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45-598: The Krieger–Nelson Prize is presented by the Canadian Mathematical Society in recognition of an outstanding woman in mathematics. It was first awarded in 1995. The award is named after Cecilia Krieger and Evelyn Nelson , both known for their contributions to mathematics in Canada . While the award has largely been awarded to a female mathematician working at a Canadian University , it has also been awarded to Canadian -born or -educated women working outside of

90-658: A "member of the Canadian mathematical community". The recipient of the Krieger–Nelson Prize delivers a lecture to the Canadian Mathematical Society , typically during its summer meeting. Canadian Mathematical Society It was originally conceived in June 1945 as the Canadian Mathematical Congress. A name change was debated for many years; ultimately, a new name was adopted in 1979, upon its incorporation as

135-443: A certain level of ingenuity, often times a great deal of ingenuity to net all points for a given IMO problem. The selection process differs by country, but it often consists of a series of tests which admit fewer students at each progressing test. Awards are given to approximately the top-scoring 50% of the individual contestants. Teams are not officially recognized—all scores are given only to individual contestants, but team scoring

180-517: A gold medal (Zhuo Qun Song of Canada also won a gold medal at age 13, in 2011, though he was older than Tao). Tao also holds the distinction of being the youngest medalist with his 1986 bronze medal, followed by 2009 bronze medalist Raúl Chávez Sarmiento (Peru), at the age of 10 and 11 respectively. Representing the United States, Noam Elkies won a gold medal with a perfect paper at the age of 14 in 1981. Both Elkies and Tao could have participated in

225-404: A medal. In these cases, slightly more than half the contestants were awarded a medal. North Korea was disqualified twice for cheating, once at the 32nd IMO in 1991 and again at the 51st IMO in 2010. However, the incident in 2010 was controversial. There have been other cases of cheating where contestants received penalties, although these cases were not officially disclosed. (For instance, at

270-688: A non-profit charitable organization. The society is also affiliated with various national and international mathematical societies, including the Canadian Applied and Industrial Mathematics Society and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics . The society is also a member of the International Mathematical Union and the International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics . The Canadian Mathematical Society (CMS)

315-572: A poster or paper, as well as a short talk on a topic of their choosing. The location of the conference is alternated between central Canada (defined as Ontario and Quebec) and Western or Eastern Canada every other year, with host applications being submitted by hopefuls a year in advance. The Women in Mathematics committee of the CMS also runs Connecting Women in Mathematics Across Canada (CWiMAC),

360-486: A problem solving competition targeted at Canadian high school students, which is modelled after the analogous William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition for undergraduates. High-scoring students may be invited to compete in the Canadian Mathematical Olympiad , a problem-solving and mathematics competition run by the CMS which is also used as a screening process for the selection of the Canadian team for

405-431: A problem. This last happened in 1995 ( Nikolay Nikolov, Bulgaria ) and 2005 (Iurie Boreico), but was more frequent up to the early 1980s. The special prize in 2005 was awarded to Iurie Boreico, a student from Moldova, for his solution to Problem 3, a three variable inequality. The rule that at most half the contestants win a medal is sometimes broken if it would cause the total number of medals to deviate too much from half

450-511: A workshop and conference aimed at upcoming Canadian female mathematicians. In particular, they target current PhD students and new postdoctoral fellows seeking guidance in their field. The conference strives to strengthen the community between young female mathematicians and their senior counterparts through the building of mentorship, relationships, and networking. The CMS administers the Canadian Open Mathematics Challenge ,

495-928: Is a mathematical olympiad for pre-university students , and is the oldest of the International Science Olympiads . It is "the most prestigious" mathematical competition in the world. The first IMO was held in Romania in 1959. It has since been held annually, except in 1980. More than 100 countries participate. Each country sends a team of up to six students, plus one team leader, one deputy leader, and observers. The content ranges from extremely difficult algebra and pre-calculus problems to problems in branches of mathematics not conventionally covered in secondary or high school and often not at university level either, such as projective and complex geometry , functional equations , combinatorics , and well-grounded number theory , of which extensive knowledge of theorems

