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68-437: The castle is situated on the extreme northeastern tip of the island of Zealand at the narrowest point of the Øresund , the sound between present Denmark and the provinces of present Sweden. The latter were under Danish control at the time the castle was built. In this part, the sound is only 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) wide, hence the strategic importance of maintaining a coastal fortification at this location commanding one of

136-584: A Lord High Chancellor or Rikskansler as the most senior member of the Privy Council of Sweden . There is in addition to this a University Chancellor or Universitetskansler , who leads the National Agency for Higher Education . In the legal system of the United Kingdom, the term can refer to these officials: Some U.S. states , like Delaware , Tennessee , and Mississippi , still maintain

204-572: A Chancellor of the University of the State of New York , the body that licenses and regulates all educational and research institutions in the state and many professions (not to be confused with the State University of New York , an actual institution of higher learning). In a few instances, the term chancellor applies to a student or faculty member in a high school or an institution of higher learning who

272-614: A Church by Francis Cleyn , An Academy for Noblemen by Reinhold Timm , A Banquet (1622) by Isaac Isaacsz  [ da ] . The present floor and the fireplaces are from the rebuilding in 1924–38. The walls of the Little Hall are furnished with seven tapestries originally from a series of forty tapestries portraying one hundred Danish kings. The masterpieces include Tapestry depicting Oluf (1376–1387) and Tapestry depicting Knud VI (1182–1202). The tapestries were commissioned by Frederick II around 1580. Seven more tapestries are at

340-500: A piece of land and transported it to Denmark, which became Zealand. The vacant area was filled with water and became Mälaren . However, since modern maps show a similarity between Zealand and the Swedish lake Vänern , it is sometimes identified as the hole left by Gefjun. Gefjun is queen of King Skjöldr , eponymous ancestor of the Scyldings , related to the etymological debate. Zealand is

408-482: A result of the Swedish occupation, Kronborg was deprived of many of its most precious art works, including the richly decorated fountain in the castle courtyard, Frederick II's canopy and a number of the large ceiling paintings commissioned by Christian IV for the ballroom. The Swedish conquest of Kronborg in 1658 demonstrated that the castle was far from impregnable. Afterwards, the defences were strengthened significantly. From 1688 to 1690, an advanced line of defence

476-415: A separate Court of Chancery with jurisdiction over equity cases. Judges who sit on those courts are called chancellors. In Denmark, the office of chancellor (or royal chancellor) seems to have appeared in the 12th century, and until 1660 it was the title of the leader of the state administration (a kind of a "Home Office" but often with foreign political duties). Often he appeared to be the real leader of

544-507: A sign of the new ambitions, the south wing was heightened by one storey and a new, gigantic ball room placed over the chapel. Soon after the west and north wings were also heightened by one storey. Finally, the east wing was also heightened with a passageway, The Queen's Gallery , allowing the Queen comfortable passage from her chambers in the north wing to the ball room in the south wing. The exterior walls were clad with sandstone from Scania , and

612-729: Is Olaf Scholz of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) The former German Empire , the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany had the equivalent position of Reichskanzler as the head of the executive. Between 1871 and 1918, the Chancellor was appointed by the German Emperor . During the Weimar Republic (1919-1933), the Chancellor was chosen by the President and stood under his authority. This continued (formally) during

680-418: Is a priest or deacon, although in some circumstances a layperson may be appointed to the post. In the eparchial curia a chancellor is to be appointed who is to be a presbyter (priest) or deacon and whose principal obligation, unless otherwise established by the particular law, is to see that the acts of the curia are gathered and arranged as well as preserved in the archives of the eparchial curia. In England,

748-418: Is depicted as "Elsinore", the setting of William Shakespeare 's tragedy Hamlet, Prince of Denmark , though "Elsinore" is actually the anglicised name of the surrounding town of Helsingør . Hamlet was performed in the castle for the first time to mark the 200th anniversary of the death of William Shakespeare, with a cast consisting of soldiers from the castle garrison. The stage was in the telegraph tower in

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816-624: Is done under the supervision, and with the consent, of the Conference Chancellor. A chancellor is the leader, either ceremonial or executive, of many public and private universities and related institutions. The heads of the New York City Department of Education and the District of Columbia Public Schools , who run the municipally-operated public schools in those jurisdictions, carry the title of Chancellor. New York State also has

