from exhumed peneplains. Epigene peneplains are those that have never been buried or covered by sedimentary rock. Exhumed peneplains are those that are re-exposed after having been buried in sediments. The oldest identifiable peneplain in

425-452: The local base level sufficiently or if river networks are continuously obstructed by tectonic deformation . The peneplains of the Pyrenees and Tibetan Plateau may exemplify these two cases respectively. A common misconception about peneplains is that they ought to be so plain they are featureless. In fact, some peneplains may be hilly as they reflect irregular deep weathering , forming

450-402: The peneplain. Any exposed peneplain detached from its baselevel can be considered a paleosurface or paleoplain . Uplift of a peneplain commonly results in renewed erosion. As Davis put it in 1885: Uplifted peneplains can be preserved as fossil landforms in conditions of extreme aridity or under non-eroding cold-based glacier ice. Erosion of peneplains by glaciers in shield regions

475-481: The same age. The Polish Jura is visited by roughly 400,000 visitors a year. Part of it belongs to the Ojców National Park , the smallest of Poland's twenty national parks , ranking among the most attractive recreational areas of the country. The Kraków-Częstochowa Jurassic Upland consists of a rich ecosystem , partly because of the unique microclimate and also because of the whole upland being surrounded by

500-481: The surrounding area. The snowpack covers the area for 80 days a year and the rainy season lasts from April until September. Annual precipitation varies between 650–700 mm, higher than in surrounding regions, the median temperature is lower, from 0.5 to 1.0°C. Average temperature is 19°C in summer and -3°C in winter. There are a number of rivers that originate from the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, among them

525-461: The usage of peneplain is meant to imply the representation of a near-final (or penultimate) stage of fluvial erosion during times of extended tectonic stability. Peneplains are sometimes associated with the cycle of erosion theory of William Morris Davis , but Davis and other workers have also used the term in a purely descriptive manner without any theory or particular genesis attached. The existence of some peneplains, and peneplanation as

SECTION 20

#1732894165637

550-442: The valley phase of erosion cycle. This may explain the existence of superimposed streams . There are various terms for landforms that are either alternatives to classical peneplains, a sub-set of peneplains or partially overlap with the term. The last is the case of planation surfaces that may be peneplains or not, while some peneplains are not planation surfaces. In their 2013 work Green, Lidmar-Bergström and co-workers provide

575-637: Was built. In 1847 Krzeszowice received a rail station, along the newly built route from Kraków to Mysłowice . Local residents took part in the Kraków Uprising , and helped Polish rebels from Russian-controlled Congress Poland , during the January Uprising . In 1850–1855, the Potocki Palace was built, in the Italian Renaissance style, together with English garden. The palace with all its details

600-428: Was not completed until 1870. By 1910, the population of Krzeszowice was 2619, out of which Jews made 18%. The town continued to develop, with several new enterprises opened here in the late 19th and early 20th century. On December 3, 1924, Krzeszowice was officially incorporated as a town. New districts and blocks of flats were built, and by 1931, the population grew to 3,391. During World War II Krzeszowice belonged to

625-585: Was owned by several noble families - the Sieniawski family, Opaliński family , Czartoryski family , Lubomirski family and, since 1816, the Potocki family . In the early 17th century, the advantages of local mineral water were discovered by Krzeszowice parish priest, reverend Bernard Bocheński, who mentioned it in the 1625 parish records. In 1778, Prince August Czartoryski opened here first baths, and soon afterwards, patients began visiting Krzeszowice. In 1783–1786,

#636363