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540-510: Is a competition in its own right. For high scorers in the final competition for the team selection, there also is a summer camp , like that of China. In countries of the former Soviet Union and other eastern European countries, a team has in the past been chosen several years beforehand, and they are given special training specifically for the event. However, such methods have been discontinued in some countries. The participants are ranked based on their individual scores. Medals are awarded to

585-414: Is required. Calculus, though allowed in solutions, is never required, as there is a principle that anyone with a basic understanding of mathematics should understand the problems, even if the solutions require a great deal more knowledge. Supporters of this principle claim that this allows more universality and creates an incentive to find elegant, deceptively simple-looking problems which nevertheless require

630-473: Is the highest-scoring female contestant in IMO history. She has 3 gold medals in IMO 1989 (41 points), IMO 1990 (42) and IMO 1991 (42), missing only 1 point in 1989 to precede Manolescu's achievement. Terence Tao (Australia) participated in IMO 1986, 1987 and 1988, winning bronze, silver and gold medals respectively. He won a gold medal when he just turned thirteen in IMO 1988, becoming the youngest person to receive

675-509: Is unofficially compared more than individual scores. Contestants must be under the age of 20 and must not be registered at any tertiary institution . Subject to these conditions, an individual may participate any number of times in the IMO. The first IMO was held in Romania in 1959. Since then it has been held every year (except in 1980, when it was cancelled due to internal strife in Mongolia). It

720-576: Is worth 7 points for a maximum total score of 42 points. Calculators are banned. Protractors were banned relatively recently. Unlike other science olympiads, the IMO has no official syllabus and does not cover any university-level topics. The problems chosen are from various areas of secondary school mathematics, broadly classifiable as geometry , number theory , algebra , and combinatorics . They require no knowledge of higher mathematics such as calculus and analysis , and solutions are often elementary. However, they are usually disguised so as to make

765-542: The Canadian Mathematical Olympiad or the International Mathematical Olympiad . All past issues except the last five volumes are free to download and use. The CMS also publishes A Taste of Mathematics (ATOM), a series of small booklets on a variety of topics suitable for high school enrichment. The CMS Notes is the Society's official newsletter, published six times per year and available to members or

810-481: The International Mathematical Olympiad . CMS runs several annual summer math camps across Canada to foster interest and excitement in elementary-school and secondary-school aged students. Some CMS math camps, are based on invitation and are targeted at high-potential students from all backgrounds, and others are open to all students with interest in mathematics. The CMS also runs several smaller specialty camps targeted at visible minorities and under-represented groups in

855-538: The 34th IMO in 1993, a contestant was disqualified for bringing a pocket book of formulas, and two contestants were awarded zero points on second day's paper for bringing calculators. ) Russia has been banned from participating in the Olympiad since 2022 as a response to its invasion of Ukraine . Nonetheless, a limited number of students (specifically, 6) are allowed to take part in the competition and receive awards, but only remotely and with their results being excluded from

900-692: The IMO itself. The Chinese contestants go through a camp. In others, such as the United States, possible participants go through a series of easier standalone competitions that gradually increase in difficulty. In the United States, the tests include the American Mathematics Competitions , the American Invitational Mathematics Examination , and the United States of America Junior Mathematical Olympiad / United States of America Mathematical Olympiad , each of which

945-542: The IMO multiple times following their success, but entered university and therefore became ineligible. Over the years, since its inception to present, the IMO has attracted far more male contestants than female contestants. During the period 2000–2021, there were only 1,102 female contestants (9.2%) out of a total of 11,950 contestants. The gap is even more significant in terms of IMO gold medallists; from 1959 to 2021, there were 43 female and 1295 male gold medal winners. This gender gap in participation and in performance at

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990-527: The IMO, winning multiple gold medals. Others, such as Terence Tao , Artur Avila , Grigori Perelman , Ngô Bảo Châu and Maryam Mirzakhani have gone on to become notable mathematicians . Several former participants have won awards such as the Fields Medal . The competition consists of 6 problems . The competition is held over two consecutive days with 3 problems each; each day the contestants have four-and-a-half hours to solve three problems. Each problem

1035-574: The Margin , a magazine-style publication devoted to publishing accessible research-based content in addition to opinion pieces , news articles , open problems that are of interest to the mathematical community, and brainteaser puzzles . CMS organizes two bilingual Meetings each year: the CMS Winter Meeting is normally held during the first weekend of December and the CMS Summer Meeting during