884-489: Is either appointed or elected as chancellor to preside on the highest ranking judicial board or tribunal . They handle non-academic matters such as violations of behavior. In Germany many heads of university administration carry the title Kanzler (Chancellor) while the academical heads carry the title Rektor (Rector). In order to avoid any misunderstanding, the head of the German Federal Government

952-529: Is joined in the west to Funen, by the Great Belt Fixed Link, and Funen is connected by bridges to the country's mainland, Jutland . On 5 June 2007 the regional subsidiary of national broadcaster DR reported that Kobanke in the southeast near the town Rønnede in Faxe Municipality , with a height of 122.9 metres (403 ft), was the highest natural point on Zealand. Gyldenløveshøj , south of

1020-499: Is named after the Dutch province of Zeeland , which is sometimes referred to as and/or anglicized to Zealand, but is not to be confused with the Danish island. However, there is a historical connection between Denmark and New Zealand based on 19th century immigration of Scandinavians, especially Danes, to New Zealand's North Island, particularly to the districts of the southern Hawkes Bay and

1088-644: Is not the political head of government, but rather its chief administrator as the Chief of Staff of the Swiss Federal Government. He is elected by the Swiss Federal Assembly (German: Bundesversammlung , French: Assemblée fédérale , Italian: Assemblea federale ) to head the Federal Chancellery (German: Bundeskanzlei ) — the general staff of the seven-member executive Federal Council ,

1156-670: The Baltic Sea through the Øresund ; to help enforce his demands, he built a powerful fortress at the narrowest point in the Sound. At the time, the Kingdom of Denmark extended across both sides of the Sound. On the eastern shore the Helsingborg Castle had been operating since the Middle Ages. With the two castles and guard ship, Denmark could control all navigation through the Sound. The castle

1224-550: The Canton of Geneva , the first documents attesting to the existence of a Chancellor go back to the 12th century. In the 16th century the Chancery is officially described as the permanent secretariat of the executive and legislature. The first of these functions still constitutes an important part of its activities in Geneva and other cantons. In the canton of Bern , the Chancellor is elected by

1292-571: The Capital Region , while the major and more rural part of the island belongs to the Zealand Region . The origin of the Danish name Sjælland is not exactly known. Sjæl in modern Danish means "soul"; a derivation from siô / sæ (meaning "lake" or "sea") has been assumed. However, today a common hypothesis is that the Old Danish form Siâland is based on the word * selha- with

1360-577: The Chief Justice of the United States . As the Smithsonian is a research and museum system, its use of the title is perhaps best thought of as akin to a university's chancellor . The chancellor is the principal record-keeper of a diocese or eparchy , or their equivalent. The chancellor is a notary, so that he may certify official documents, and often has other duties at the discretion of the bishop of

1428-683: The Consistory courts of the Church of England are each presided over by a Chancellor of the Diocese. In the United Methodist Church , each Annual Conference has a Conference Chancellor, who is the Annual Conference's legal adviser and representative. While the Annual Conference usually hires outside professional counsel in matters that require legal representation, that hiring and representation

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1496-469: The Dano-Swedish war of 1658–1660 , Kronborg was besieged, attacked and conquered by a Swedish army commanded by Carl Gustaf Wrangel . During the Swedish occupation, the queen of Sweden, Hedvig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp and the Swedish king's sister Maria Eufrosyne of Pfalz lived at Kronborg, where they were visited by Charles X of Sweden during the campaign and entertained the foreign ambassadors. As

1564-557: The Fehmarnbelt Tunnel to Germany is planned. Copenhagen , the capital of Denmark, with a population between 1.3 and 1.4 million people in 2020, is located mostly on the eastern shore of Zealand and partly on the island of Amager . Other cities on Zealand include Roskilde , Hillerød , Næstved , Helsingør , Slagelse , Køge , Holbæk and Kalundborg . Administratively, Zealand is divided between two Danish regions: The Copenhagen metropolitan area and North Zealand belong to

1632-518: The Flemings Hans Hendrik van Paesschen and Anthonis van Obbergen . The sculptural work was coordinated by Gert van Groningen . In 1629, a fire destroyed much of the castle, but King Christian IV subsequently had it rebuilt. The castle has a church within its walls. In 1658, Kronborg was besieged and captured by the Swedes, who took many of its valuable art treasures as war booty . In 1785

1700-820: The Isle of Wight and other areas, where they settled. They were later absorbed or ethnically cleansed by the invading Angles and Saxons , who formed the Anglo-Saxons . The remaining Jutish population in Jutland assimilated in with the settling Danes . Valdemar's Zealandic Law was a civil code enacted in the 13th century. Prior to the adoption of the Jutlandic, Zealandic and the Scanian laws, there had been no uniformity of laws throughout settlements in Denmark. Ringsted and later Roskilde were

1768-476: The National Museum of Denmark , while the rest have been lost. The chapel is located in the ground floor of the south wing and was inaugurated in 1582. In 1785, as the castle was being fitted for use as army barracks , the chapel was fitted out as a gymnasium and fencing hall and the furniture stored away. The chapel was refurnished with the original furniture in 1838 and reinaugurated in 1843. Kronborg

1836-418: The chapel . Large portions of the walls of Krogen are contained within the present-day Kronborg Castle. King Christian III had the corners of the curtain wall supplemented with bastions in 1558–1559. As a consequence of developments in the military technique of the era and the improved striking power of the artillery , it became clear that it was necessary to modernize the fortifications of Krogen. After

1904-687: The government and monitors the implementation of basic civil liberties. In this special function the chancellor also sits in the Finnish Cabinet , the Finnish Council of State . In Sweden the Chancellor of Justice or Justitiekanslern acts as the Solicitor General for the Swedish Government . The office was introduced by Charles XII of Sweden in 1713. Historically there was also

1972-715: The Ballroom was the largest hall in Northern Europe when it was completed in 1582. The walls are hung with a series of large paintings which were originally made from 1618 to 1631 for the Great Hall of Rosenborg Castle in Copenhagen . The paintings in the Ballroom include: Children off to School by Francis Cleyn , Feminine Pursuits by Reinhold Timm , Riding at the Ring by Reinhold Timm , A Boys School by Francis Cleyn , A Wedding in

2040-546: The Dane. 'Elsinore Beer' is named for the castle in the 1983 comedy Strange Brew , starring Rick Moranis and Dave Thomas . Zealand (Denmark) Zealand ( Danish : Sjælland [ˈɕeˌlænˀ] ) is the largest and most populous island in Denmark proper (thus excluding Greenland and Disko Island , which are larger in size) at 7,031 km . Zealand had a population of 2,319,705 on 1 January 2020, comprising 40% of

2108-717: The Grand Council (i.e. Parliament) and has the task of supporting the Grand Council and the Executive Council in carrying out their tasks. The Chancellor directs the staff of the Executive Council, supports the President of the Government and the Executive Council in the performance of their duties, and usually participates as an advisor to the President of the Grand Council in Grand Council sessions. In most countries of Latin America ,

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2176-446: The King of Denmark, called Sound Dues , was then calculated depending on the value of the cargo. The king had the right to buy the cargo for the price the ship's captain stated. This policy prevented captains from stating prices that were too low. The Royal Danish Army left the castle in 1923, and after a thorough renovation it was opened to the public in 1938. Kronborg Castle is located on

2244-467: The Swiss federal government. The Chancellor participates in the meetings of the seven Federal Councilors with a consultative vote and prepares the reports on policy and activities of the council to parliament (assembly). The chancellery is responsible for the publication of all federal laws. In most Swiss cantons there is a State Chancellor who heads the central administrative unit of the cantonal government. In

2312-564: The castle ceased to be a royal residence and was converted into barracks for the Army . The Army left the castle in 1923. After a thorough renovation, the complex was opened to the public. The castle's history dates to a fortress, Krogen ( lit. 'the Hook'), built in the early 15th century by the Danish king , Eric of Pomerania . The king insisted on payment of sound dues by all ships wishing to enter or leave

2380-486: The castle walls; those serving sentences for violence, murder, arson or the like were categorised as "dishonest" and had to serve the full sentence doing hard physical labour inside the castle ramparts. Otherwise, they served their time under the same conditions: they all had to wear chains and spend nights in cold and damp dungeons. From January 17, 1772, to April 30, 1772, Kronborg was the place of imprisonment of Queen Caroline Mathilde , sister of King George III , following