1080-485: The United States in 1994, China in 2022, and Luxembourg, whose 1-member team had a perfect score in 1981. The US's success earned a mention in TIME Magazine . Hungary won IMO 1975 in an unorthodox way when none of the eight team members received a gold medal (five silver, three bronze). Second place team East Germany also did not have a single gold medal winner (four silver, four bronze). The current ten countries with

1125-668: The best all-time results are as follows: Several individuals have consistently scored highly and/or earned medals on the IMO: Zhuo Qun Song (Canada) is the most highly decorated participant with five gold medals (including one perfect score in 2015) and one bronze medal. Reid Barton (United States) was the first participant to win a gold medal four times (1998–2001). Barton is also one of only eight four-time Putnam Fellows (2001–04). Christian Reiher (Germany), Lisa Sauermann (Germany), Teodor von Burg (Serbia), Nipun Pitimanaaree (Thailand) and Luke Robitaille (United States) are

1170-460: The competition the students were sometimes based in multiple cities for the rest of the IMO. The exact dates cited may also differ, because of leaders arriving before the students, and at more recent IMOs the IMO Advisory Board arriving before the leaders. Several students, such as Lisa Sauermann , Reid W. Barton , Nicușor Dan and Ciprian Manolescu have performed exceptionally well in

1215-635: The country. For example, Cathleen Morawetz , past president of the American Mathematical Society , and a faculty member at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences (a division of New York University ) was awarded the Krieger–Nelson Prize in 1997. (Morawetz was educated at the University of Toronto in Toronto , Canada ). According to the call for applications, the award winner should be

1260-492: The first weekend of June. Each Meeting takes place over the course of 3 days, with 2 days of pre-meeting activities. This includes the executive meeting, board of directors meeting, group development luncheon and mini-courses. CMS Meetings are among the biggest mathematical events in Canada, bringing together over 800 of the most respected researchers, educators, post-doctorates and students in mathematics and related fields from around

1305-514: The highest ranked participants; slightly fewer than half of them receive a medal. The cutoffs (minimum scores required to receive a gold, silver, or bronze medal respectively) are then chosen so that the numbers of gold, silver and bronze medals awarded are approximately in the ratios 1:2:3. Participants who do not win a medal but who score 7 points on at least one problem receive an honorable mention. Special prizes may be awarded for solutions of outstanding elegance or involving good generalisations of

1350-473: The host country (the leader of the team whose country submitted the problem in the case of the marks of the host country), subject to the decisions of the chief coordinator and ultimately a jury if any disputes cannot be resolved. The selection process for the IMO varies greatly by country. In some countries, especially those in East Asia , the selection process involves several tests of a difficulty comparable to

1395-420: The host country, may submit suggested problems to a problem selection committee provided by the host country, which reduces the submitted problems to a shortlist. The team leaders arrive at the IMO a few days in advance of the contestants and form the IMO jury which is responsible for all the formal decisions relating to the contest, starting with selecting the six problems from the shortlist. The jury aims to order

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1440-496: The last five volumes are free to download. Access to the most recent research requires a subscription. In cooperation with Springer Publications , the CMS publishes many text books aimed at a university and academic researcher level. The series is called CMS Books in Mathematics . The CMS publishes ten issues per year of Crux Mathematicorum , which contains problem-solving challenges and techniques suitable for training in secondary school problem solving competitions such as

1485-408: The mathematical community. Many member organizations also run outreach events to attract local talent to mathematics, such as Math Challenge programs held at the local university, Math Enrichment Centres, and educational events throughout the academic year. The CMS annually awards the following prizes: International Mathematical Olympiad The International Mathematical Olympiad ( IMO )

1530-399: The number of contestants. This last happened in 2010 (when the choice was to give either 226 (43.71%) or 266 (51.45%) of the 517 contestants (excluding the 6 from North Korea — see below) a medal), 2012 (when the choice was to give either 226 (41.24%) or 277 (50.55%) of the 548 contestants a medal), and 2013, when the choice was to give either 249 (47.16%) or 278 (52.65%) of the 528 contestants