2448-671: The chapel was spared by the strength of its arches. King Christian IV put great efforts into restoring the castle. Already in 1631, the work was underway, led by the architect Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger . By 1639, the exterior — which in keeping with the king's wish was reconstructed without major changes — was once again magnificent, but the interior never fully regained its former glory. Furthermore, certain modernizations were made, and portals, chimneypieces, ceiling paintings and other decorations were renewed in Baroque style. During

2516-502: The city Roskilde , has a height of 126 metres (413 ft), but that is due to a man-made hill from the 17th century and its highest natural point is only 121.3 metres (398 ft). Zealand gives its name to the Selandian era of the Paleocene . Urban areas with 10,000+ inhabitants: Chancellor Chancellor ( Latin : cancellarius ) is a title of various official positions in

2584-529: The conclusion of the Northern Seven Years' War in 1570, King Frederick II initiated an extension of the advanced bastions to relieve the medieval curtain wall . The main architect was the Flemish architect Hans Hendrik van Paesschen and the fortification works were completed in 1577. After this, the castle acquired its current name of Kronborg ( lit.   ' Crown Castle ' ). The castle itself

2652-800: The country's population. Zealand is the 13th-largest island in Europe by area and the 4th most populous . It is connected to Sprogø and Funen by the Great Belt Fixed Link and to Amager by several bridges in Copenhagen. Indirectly, through the island of Amager and the Øresund Bridge , it is also linked to Scania in Sweden. In the south, the Storstrøm Bridge and the Farø Bridges connect it to Falster , and beyond that island to Lolland , from where

2720-408: The diocese: he may be in charge of some aspect of finances or of managing the personnel connected with diocesan offices, although his delegated authority cannot extend to vicars of the diocesan bishop, such as vicars general , episcopal vicars or judicial vicars. His office is within the " chancery ". Vice-chancellors may be appointed to assist the chancellor in busy chanceries. Normally, the chancellor

2788-462: The directly elected federal parliament) every four years on the beginning of the electoral period after general elections. Between general elections, the Chancellor (together with the whole cabinet) can only be removed from office by a konstruktives Misstrauensvotum ( constructive vote of no confidence ), which consists of the Bundestag electing a successor. Since 2021, the Chancellor of Germany

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2856-485: The duties of the Chancellor, when they are absent. The Chancellor of Justice ( Õiguskantsler , currently Ülle Madise ) supervises the legality of actions taken by the government and monitors the implementation of basic civil liberties. In the United States, the only "chancellor" established by the federal government is the Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution , a largely ceremonial office held by

2924-518: The east, with a series of moats and gates protecting the route from the town to the castle itself. The royal apartments are located on the first floor of the north wing. The apartments were originally furnished by Frederick II around 1576, but after the fire in 1629, Christian IV had the apartments refurnished and richly decorated with ceiling paintings , stone portals and chimneypieces . The original floors were tiled in black and white which were replaced with wooden floorboards in 1760–61, and

2992-461: The ending * wundia- . The latter means "indicates, resembles". The word * selha- may have two different meanings: "seal" (in modern Danish sæl ) or "deep bay, fjord". Since Roskilde is a major and ancient settlement on Zealand, accessible by sea through the narrow Roskilde Fjord (branched from the Isefjord ), it has been assumed that the sailors named the island after this. The Swedish name of

3060-814: The equivalents to "chancellor" ( Canciller in Spanish and Chanceler in Portuguese ) are commonly used to refer to the post of foreign minister . It is often used as a synonym to the full titles of the ministers of foreign affairs . Likewise, the ministry of foreign affairs in Spanish-speaking countries in the Americas is referred to as the Cancillería or in Portuguese-speaking Brazil as Chancelaria . However, in Spain

3128-399: The extreme northeastern tip of the island of Zealand , to the northeast of the historic centre of the town of Helsingør . It is situated at an elevation of 12 metres, on a small foreland jutting out into the narrowest point of the Øresund , the sound between the Danish island of Zealand and the Swedish province of Scania , that was also Danish until 1658. The approach from the town is to

3196-416: The few outlets of the Baltic Sea . The castle's story dates back to a stronghold, Krogen , built by King Eric VII in the 1420s. Along with the fortress Kärnan in Helsingborg , on the opposite coast of Øresund, it controlled the entrance to the Baltic Sea. From 1574 to 1585, King Frederick II had the medieval fortress radically transformed into a magnificent Renaissance castle. The main architects were

3264-410: The first important political and religious centres on the island, a role later taken over by Copenhagen. Other important religious centres prior to the Reformation were Sorø Abbey at Sorø and Esrom Abbey at Esrum . With its strategic location at the entrance to the Øresund, especially after the construction of Kronborg Castle and the introduction of Sound Dues , Helsingør would later develop into

3332-456: The first year of the Nazi regime until the death of President Paul von Hindenburg in 1934. Between 1934 and 1945, Adolf Hitler combined the roles of head of state, head of government and leader of the ruling party, being officially titled " Führer und Reichskanzler " (literally "Leader and Chancellor"). In Switzerland , the Chancellor (German: Bundeskanzler , French: Chancelier fédéral , Italian: Cancelliere della Confederazione )

3400-467: The government. From 1660 until 1848, the title continued as "Grand Chancellor" or "President of the Danish Chancellery", and was replaced in 1730 by the title "Minister of Domestic Affairs". In Estonia, a Chancellor ( Kantsler ) directs the work of a ministry and coordinates institutions subject to the ministry, comparably to a Permanent Secretary in Great Britain. A ministry can also have one or several Vice-Chancellors ( Asekantsler ), who fulfill

3468-450: The governments of many countries. The original chancellors were the cancellarii of Roman courts of justice—ushers, who sat at the cancelli (lattice work screens) of a basilica (court hall), which separated the judge and counsel from the audience. A chancellor's office is called a chancellery or chancery . The word is now used in the titles of many various officers in various settings (government, education, religion ). Nowadays

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3536-508: The ground. A statue of the sleeping Ogier (right) has been placed in the castle casemates . Kulturhavn Kronborg is an initiative of 2013 to offer a variety of culture experiences to residents and visitors to Helsingør . Kulturhavn Kronborg is a joint initiative by Kronborg Castle, Danish Maritime Museum , Kulturværftet and Helsingør harbour. The castle was the setting of the televised holiday series Jul på Kronborg (English: Christmas at Kronborg ), which featured both Hamlet and Holger

3604-482: The island is Själland , a direct translation to the different script used in that language. The English form may be borrowed from the German form Seeland . These forms might be based on the assumption that the first part means sea or lake (German See ), or they could simply be based on an alternative Danish form of the name, Sælland , which was common until the 19th century. The island nation of New Zealand has no etymological relations to Zealand. New Zealand

3672-549: The most important town and seaport outside Copenhagen. Most of North Zealand was for centuries, starting in the late 16th century, owned by the crown and used mainly as a royal hunting domain. Local manors played a central role in the economy on the rest of the island. Early industrial centres outside Copenhagen included Mølleåen with its watermills, the Kronborg Arms Factory at Hellebæk , Johan Frederik Classen 's Frederick's Works at Frederiksværk and Niels Ryberg's Køng Textile Factory at Vordingborg. Substantial parts of

3740-431: The most populous Danish island. It is irregularly shaped, and is north of the islands of Lolland , Falster , and Møn . The small island of Amager lies immediately east. Copenhagen is mostly on Zealand but extends across northern Amager. A number of bridges and the Copenhagen Metro connect Zealand to Amager, which is connected to Scania in Sweden by the Øresund Bridge via the artificial island of Peberholm . Zealand

3808-399: The new castle was given a roof with copper sheeting. James VI of Scotland stayed in the castle in 1590 after his marriage to Anne of Denmark . James gave 2,000 Danish dalers in gold coins to the officers and servants in the castle as a reward. In 1629, a moment's carelessness by two workmen caused much of the castle to go up in flames in the night between the 24 and 25 September. Only

3876-402: The northern Wairarapa . The tribal Danes came from Zealand and Scania and spoke an early form of North Germanic . Historians believe that before their arrival, most of Jutland and the nearest islands were settled by tribal Jutes . The Jutes migrated to Great Britain eventually, some as mercenaries of Brythonic King Vortigern , and were granted the south-eastern territories of Kent ,