1575-467: The only other participants besides Reiher, Sauermann, von Burg, and Pitimanaaree to win five medals with at least three of them gold. Ciprian Manolescu (Romania) managed to write a perfect paper (42 points) for gold medal more times than anybody else in the history of the competition, doing it all three times he participated in the IMO (1995, 1996, 1997). Manolescu is also a three-time Putnam Fellow (1997, 1998, 2000). Eugenia Malinnikova ( Soviet Union )

1620-480: The only other participants to have won four gold medals (2000–03, 2008–11, 2009–12, 2010–13, 2011–14, and 2019–22 respectively); Reiher also received a bronze medal (1999), Sauermann a silver medal (2007), von Burg a silver medal (2008) and a bronze medal (2007), and Pitimanaaree a silver medal (2009). Wolfgang Burmeister (East Germany), Martin Härterich (West Germany), Iurie Boreico (Moldova), and Lim Jeck (Singapore) are

1665-480: The problems so that the order in increasing difficulty is Q1, Q4, Q2, Q5, Q3 and Q6, where the first day problems Q1, Q2, and Q3 are in increasing difficulty, and the second day problems Q4, Q5, Q6 are in increasing difficulty. The team leaders of all countries are given the problems in advance of the contestants, and thus, are kept strictly separated and observed. Each country's marks are agreed between that country's leader and deputy leader and coordinators provided by

1710-539: The public online. It includes news relevant to the Canadian mathematical community, including notice on conferences, columns on research and education, book reviews, award announcements, and employment advertisements for mathematicians. The Canadian Mathematical Society's Student Committee (Studc) was formed in 1999. Studc aims to bring together French and English Canadian graduate and undergraduate mathematics students through research and networking events and publication opportunities. Studc manages and publishes Notes from

1755-511: The solutions difficult. The problems given in the IMO are largely designed to require creativity and the ability to solve problems quickly. Thus, the prominently featured problems are algebraic inequalities , complex numbers , and construction -oriented geometrical problems, though in recent years, the latter has not been as popular as before because of the algorithmic use of theorems like Muirhead's inequality , and complex/analytic bashing to solve problems. Each participating country, other than

1800-463: The unofficial team ranking. Slightly more than a half of the IMO 2021 Jury members (59 out of 107) voted in support of the sanction proposed by the IMO Board. The following nations have achieved the highest team score in the respective competition: The following nations have achieved an all-members-gold IMO with a full team: The only countries to have their entire team score perfectly in the IMO were

1845-448: The world. The includes many scientific sessions and plenary, prize and public lectures. Through its Student Committee, the CMS is the main sponsor for the bilingual Canadian Undergraduate Mathematics Conference, an annual research and networking conference held each summer and targeted at Canadian undergraduates interested in any area of pure or applied mathematics. It is entirely student-run and driven by Studc. Delegates may opt to present

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1890-543: Was adopted – the Canadian Mathematical Society. Since then the society has expanded its activities to serve K-12 and post secondary students as well as professors and established researchers. Graham P. Wright served as executive director of the CMS from 1979 to 2009, and helped to build up the society's executive office in Ottawa and to develop its web-based electronic services. The Canadian Mathematical Society

1935-631: Was initially founded for eastern European member countries of the Warsaw Pact , under the USSR bloc of influence, but later other countries participated as well. Because of this eastern origin, the IMOs were first hosted only in eastern European countries, and gradually spread to other nations. Sources differ about the cities hosting some of the early IMOs. This may be partly because leaders and students are generally housed at different locations, and partly because after

1980-407: Was originally conceived in June 1945 as the Canadian Mathematical Congress. The founding members hoped that "this congress [would] be the beginning of important mathematical development in Canada". Seeking to end confusion with the quadrennial mathematical congresses, a name change was considered for many years. Finally, upon its incorporation as a non-profit, charitable organization in 1978, a new name

2025-520: Was to celebrate its 75th anniversary during its 2020 Summer Meeting in Ottawa, Ontario. However, due to COVID-19 pandemic, the meeting was postponed to 2021 Summer Meeting. The flagship publications of the CMS are the prominent, peer-reviewed research journals Canadian Journal of Mathematics , which is intended for full research papers, and the Canadian Mathematical Bulletin , which publishes shorter papers. All past issues except

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