3944-461: The role of Hamlet was played by Cyron Melville and music for the production was composed by Mike Sheridan . According to a legend linked to Arthurian myth, a Danish king known as Ogier the Dane (Danish: Holger Danske ), was taken to Avalon by the enchantress Morgan le Fay . Ogier returned to rescue France from danger, then travelled to Kronborg castle, where he sleeps until he is needed to save his homeland. His beard has grown to extend along

4012-423: The scandal of her affair with Johann Friedrich Struensee . As Kronborg's importance as a royal castle diminished, the armed forces came to play a greater role. From 1785 to 1922, the castle was completely under military administration. During this period, a number of renovations were completed. The captain of every ship sailing through the strait had to state the value of ship's cargo. Money that had to be paid to

4080-427: The southernmost part of the island was in the 18th century part of Vordingborg Cavalry District . The first railways on the island were constructed by Det Sjællandske Jernbaneselskab (1847-1888). The first section opened between Copenhagen and Roskilde in 1847. In Norse mythology as told in the Gylfaginning , the island was created by the goddess Gefjun after she tricked Gylfi , the king of Sweden. She removed

4148-424: The southwest corner of the castle. The play has since been performed several times in the courtyard and at various locations on the fortifications. Later performers to play Hamlet at the castle included Laurence Olivier , John Gielgud , Christopher Plummer , Derek Jacobi , David Tennant , and in 2009 Jude Law . In 2017, Hamletscenen presented a production of Hamlet at Kronborg, directed by Lars Romann Engel;

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4216-405: The term canciller refers to a civil servant in the Spanish diplomatic service responsible for technical issues relating to foreign affairs. As to the German foreign service, the term Kanzler (chancellor) refers to the administrative head of a diplomatic mission. In Finland the Chancellor of Justice ( Oikeuskansleri , Justitiekanslern ) supervises the legality of actions taken by

4284-429: The term is most often used to describe: The Chancellor of Austria ( Bundeskanzler ), is the head of the Government of Austria. Since 2021, the Chancellor of Austria is Karl Nehammer . The Chancellor of Germany ( Bundeskanzler ) is the head of government in Germany. In German politics , the Bundeskanzler is equivalent to a prime minister and is elected by the Bundestag ("Federal Diet",

4352-408: The walls were clad in gilt-leather . Today the chambers are furnished with Netherlandish furniture from the 17th century. The King's Chamber has a bay window , located right above the castle's main portal, from which the king could keep an eye on guests arriving at the castle, whereas the Queen's Chamber has access to a vaulted tower chamber overlooking the Flag Bastion. Measuring 62 x 12 metres,

4420-412: Was a keen patron of theatre and players performed at the castle when he held court there in 1579. Initially, the castle was reconstructed only to a height of two storeys. In 1578, however, the Flemish architect Anthonis van Obbergen was engaged as new master builder and work was undertaken to make Kronborg even larger and more magnificent. The sculptural work was coordinated by Gert van Groningen . As

4488-522: Was added called the Crownwork. Shortly afterwards, a new series of ramparts were built around it. After their completion, Kronborg was considered the strongest fortress in Europe. From 1739 until the 20th century, Kronborg was used as a prison . The inmates were guarded by the soldiers billeted in the castle. The convicts had been sentenced to work on the castle's fortifications. The convicts were divided into two categories: those with minor sentences were categorised as "honest" and were allowed to work outside

4556-437: Was built on Ørekrog , a sandy tongue of land stretching into the sea from the coast of Zealand toward the coast of Scania . The castle consisted of a square curtain wall with a number of stone buildings inside. The stone building in the northeastern corner contained the king's residence . The building in the southwestern corner contained a large arched banquet hall . The building in the southeastern corner possibly served as

4624-399: Was rebuilt from 1574 to 1585, with the separated buildings of Krogen being extended to three coherent wings. The north wing was equipped with chambers for the king, queen and her ladies-in-waiting as well as for the chancellery . In the south wing, the medieval building in the southeast corner was refitted as a modern chapel with the vaulted windows facing the chapel being retained. Frederick

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